Rudun juyin halitta. hausa هَرْشَن هَوْسَ

RUDUN JUYIN
HALITTA
Rushewar
Kimiyyar
Darwiniyanci
Da
Tushen Akidojinsa
HARUN YAHYA
Da Sunan Allah, Mai Rahama, Mai Jinkai

BAYANI AKAN RUDUN JUYIN HALITTA
Ga wasu mutane, zatonsu ka’idar juyin halitta ko ‘Darwiniyanci’ yana dauke ne da wasu
ma’anoni da suka shafi kimiyya ne kawai, suna ganin bashi da alaka ko wata dangantaka da
rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum. Hakika wannan shine fahimta karkatacciya wadda tafi shahara. Ya
zarce duk inda tunani ya kai akan cewa ya shafi kimiyya ne, sai dai ita ka’idar juyin halitta tana
kunshe ne da dabaibayin mayaudaran falsafawa wadanda suka tafi da tunanin mutane da yawa :
wato akan jari-hujja.
Fasafawan jari-hujja, wadanda suka yarda da samuwar tarin kwayoyin halitta, kuma suka
fadi cewar wai mutum ya samo asali ne daga tarin wadannan kwayoyi, har ma suka shelanta
cewa, mutum ba komai bane illa dabba, tare da rikicin da shine sanadiyyar samuwarsa. Koda
yake sun yada cewar wata hanyar ilmantarwa ce ta zamani akan falsafar kimiyya, alhali jari-
hujja ne. Fahimtar Girkawan Da, da imaninsu akai shine yasa aka samu maguzawan falsafawan
karni na goma sha takwas, suka farfado da ita kuma suka raya ta. Daga baya aka sake dasa ta a
cikin karni na goma sha tara, ta bangarorin kimiyya daga wasu masu bautar tunani, kamarsu
Karl Marx, Charles Darwin da Sigmund Freud.
Gano asalin wannan falsafar, wadda take da tambayoyi da yawa da zata amsa dangane da
annobar da dan Adam ya jawo a karni biyun da suka wuce, za’a iya gani a cikin kowace akida
da fahimta a cikin al’umomi, a matsayin dalili ne ga rikici ko sabani.
Ka’idar juyin halitta, ko Darwiniyanci, yazo ne don ya cike gurbin almara. Ya bayyanar
da cewa jari-hujja wata fahimta ce a kimiyya. Shine yasa Karl Marx Uban kwaminisanci da
Tsantsar jari-hujja, ya rubuta cewar Darwiniyanci shine « asali mai tabbaccen tarihi » akan
ra ‘ayoyinsa a duniyance.
Babu shakka, wannan asali rubabbe ne. Domin bincike na kimiyyar zamani ya tabbatar
Lokaci bayan Lokaci cewar shahararriyar yarda dake da alaka da Darwniyanci da kimiyya
karya ce. Kuma hujjoji na kimiyya sunci karo da Darwiniyanci bayyana cewa Asalin halittarmu
ba wai juyin halitta bane, sai dai Ubangiji shine ya halicci duniya, dukkan wani abu mai rai da
kuma mutum.
An rubuta wannan littafi ne don a tabbatarwa da mutane akan haka. Tun lokacin da aka
rubuta shi, asalinsa a harshen kasar Turkey, sannan a kasashe da dama, miliyoyin mutane sun
karanta kuma sun gamsu da littafin. Kari akan harshen Turkawa, an fassara shi da Turanci,
Italiyanci, Sifananci, Bosniyanci, Larabci, harshen Mayal da Indonesia. Wannan littafi yana nan
a wadace, kuma kyauta a kowane harshe da aka ambata a hanyar sadarwa ta internet
(www.evolutiondeceit.com)
Fatanmu ne ace Rudun Juyin Halitta ya dade yana bada gudunmawarsa ta wayar da kai
akan rudun da Charles Darwin ya kawo wanda ya dade yana batar da mutane tun daga karni na
19. Kuma ya tunasar da mutane akan gaskiyar al’amarin rayuwarsu, kamar yadda suka zo
duniya (ma’ana halittarsu) da kuma nauyin da yake kansu a wajen bautar Ubangijinmu.

Tarihin Marubuci
Marubucin, wanda yake rubutu a karkashin sunan alkalami HARUN YAHYA, an haife
shi a shekara ta 1956.Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na firamare da sakandire a Ankara, sai ya
tafi Jamiàr Mimar Sinan a Istanbul yayi digirinsa, sannan ya sake yin wani a fannin falsafa a
jamiàr Istanbul.Tun daga 1980, marubucin ya wallafa littattafai akan siyasa, da wadanda suka
shafi imani da kuma shaànin kimiyya. Harun Yahya sanannen marubuci ne wanda ya rubuta
muhimman ayyuka dake bayanin yaudarar maàbota (evolution) juyin halitta, rashin gaskiyar
daàwarsu da kuma bakar alaka dake tsakanin Darwin da munanan akidunsa.
Sunansa na alkalami ya kunshi sunaye guda biyu Harun da Yahya, don tunawa da
wadannan manyan annabawa, wadanda suka yaki kafirci. Hatimin manzon Allah dake bangon
littattafan marubucin yana da maàna da take da alaka izuwa abinda yake ciki. Hatimin kansa
yana wakiltar Alkuràni ne a matsayin littafin karshe wanda Allah ya saukar kuma kalmomin
karshe daga wurinSa, sannan annabinmu shine cikamakin annabawa. Akan tafarkin shiriyar
Alkuràni da sunnah, marubucin ya sanya wannan ya zama shine nasararsa don karyata
dukkanin akidu da fahimtar marasa addini, da kuma daukaka "kalmar karshe", saboda a cika
bayanai akan kare martabar addini, da kalubalen da ake yi akan addini. Hatimin annabi, wanda
ya kai kololuwar hikima da cikar dabià, ya zama shine alamar manufarsa ta fadar wannan
kalmar karshe.
Dukkan wadannan ayyuka na marubucin sun tattara ne a cimma manufa guda daya: Isar
da sakon Alkuràni ga mutane, don karfafa musu gwiwar yin tunani akan abubuwan da suka
shafi imani, kamarsu samuwar Ubangiji, kadaitakarsa, tashin kiyama, da kuma bayyana illoli
ginshikai da watsatstsun ayyukan maguzawa.
Harun Yahya na samun karuwar makaranta littafinsa a kasashe da yawa, daga India zuwa
America, England zuwa Indonesia, Poland zuwa Bosnia, daga Spain zuwa Brazil. An fassara
wasu daga daga cikin littafinsa zuwa harshen Turanci, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Italiyanci,
harshen Portuguese, Urdu, Larabci da Albaniyanci, Rashanci, Serbo-croat (Bosnia), Uygur
Turkiyya, da Indonesia, kuma makaranta sun gamsu dashi a duk fadin duniya.
Babbar gamsuwar da aka samu koìna a duniya, ya sa mutane da yawa sun bada gaskiya
(iman) da Allah kuma wasu da yawa sun zurfafa tunani cikin imaninsu. Hikima, gaskiya da
saurin fahimta shine salon da yasa littattafan suka yi fice, wanda shi yake jan hankalin duk
wanda ya karantasu ko ya jarraba duba su.Ga su basa samun suka saboda irin tsarin da suka
taho dashi don yada gaskiya, tabbataccen sakamako da samun karbuwa. Ba kamar wadanda
suka karanta wadannan littattafai kuma suka cusawa kansu wani tunani wanda ba zai taimaka
musu wajen yada wannan sako, don rushe falsafar jari-hujja, maguzanci da duk wata akida ko

falsafa ba. Koda zasu taimakawa wancan tsari. Duk wata kungiya a yau an kureta, madallah da
littattafan Harun Yahya.
Babu shakka wadannan dabiù sun bayyana ne daga hikimomin Alkuràni. Marubucin dai
bai taba jin wani alfahari akansa ba, yayi nufin wannan aiki ne don neman kusanci izuwa
tafarkin Ubangiji. Haka kuma, baà nufaci samun wata riba akan wadannan ayyukan buga
littattafan ba. Laàkari da wadannan dalilai ne yasa muka ga cewa wadanda suke kwadaitar da
mutane akan karanta wadannan littattafai, wadanda suke buge idanun zuciya da shiryarwa akan
su zama bayin Allah na kwarai, sunyi aiki mara iyakar lada.
Bayan haka, zai zama bata lokaci da lafiya don yada littattafan da suke kawo kokwanto a
zukatan mutane, da kai mutum cikin akida ta hayaniya, kuma da rashin karfin dalilan da zasu
cire kokwanto a zukatan mutane, wanda ya zama abin sani da irin abinda ya sha faruwa a baya.
Koda yake abu ne mawuyaci kaga an rubuta littattafai don kawai a yi ta bayanin kwazon
marubuci, maimakon tsamo mutane daga bata ya zama shine muhimmin aikinsa, tare da samun
tasiri babba.Wadanda suke kokwanton haka zasu gani a fili cewa littattafan Harun Yahya, suna
kawar da bata da shiryarwa izuwa kyawawan dabiù daga Alkuràni.Nasara da tasirin dake
tattare da wannan aiki ya bayyana daga shaàwa da shakuwar makaranci.
Abu daya da yakamata a kudurce a zuciya shine: Babban dalilin da ya haifar da cigaban
rigingimu da kashe-kashe, da duk wahalhalun da musulmi suke fuskanta shine akidar kafirci
wadda ta yadu. Zaà iya kawo karshen wadannan akidoji ta hanyar kuresu da dalilai da kuma
tabbatarwa cewar kowa ya san abubuwan mamaki daga halitta da tarbiyyar Alkuràni, don
mutane su rayu akanta.Idan ka dubi halin da duniya take ciki a yau, ka ga abubuwan da suka
jefa mutane cikin rigingimu, cin hanci da rashawa, ya bayyana cewar dole ne a samar da irin
wadannan ayyuka a cikin sauri kuma masu inganci.Idan ba haka ba, to zai zama an makara
sosai.
Babu shakka cewar littattafan Harun Yahya sun ja ragamar wannan mukami. Da ikon
Allah, sai wadannan littattafai sun zama tafarki wanda ta hanyarsu mutane a karni na ashirin da
daya zasu samar da zaman lafiya, albarka, adalci da farin cikin da Allah ya alkawarta.

ZUWA GA MAI KARATU
A duk littattafan marubucin, an yi bayanin abubuwan da suka shafi imani daga hasken
ayoyin Alkuràni da gayyatar mutane su san kalmomin Ubangiji kuma su rayu
akansu.Dukkanin tattaunawa da ta shafi ayoyin Ubangiji anyi bayaninsu yadda ba zaà bar wata
kafar kokwanto ko alamar tambaya a cikin zuciyar mai karatu ba.An dauki hanya da tsari mai
sauki yadda kowane mutum komai shekarunsa zai iya samun saukin fahimtar wadannan
littattafai, kuma ya karantasu a zama daya.Kai har wadanda basu yarda da addini ba, sun jawu
ta hanyar kwararan dalilan dake tattare a cikin littattafan.
Wannan littafi, da wadansu littattafan marubucin, zasu karantu daga mutum daya ko a
cikin taron jamaà a lokacin tattaunawa.Mutanen da suke kokarin samun riba a cikin littattafan,
zasu samu amfani kwarai da gaske, inda zasu iya sanar da fahimtarsu ga wasu.
Kari akan haka, zai zama babban aiki ga addini da bada gudunmawa wajen yada
karatunsu, wanda dama an rubutasu ne don samun yardar Ubangiji. Saboda haka,masu son yada
addini ga mutane, hanya mafi inganci shine jan hankalinsu izuwa karanta wadannan littattafai.
Da fatan mai karatu zai dauki lokaci yayi bitar sauran littattafan da suke shafukan karshe
na littafin, zai gamsu da kwararan hujjoji da aka gabatar akan abubuwan da suka shafi imani,
wanda suke da amfani kuma ga dadin karantawa.
A littattafan nan, ba zaka samu ba, kamar sauran littattafai, raàyin marubuci, bayani
marasa tushe, kirkire-kirkire, rudani da wasuwasi wanda zai iya haifar da kaucewa a cikin
zuciya.

SHARE FAGE
NA MUSAMMAN
Hakikanin Asalin Akidar Ta’addanci:
Darwiniyanci da Ta’addanci
Gabatarwa
Mutane da yawa sun dauka cewar Charles Darwin ne ya fara kirkiro kaìdar juyin
halitta(theory of evolution) wanda ya rataya akan hujjoji,lura da gwaje-gwajen kimiyya.Saboda
haka,ta wannan fuska, Darwin ba shine ya kirkiro ba,ballantana ma kaìdar baà kafa ta akan
hujjojin kimiyya ba. Kaìdar ta kunshi daukar yanayi (nature) daga imanin mutanen Da akan
falsafar jari-hujja.Duk da cewar dai babu wata hujja ta kimiyya, saboda haka,sun marawa
kaìdar baya ne a karkashin sunan falsafar jari-hujja.
Wannan tsantseni ya haifar da annoba iri-iri. Saboda haduwar da yada akidar Darwin da
Falsafar jari-hujja suka bunkasa,da amsar tambayar 'Menene dan Adam?'ya canza.Mutanen da
suka saba fadin:Allah ne ya halicci `yan Adam,kuma su rayu akan kyawawan dabiùn da ya
(Ubangiji) koyar sun fara canza tunaninsu zuwa'Mutum ya samu ne haka nan,kuma dabba ne
wanda ya ginu da fafutukar rayuwa.'Lalle zasu biya farashi mai nauyi akan wannan gagarumar
yaudara.Akidu masu kawo rigingimu,irin su wariyar launin fata,mulkin kama-
karya,kwaminisanci dadai sauran akidoji munana wadanda sun alakantu da wannan yaudara.
Wannan gaba ta tattaunawa zata yi nazari akan annobar da Darwinism ko akidar Darwin
ta jawowa duniya da alakar ta da taàddanci,daya daga cikin muhimman matsalolin da suka
addabi duniya a zamaninmu.
Karyar Darwin:'Rayuwa Rikici ce'
Darwin ya fitar da wata fahimta daya, lokacin da yake bunkasa kaìdarsa cewa:
"Bunkasar abubuwa masu rai sun dogara ne akan gwagwarmayar rayuwa. Mai
karfi ya danne mara karfi. Mai rauni kuwa an dammara shi da zama a haka.”
Darwin yana cewa, akwai dawwamammiyar gwagwarmayar rayuwa da rikici a yanayin
rayuwa.Mai karfi kullum shine a saman mara karfi,kuma wannan shi zai tabbatar da samuwar

cigaba.Sunan da ya sawa littafinsa shine'The Origin of species by means ofNatural Selection',
ko 'The preservation of Favoured Races in the struggle for Life',ya tabbatar da waccan magana
ko raàyi.
Hakikanin Asalin Akidar Ta’addanci: Darwiniyanci da Jari-Hujja 15
Bayan haka, Darwin yayi hasashen wai 'gwagwarmayar rayuwa' za ta iya shiga
cikin jinsin mutum.A daàwarsa, 'zababbun jinsi sune sukai nasara a wannan
gwagwarmaya' zababbun jinsi a wurin Darwin sune turawan yamma.Afrika da Asiya sune
aka bari a baya a wannan gwagwarmayar rayuwa.Darwin ya cigaba da fadin raàyinsa cewar
wadannan jinsi da sannu zasu fadi warwas a gwagwarmayar rayuwa kuma a daina jin duriyarsu:
"A wani lokaci mai zuwa,ba wani mai tsawo kamar yadda karnuka suka auna
ba,wayayyun jinsin mutum zasu kare,kuma su maye alùmomin Da,a koìna a fadin duniya A
daidai lokaci guda birran anthropomorphous...babu shakka zasu kare.Tsarar dake tsakanin
mutum da makusantan halittu zai dada fadaduwa,zai shiga tsakanin mutum da yanayi na
wayawa,yadda muke fata,koda caucasian ne,da wasu nauìn birrai kanana kamar dai yanzu
ace tsakanin bakaken mutane ko Australia da gwaggon biri."1
Wata bahindiya masaniyar Anthropology, Lalita Vidyarthi tayi bayanin kaìdar juyin
halitta din Darwin ta cusa akidar wariyar launin fata a cikin zaman takewar kimiyya:
"Shi (Darwin) kaìdarsa ta gwagwarmayar rayuwa ta samu karbuwa da maraba daga
wurin masana kimiyyar zaman takewa na zamanin nan, kuma suka yarda cewa dan Adam ya
cigaba ta duk matakin juyin halitta wanda ya zama wayewar bature ko farar fata. Daga lokacin
da aka kai kashi na biyun karni na goma sha tara, wariyar launin fata ya samu karbuwa a
matsayin dalili daga mafi rinjayen masana kimiyyar turawan yamma.2
Inda Darwin yake samo wahayi
Kaìdar rashin tausayi na Malthus
Inda Darwin yake samo wahayi a wannan fage shine littafin masanin tattalin arzikin
Birtaniya Thomas Malthus 'An Essay on the principle of population'.Can da akidarsu
mummuna,Malthus ya auna yaga cewa lalle mutane suna karuwa akai-akai.
A raàyinsa, abinda yake hana yawan karuwar mutane shine balaòì kamarsu yaki, fari
da yaduwar cuta. A takaice dai,a cikin zancensa mai muni yana cewa,dole wasu mutane su mutu
don wasu su rayu.Rayuwarsu shine maàna 'dawwamamman yaki'

A cikin karni na sha tara, raàyin Malthus ya samu karbuwa. Ajin farko na masana
turawan yamma sun marawa wannan mugun tunani na sa baya. A cikin kasidar 'The Nazis
Secret Scientific Agenda', muhimmancin karni na 19 dangane da raàyin Malthus akan yawan
mutane, an bayyana shi kamar haka;
RUDUN JUYIN HALITTA
"A farkon rabin karni na sha tara, a koìna a kasahen Turai, kusoshin Mulki sun taru don
su tattauna akan sabon bincike 'matsalar yawan jamaà da kuma samar da hanyoyin da zaà
aiwatar da raàyin Malthus, da kara yawan adadin nakasar talakawa, maimakon a samar da
hanyar tsaftatuwar talakawa, lallai mu kwadaitar akan kishiyar hakan. Abiranenmu lallai
mu matse hanyoyi, da tura mutane da yawa cikin gidaje, kuma mu dawo da tabarbarewar
halaye. A kasashen mu sai mu gina kauyuka kusa da kudduddufai, kuma musamman
kwadaitar da zama a kwazazzabai da wurare marasa kyau," da dai sauransu.3
Dalilin wannan mummunar akida,wato masu rauni da kuma wadanda suka fadi a wannan
gwagwarmaya zaà kawar dasu saboda haka a yawan da ake samu akai-akai zai yi daidai
kenan.Wannan akida ta 'tursasawa talaka' ta samu aiwatuwa ne a Birtaniya a karni na 19.Wata
doka ta raya masanaàntu ta samu kafuwa inda aka sa yara `yan shekara takwas da tara yin aiki
na awa shida a kullum,a wajen hako kol kuma dubbai sun mutu a sanadiyyar haka,saboda
matsanancin yanayin da suka samu kansu.Miliyoyin mutanen kasar Birtaniya sun shiga halin
kaka-nikayi a dalilin tsarin 'gwagwarmayar rayuwa' wanda Malthus ya gindaya.
Darwin ya rudu da wannan raàyi, kuma ya aiwatar dashi akan sauran yanayin halittu,
kuma ya ambata cewa lallai mai karfi kullum shine mai nasara a cikin yakinnan na
wanzuwa.Haka kuma, yayi daàwar cewa wannan kaìdar gasgatacciya ce kuma ba zata taba
canzuwa ba.Daga nan sai ya gayyato mutane akan su rabu da addininsu kuma su ki yarda da
cewa Allah ne yayi halitta, kuma su himmatu wajen fito da hujjoji da zasu iya yin karo da
abokan adawa akan gwagwarmayar rayuwa.
Abinda 'Shariàr daji ta haifar': Fin Karfi
A yayin da Darwiniyanci ya haifar da wariyar launin fata a cikin karni na 19,sai ya
dunkule ya zama akidar da zata iya bunkasa ko farfado da tsundamar duniya cikin zubar da jini
a karni na 20:wanda aka fi sani da Naziyanci.
Karfin rinjayen Darwin zai iya ganuwa a akidojin `yan Nazi.Idan mutum yai nazarin
wannan akida,wadda Adolf Hitler da Alfred Rosenberg suka yiwa alkibla,zai fahimci cewa
akwai manufar 'zabin halitta','zabin maàbota',da 'gwagwarmayar rayuwa tsakanin jinsuna',

wanda aka maimaita su da yawan gaske a cikin littafin ‘The Origin of Species.’A yayin da ya
sanyawa littafinsa suna Mein Kamf (Gwagwarmaya ta), Hitler, wanda ya samo wahayinsa daga
akidar Darwin ta gwagwarmayar rayuwa da kuma cewa nasara tana ga mai karfi.Musamman
yayi magana akan wannan gwagwarmaya tsakanin jinsuna, kamar haka;
Hakikanin Asalin Akidar Ta’addanci: Darwiniyanci da Ta’addanci 17
"Tarihi zai nuna a daular sabon karni wanda babu canji ga wannan nasara, wanda zai
tabbata a sabon tsarin wariyar launin fata da yanayi zai wajabta shi."4
A kamfe na 1933 wanda jamìyyar Nuremberg tayi, Hitler yai daàwar cewa "jinsi
madaukaki ya shugabantar da kansa akan jinsi makaskanci...hakki wanda muka ganshi a yanayi
(nature) kuma wanda muka dauke shi halattaccen hakki.
“Fadin cewa `yan Nazi sun jawu daga raàyin Darwiniyanci hujja ce wadda kusan
dukkanin masana tarihi suka yarda da ita. Masanin tarihi Hickman,ya bayyana jawuwar Hitler
game da raàyin Darwiniyanci kamar haka;
"(Hitler) mabiyi ne na gaske mai yada Juyin halitta. Komai zurfafawa, fadadawa a
cikin yarda da akidunsa, abu ne bayananne cewa (manufar gwagwarmaya ta zama mai
muhimmanci ne saboda)...littafinsa, Mein Kampf, ya debo akidu da raàyoyin maàbota
evolution, musamman ma wadanda suke karfafa gwagwarmaya, mai karfi shi yake
rayuwa da kawar da raunana don a samar da ingantacciyar rayuwa ko alùmma."5
Hitler, wanda ya samar da wannan raàyi,ya jefa duniya cikin rigingimu wanda bata taba
gani ba.Kabilu da kungiyoyin siyasa da yawa,kuma musamman yahudawa,sun sha fama da
matsanciyar wahala da kisan gilla a hannun `yan Nazi,yayi sanadiyyar kisan kiyashi na mutane
miliyan (55) hamsin da biyar.Abinda ya haifar da wannan taàsa a tarihin duniya shine akidar
Darwiniyanci ta 'gwagwarmayar rayuwa' ko 'struggle for survival' a turance.
Kazamin Hadin Gwiwa: Darwiniyanci da Kwaminisanci
A lokacin da mulkin danniya ke hannun daman akidar Darwiniyanci,a haguna
Kwaminisanci ke biye.Hakika kwaminisanci daya ne daga cikin akidojin dake kare kaìdar
Darwin.
Dangantakar dake tsakanin Darwiniyanci da Kwaminisanci, na komawa ne ga wadanda
suka kafa su.Marx da Engels, sune suka kafa Kwaminisanci,kuma sun karanta littafin nan na
Darwin wato 'The Origin of Species' a daidai lokacin da ya fito kuma suka gamsu da tsarin
maganganun halayyar jari-hujja.Alakar dake tsakanin Karl Marx da Engels ta nuna cewar sun
fahimci kaìdar Darwin a matsayin abinda ke bada hujjar tarihin yanayin bawa Kwaminisanci
kofa.A littafinsa mai suna 'The Dialectics of Nature',wanda ya rubuta a sanadiyyar ruduwar

Darwin, Engels yayi mutukar yabawa Darwin,kuma yayi kokarin ba da ta sa gudunmawar akan
kaìdar a babin 'The part played by labour in the transition from Ape to Man';
18 RUDUN JUYIN HALITTA
`Yan Kwaminisancin Rasha,wadanda ke bin sawun Marx da Engels,kamarsu
Plekhanov,Lenin,Trotsky da Stalin,dukkaninsu sun yarda da kaìdar juyin zamanin
Darwin(Darwin`s theory of evolution).Plekhanov,wanda ake ganin shine ya dasa harsashen
Kwaminisancin Rasha yana daukar Marxism a matsayin 'Darwiniyanci a aikace a ilmin
zaman tare'. 6
Trotsky yace;"Binciken Darwin shine babbar nasara a duk fadin fagen nazarin
gabar halittu."7
Ilmin Darwiniyanci yana da rawa mai yawa da ya taka wajen haifar da kwaminisanci.
Misali, masana tarihi sun tabbatar cewa Stalin mai addini ne a samartakarsa, amma ya
daina addini saboda littattafan Darwin.8
Mao, wanda ya kafa tsarin mulkin kwaminisanci a China kuma ya kashe miliyoyin
mutane,ya fada a bainar jamaà cewa 'an kafa kwaminisancin China ne akan tafarkin
Darwin da kaìdar evolution.' 9
Masanin tarihin Harvard University James Reeve Pusey yayi cikakken bayani da ya
danganci Darwiniyanci akan Mao da Kwaminisancin China a littafinsa na bincike mai suna
'China and Charles Darwin'. 10
A takaice ai, babu wata kafa dake raba tsakanin kaìdar evolution da
kwaminisanci.Kaìdar tazo da cewar dukkan wani abu mai rai ya wanzu ne haka nan, kuma
suka kawo hujjojinsu na shaci fadi da sunan kimiyya don tabbatar da addinin
maguzanci.Kwaminisanci kuwa, akida ce wadda ta kulla alakar ta da Darwiniyanci.Bayan haka,
kaìdar ta cigaba da cewa cigaban yanayi na iya yiwuwa ta hanyar gwagwarmayar rayuwa
(struggle for survival) da marawa akidar ‘dialectics' baya wadda jigo ce a kwaminisanci.
Idan muka tuna akidar kwaminisanci ta 'dialectical conflict'wato rikicin wariyar harshe
wadda tayi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutum sama da miliyan dari da ashirin (a cikin karni na
ashirin, 20th century), zamu iya fahimtar irin annobar daDarwiniyanci ya gayyatowa duniya.
Darwiniyanci da Taàddanci
Kamar yadda muka gani a baya, Darwiniyanci shine mabubbugar akidu masu yawa
wadanda suke tattare da rigingimun da suka haifarwa dan Adam annoba a karni na 20.Haka
kuma, kamar dai wadannan akidu, shima Darwiniyanci ko akidar babu Allah, ya bayyana

'daidaitacciyar fahimta' da 'tsari'wanda zai iya jan hankalin raàyoyiiri-iri a duniya.Manufar da
take karkashin wannan fahimta da kuma tsarin shine 'yakar wadanda basa cikinmu'.
Hakikanin Asalin Akidar Ta’addanci: Darwiniyanci da Ta’addanci 19
Zamu iya fayyace wannan kamar haka; Akwai akidu, raàyoyin duniya, da falsafa iri-iri.
Kowannensu na kallon dan uwansa a dayan biyun wannan hanyoyi:
1) Zasu iya girmama bayyanar wadanda basa tare dasu da kokarin kulla alaka ta sulhu ko
tattaunawa, wato suyi amfani da tsari na mutuntaka; ko
2) Zasu iya zabar su yaki wasu, da kuma kokarin samun damar raunana su, maàna dai,
suyi amfani da halayya irin ta dabbobi.
Abin tsoron da muke kira taàddanci ba wani abu bane illa bayanin nan na raàyi na
biyu.
Idan muka kalli bambancin dake tsakanin raàyoyin biyu, zamu ga cewa salon da
Darwiniyanci ya dauka na cewa wai "mutum wata dabba ce mai dabiàr fada" kawai an rudi
mutane ne ta karfin tuwo.Daidaikun mutane da jamaàrsu wadanda suka zabi wannan hanya ta
rigingimu,watakila basu taba sanin wani abu mai suna Darwiniyanci da akidunsa ba.Amma a
karshe,sun zo sun yarda da raàyin Darwiniyanci.Abinda ya jawo suka yarda da ingancinsa
shine,taken Darwiniyanci kamar,'mai karfi shi yake rayuwa a wannan duniya','babban kifi shi
yake hadiye kanana',yaki dabià ce',da kuma 'mutum na cigaba ne ta hanyar jangwalo yaki'.Ku
jefar da Darwiniyanci can gafa,domin ba komai bane illa fankon da babu tsinke a ciki.
Hakika,idan aka jefar da Darwiniyanci,to,babu wata falsafar rikici da zata rage.Addinai
ukun da mafi yawan mutane suka yi imani dasu,Musulunchi,Kiristanci,da Yahudanci,sun
kyamaci rikici.Dukkaninsu na fatan su kawowa duniya zaman lafiya ne,da kyamar kashe
mutanen da basu jiba kuma basu gani ba,cutar dasu da azabtar dasu.Rigingimu da tayar da
tarzoma sun karya tsarin dabiùn da Ubangiji ya shiryawa dan Adam,kuma ababan kyama.Sai
dai,Darwiniyanci ya gabatar dasu a matsayin yanayi mai afkuwa,nagaskiya kuma babu makawa
sai sun wanzu.
Saboda haka, idan wasu mutane suka aikata taàddanci ta hanyar fakewa da addinin
Musulunchi, Kiristanci da Yahudanci, za ka iya tabbatarwa ba Musulmai,kiristoci ko Yahudawa
bane. Mabiya addinin Darwin ne.Suna fakewa a inuwar addini da muminai ne.

Kuma dalili shine suna aikata abinda addini ya hana,ba don komai ba sai don su bakanta
addini a idon mutane Saboda haka,tushen taàddancin da ya cika wannan duniya tamu bashi da
alaka da daya daga cikin saukakkun addinai,sai dai maguzanci ne,kuma fassara maguzanci a
zamaninmu shine:'Darwiniyanci' da Jari-hujja.
MUSULUNCHI BA SHINE YA HAIFAR DA
TAÀDDANCI BA, SAI DAI HANYAR
WARWARE SHI
Mutanen da suke cewa suna aiki da sunan addini na iya rashin fahimtar addininsu ko su
aikata shi abisa kuskure.Saboda haka, kuskure ne samo wani abu daga wurin wadannan
mutanen akan abinda ya shafi addini.Hanya mafi kyawun fahimtar addinin Musulunchi shine ta
asali mafi tsarki.
Hanya mafi tsarki a Musulunchi shine Alkuràni: kuma samfurin kyawawan dabiù
kuràni shine Musulunchi-ya sha bamban da duk wani yanayin da ya darsu a zukatan wasu
turawan yamma. An saukar da kuràni ne akan kyawawan dabiù, soyayya, tausayi, jinkai,
kaskantar da kai, kwazo, juriya da zaman lafiya,kuma Musulmin da yake rayuwa akan wannan
tafarki, lallai ya tsarkaku,ga hangen nesa, juriya, gaskiya da rikon amana.Wadanda suke kewaye
dashi na amun kauna, girmamawa, zaman lafiya da fahimtar zaman takewa ta rayuwa tare
dashi.
Musulunchi addinin zaman lafiya ne kwanciyar hankali
Kalmar ISLAM tana daidai da maànar "zaman lafiya" a larabce.Musulunchi saukakken
addini ne da ya zowa rayuwar dan Adam cike da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar arziki,wanda
rahama da jinkan Ubangiji ya bayyana a duniya.Ubangiji yayi kira ga mutane suyi koyi da
kyawawan dabiùn da kuràni ya koyar a matsayin abin koyi daga rahama,jinkai,juriya da
zaman lafiya wanda duniya za ta dandana.A suratul Baqara,aya ta 208,an bada wannan umarni
kamar haka;
" Yaku wadanda suka yi imani! Ku shiga cikin Musulunchi gaba daya;kuma kada
ku bi zambiyoyin Shaidan;lalle ne shi a gareku makiyi ne,bayyananne."
Kamar yadda muka gani a wannan aya,mutane zasu iya samun rayuwa mai walwala
kadai idan sun shiga Musulunchi kuma suka rayu akan koyarwar Alkuràni.
Hakikanin Asalin Akidar Ta’addanci: Darwiniyanci daTa’addanci 21
Allah ya hana zalunci

Ubangiji ya umarci dan Adam da ya guji barna,kafirci, rashin mutunci,kangarewa,kisan
kai,da zubar da jini. Wadanda suka sabawa wannan umarni to lallai suna kan tafarkin
Shaidan,kamar yadda aka bayyana a ayarda ta gabata, kuma aka bayyana shi da cewa abin
haramtawa ne daga wurin Ubangiji.Daga cikin ayoyi masu yawa da suka yi bayani akan haka,
ga guda biyu;
"wadanda suka warware alkawarin Allah daga bayan kulla shi,kumasuna yanke
abinda Allah yayi umarni dashi domin a sadar dashi kuma suna barna a cikin
kasa.Wadancan suna da wata laàna,kuma suna da munin gida."(suratul raàd:aya ta 25)
"A Kuma ka nema,a cikin abinda Allah ya baka gidan lahira,kuma kada ka manta
da rabonka daga duniya.Kuma ka kyautata kamar yadda Allah ya kyautata zuwa
gareka,kada ka nemi barna a cikin kasa.lalle ne Allah ba ya son barna"(suratul qasas:aya
ta 77)
Kamar yadda zamu iya gani,Ubagiji yayi hani ga duk wani nauì na zalunci a addinin
musulunchi,har da taàddanci da hada tarzoma, kuma ya laànci masu aikata hakan. Musulmi
shine zai iya arawa duniya kyau ya kuma ingantata.
Musulunchi Na kare Iko da `yancin Magana.
Musulunchi addini ne da yake tabbatar da `yancin rayuwa, fahimta da tunani.
Yayi hani ga tashin hankali, rigingimu, rudani, da zato kai har da mugun tunani da ka iya yiwa
wani illa. Musulunchi ba wai kawai ya hana taàddanci ko tarzoma ba, kai duk kankantar
abinda zai iya cutarwa akan wani dan Adam an hana shi.
"Babu tilastawa a cikin addini, hakika shiriya ta bayyana daga bata; saboda haka
wanda ya kafirta da Daguta kuma yayi imani da Allah, to, hakika yayi riko ga igiya
amintacciya, babu yankewa a gareta.Kuma Allah mai ji ne, masani."(Suratul baqara: aya
ta 256).
“Ka isar musu da gargadi, domin gargadi ne kawai gareka, baka da ikon tursasa su
akan suyi imani.”(Suratul ghashiya: 22)
Tilastawa mutum yayi imani da addini ko aikatashi, ya sabawa hikima da manufar
musulunchi saboda wajibi ne ace imani ya karbu ta hanyar sakakkiyar iko da zabin zuciya.
Koda yake, musulmi ya iya kwadaitar da wani akan bin koyarwar Alkuràni, amma ba tare da

tilastawa ba. Haka kuma, ba à son jan hankalin mutum izuwa addini ta hanyar bashi wani abin
amfani na duniya.
22 KA’IDAR JUYIN ZAMANI
Amma bari mu kwatanta abin a kishiyance.Misali,kasar da ake matsawa mutane da
dokar kasa don su yi addini.Wannan kasa ko alùmma ta sabawa addinin musulunchi saboda
imani da bauta suna kima idan har an fuskantar dasu ga Allah.Idan dai har akwai wani
tsari dake tilastawa mutane su yi imani da bauta,to mutane zasu zama suna biyayya ne don
tsoron wannan tsari kawai.Abinda yake karbabbe ta fuskar addini shine,addini yana aiwatuwa
ne a cikin alùmmar da take da `yancin rayuwa,kuma a aikata shi da nufin yardar Ubangiji.
Allah ya haram ta kisan mutanen da basujiba ,
basu ganiba
Kamar yadda Alkuràni ya bayyana, daya daga cikin manyan zunubai shine kashe
mutumin da bai yi wani laifi ba.
"Daga sababin wannan,Muka rubuta akan Bani Israìla cewa,lalle ne wanda ya
kashe rai ba da wani rai ba,ko barna a cikin kasa,to kamar ya kashe mutane duka
ne,kuma wanda ya raya rai,to,kamar ya rayar da mutane ne gaba daya.Kuma lalle
ne,hakika,ManzanninMu sunje musu da hujjoji bayyanannu,sannan kuma lalle ne,masu
yawa daga gare su,a bayan wannan,hakika,masu barna ne a cikin kasa."(suratul
maìda:aya ta 32);
"kuma wadanda ba su kiran wani Ubangiji tare da Allah,kuma ba su kashe rai
wanda Allah Ya haramta face da hakki,kuma wanda ya aikata wancan,zai gamu da
laifuffuka."(suratul furqan:aya ta 68).
Kamar yadda muka gani a wadannan ayoyi na sama,wadanda suka kashe mutanen da ba
su jiba ba su gani ba,to ana tsoratar dasu da azaba mai radadi.Ubangiji ya bayyana cewa kashe
mutum,girmansa kamar kashe mutane ne baki dayansu.Duk wanda yake girmama dokokin
Allah ba zai cutar da wani ba,ballantana yayi sanadiyyar kashe miliyoyin mutanen da basu jiba
basu gani ba.Wadanda suke tunanin kubuta daga hukunci anan duniya,ba zasu taba kubuta daga

tambayar da zasu amsa a gaban Ubangiji gobe kiyama ba.Saboda haka,mummunan da suka san
cewar zasu bada bayani gaban mahalicci bayan mutuwarsu,zasu yi taka-tsantsan wajen kula da
dokokin da Ubangiji ya shimfida.
Hakikanin Asalin Akidar Ta’addanci: Darwiniyanci da Jari-hujja 23
Allah Ya Umarci Mummunai da su Zama
Masu Rahama da Jinkai.
A wannan aya,an bayyana dabiùn musulmi da cewa;
"Sannan kuma ya kasance daga wadanda suka yi imani,kuma suka yiwa juna
wasiyya da yin hakuri,kuma suka yiwa juna wasiyya da tausayi.Wadannan ne maàbota
albarka."(suratul balad:aya ta 17-18).
Kamar yadda muka gani a wannan aya,daya daga cikin abubuwa masu muhimmanci a
kyawawan dabiùn da Ubangiji ya saukarwa bayinsa ko sun samu gafara da jinkai da samun
aljanna shine su "kwadaitar da junansu da yin rahama."
Kamar yadda Alkuràni ya siffanta musulunci da cewa addini ne na kowane zamani,mai
wayar da kai da samar da cigaba.Musulmi shine wanda yafi kowa son zaman lafiya,mai iya
juriya da yanayin zamantakewar siyasa,mai riko da alàdun addini,mai gaskiya kuma
wayayye,masani akan rayuwa,kimiyya da wayewar zamani.
Musulmi masani ne ga kyawawan dabiùn da alkuràni ya koyar,yana muàmala da kowa
tare da soyayya irin wadda musulmi yake bukata.Yana girmama dukkan wata hikima,kuma
yana kimanta ilmi.Kuma shi mai kawo sulhu ko hadin kai ta kowace fuska,tare da kawar da duk
wani rikici ko sabani.A cikin alùmmar da ake samun irin wadannan mutane,zaà samu cigaban
rayuwa,farin ciki da walwala,adalci,tsaro,yawan albarka fiye da kowace kasa mai cigaba a
wannan duniya ta yau.
Ubangiji Ya Umarci Kawaici da Gafara
Suratul A`raf, aya ta 199, wadda tace "ku yawaita gafara", na nuna cewar kawaici da
gafara suna daya daga cikin ginshikan addinin musulunci.
Idan muka kalli tarihin musulunci,zamu gani a bayyane yadda musulmi suka kafa
wadannan muhimman dabiù daga koyarwar alkuràni a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum.A kowane
lokaci a rayuwarsu,musulmi sun rushe dukkanin haramtattun ayyuka kuma sun tabbatar da
zaman lafiya.A bangaren da ya shafi addini,harshe da alàdu,sun saukaka rayuwa inda

mabanbantan mutane suka rayu a inuwar `yanci da zaman lafiya,kuma suka bawa wadanda suke
karkashinsu damar yin ilmi,tara dukiya da samun matsayi na shugabanci.Wannan yana daya
daga muhimman dalilan da ya fadada daular Ottoman kuma ta dade karnuka masu yawa,domin
wannan shine tsarin rayuwartìyawa,kuma su samu damar walwalar rayuwa da al`adunsu ba tare
da wani tsangwama ba.

24 KA’IDAR JUYIN HALITTA
Hakika, kawaicin musulmi, idan aka aiwatar kamar yadda Alkuràni yayi umarni,zai
kawowa duniya zaman lafiya da karuwar arziki.Alkuràni ya bayyana irin wannan dabià da
cewa;
" Kuma kyautatawa bata daidaita da munanawa. Ka tun kude da yake mafi kyau,
sai gashi wanda akwai kiyayya a tsakaninka da tsakaninsa,kamar dai shi majibincin ne
masoyi."(suratul fussilat: aya ta 34)
Kammalawa
Dukkanin wadannan suna nuna kyawawan dabiùn da addinin musulunchi ya gabatarwa
dan Adam a matsayin abinda zai kawo zaman lafiya,farin ciki da adalci ga duniya.Abubuwan da
suke faruwa na rashin jin dadi a duniyarmu ta yau a karkashin sunan addinin
musulunci,"Taàddanci",ya fita daga tsarin koyarwar Alkur'ani,aiki ne na jahilai,mutane masu
ketare iyaka,masu laifi wadanda ba ruwansu da addini.Hanyar da za'a yaki wadannan mutane da
suke fakewa da musulunci,shine umartar mutane don suyi aiki da hakikanin koyarwar addinin
musulunci.
A takaice dai,addinin musulunci da koyarwar Alkur'ani basa goyon bayan ta'addanci da
‘yan ta’adda sai dai suna kawo hanyar da duniya zata kubuta daga ta’addanci.
1. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, 2nd
edition, New York, A.L.Burt Co.,
1874,sh178
2. Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi, Racism, Science andPseudo-Science, Unesci ,
France,Vendome,1983.sh.54
3. Theodore D.Hall, The Scientific Background of the Nazi “Race Purification” Program,
http://www.trufax.org/avoid/nazi.html
4. L.H. Gann, “Adolf Hitler, The Complete Totalitarian”, The Intercollegiate Review,Fall
1985,p.24;cited inHenry M. Morris, The Long War Against God,Baker Book House, 1989,sh.78
5. Hickman,R., Biocreation,Science Press,Worthington,OH,PP.51-52, 1983;Jerry
Bergman, “Darwinism and the Nazi Race Holocaust”,Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal 13
(2): 101-111,1999

6. Robert M. Young, Darwinian Evolution and Human History, Historical Studies on
Science and Belief, 1987. A
7. Alan Woods and Ted Grant, Reason in Revolt: Marxism and Modern Science,
London: 1993.
8. Alex de Jonge, Stalin and The Shaping of the Soviet Union, William Collins Sons &
Limited Co., Glasgow, p.2K. Mehnert, Kamf um Mao’s Erbe, Deustche Verlags-Anstalt,
1977,sh.22.
9. K.Mehnert, Kamf um Mao’s Erbe, Deustche Verlags-Anstalt,1977.
10. James Reeve PUSEY, China and Charles Darwin, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983

BANGARE NA I
KARYATA
DARWINIYANCI
GABATARWA
Menene yasa akayi Kaìdar
Juyin Halitta?
Ga wasu mutane, zatonsu ka’idar juyin halitta ko ‘Darwiniyanci’ yana dauke ne da wasu
maànoni da suka shafi kimiyya ne kawai, suna ganin bashi da wata alaka ko dangantaka da
rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum. Hakika wannan shine fahimta karkatacciya wadda tafi shahara.Ya
zarce duk inda tunani ya kai akan cewa ya shafi kimiyya ne, sai dai ita kaìdar tana kunshe da
dabaibayin mayaudaran falsafawa wadanda suka tafi da tunanin mutane da yawa: wato akan
jari-hujja.
Falsafawan jari-hujja, wadanda suka yarda da samuwar tarin kwayoyin halitta, kuma
suka fadi cewar wai mutum ya samo asali ne daga tarin wadannan kwayoyi,har ma suka
shelanta cewa,mutum ba komai bane illa dabba,tare da rikicin da shine ma sanadiyyar
samuwarsa .Koda yake sun yada cewar wata hanyar ilmantarwa ce ta zamani akan falsafar
kimiyya,alhali ari-hujja wani abu dadadde da bashi da asali a kimiyya. Fahimtar Girkawan Da,
da imaninsu akai shine yasa maguzawan falsafawa na karni goma sha takwas suka farfado da
ita kuma suka raya ta.Daga baya aka sake dasa ta a cikin karni na goma sha tara,ta bangarorin
kimiyya daga wasu masu bautar tunani,kamarsu Karl Marx, Charles Darwin, da Sigmund
Freud.Ma iya cewa kimiyya,an hargitsa tane don a samu kafar da zaà shigo da jari-hujja.
Karni na biyun da suka wuce,wani zamani ne na jari-hujja.Tafarkai daban-daban da aka
kafa akan jari-hujja.Tafarkai dabam-daban da aka kafa akan jari-hujja(wadanda suke karawa da
juna,duk da cewa sun samo asali guda)sun kawowa duniya dawwamamman
yaki,rigingimu,rudani,da hayaniya.Gurguzu kuwa ya jawo sanadiyyar kisan mutane miliyan
dari da ashirin,dama shine ribar kusa-kusa da ake samu ko falsafar jari-hujja ke
haifarwa.Mulkin kama karya kuwa,duk da cewar suna fakewa da cewa ai shine kadai zai kawo
canji a duniyar jari-hujja,amma a ganinsu,zai samu karbuwa duk da halin dar-dar da ake
ciki,wanda yake fitowa daga mulkin zalunci,kisan kiyashi da sauran taàddanci da yakin duniya
da ya haifar.
Bayan wadannan kazaman tafarkan nasu, rayuwar mutane dai-daikunsu da haduwar
zamantakewarsu, ta gurbace da taimakon jari-hujja.
Gurbataccen sakon jari-hujja,da rage darajar mutum zuwa matsayin dabba da
kasancewarsa kwasam kuma ba tare da danganta halittarsa izuwa wani abu ba,ya rushe
dukkanin ginshikai na dabià kamar soyayya, jinkai, gafara sadaukar da kai, tausayi, gaskiya

Karl Marx ya fada a bayyane cewa kaìdar
Darwin itace ta bawa jari-hujja da Kwaminisanci
DAS KAPITAL gindin zama.Ya kuma nuna tausayawa ga Darwin KARL MARX
da ya sadaukar da Das Kapital a matsayin shine
mafi girman aiki a wajensa. A cikin littafinsa da aka
rubuta shi a harshen Jamusanci, yace:"Daga masoyi
mai kaskantar da kai zuwa Charles Darwin.”
da adalci.Bayan `yan jari-hujja sun batar da mutane da takensu "rayuwa dai kwazo ce"
mutane suka zo suka ga rayuwarsu ba komai bace illa karo da raàyoyi wanda shine ya jawo
rayuwa ta zamo kamar rayuwar dabbobi,wato mai karfi ya danne mara karfi.
Gano asalin wannan falsafar, wadda take da tambayoyi da yawa da zata amsa dangane da
annobar da dan Adam ya jawo a karni biyun da suka wuce, zaà iya gani a cikin kowace akida
da kuma fahimta a cikin alùmomi, a matsayin dalili ga rikici ko sabani.Ya hada har da `yan
taàdda na yau wadanda suke cewar wai riko da addini suke, kuma suke aikata babban zunubi,
wajen kashe mutanen da basu ji ba basu gani ba.
Kaìdar juyin halitta ko Darwiniyanci, yazo ne a yanzu don ya cike gurbin
almara.Ya bayyanar da cewa jari-hujja wata fahimta ce a kimiyya.Shine yasa Karl Marx, uban
kwaminisanci da tsantsar jari-hujja ya rubuta cewar Darwinism shine "asali mai tabbataccen
tarihi akan raàyoyinsa."1
Babu shakka, wannan asali rubabbe ne. Domin bincike na kimiyyar zamani ya tabbatar,
lokaci bayan lokaci cewar shahararriyar yarda dake da alaka da darwinism da kimiyya karya
ce.Kuma hujjojin kimiyya sunci karo da Darwinsm da bayyana cewa asalin halittarmu ba wai
juyin halitta ba ne, sai dai Ubangiji shine ya halicci duniya, dukkan wani mai rai da kuma
mutum.
An rubuta wannan littafi ne don a tabbatarwa da mutane akan sanin haka.Tun lokacin da
aka rubuta shi,asalinsa a harshen Turkawa ne, sannan a kasashe da dama ,miliyoyin mutane sun
gamsu da littafin.Kari akan harshen Turkawa,an fassara shi da Turanci, Italiyanci, Sifananci,
Rashanci, Bosniyanci, Larabci, harshen Malay da Indonesia. (Wannan littafi yana nan a wadace,
kuma kyauta a kowane harshe da aka ambata a hanyar sadarwa ta internet,www.evolutiondeceit
.com).
Menene yasa aka yi ka’idar Juyin Halitta 29
Tasirin littafin ‘The Evolution Deceit’ wato ‘Rudun Juyin Halittai’ ya bayyana a cikin
raàyoyin maàbota yaki da sabani cikin wannan raàyi. Harun Yahya ya zamo wani abin
tattaunawa a tsarar rubuce-rubucen sabuwar kimiyya wadda ake kira “Burning Darwin”-“Rushe
Darwin”.Wannan shararran jagoranci akan dakusar da raàyin Darwin,lokaci bayan lokaci da ya

bayyana a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu 2000 cewar dai Harun Yahya “wani gwarzo ne na duniya”
wanda littattafansa sun yadu koìna a duniyar musulunci.
Kimiyya, itace ke jan ragamar dukkan wata alùmma mai tafiya da tsarin kimiyya, sun
sami tasiri da gamsuwa a ayyukan Harun Yahya. Wani littafi na kimiyya “Creationism Takes
Root Where Europe Meet”,wanda aka buga shi ranar 18 ga watan Mayu 2001, an lura a kasar
turkey, “ Ingattattuun littattafai kamar su ‘The evolution deceit’ da kuma ‘The Dark Face of
Darwinism….sun samu karbuwa fiye da duk wasu littattafai a wasu bangarori na kasar.” Mai
rahoton yaci gaba da bayani akan ayyukan Harun Yahya cewar, “yana daya daga cikin abokan
adawar da yafi kowanne karfi a duniya akan evolution, wanda ba a Amurka ta Arewa yake ba.”
Koda yake sun riski kalubale na “The Evolution Deceit,” amma basu bada wata amsa a
kimiyance da zata yi karo da mahawarorin da marubucin ya kawo ba.Dalili kuwa shine,ba abu
ne mai sauki ba. Magana ta gaskiya itace, evolution yazo karshe,kuma dalili ne da zaka gani a
yayin da kake karanta babukan wannan littafi.Littafin zai taimaka maka ka fahimci cewa
Darwiniyanci ba kaìda ce ta kimiyya ba,amma wani hasashe ne na kimiyya dauke da yaudarar
addini,duk kokarin kawo dalilai da hujjoji,da karin girma ne don kare falsafar jari-hujja.
Fatanmu ne ace “Rudun Juyin Halitta” ya dade yana bada gudunmawarsa ta wayar da kai
akan rudun da Charles Darwin ya kawo wanda ya dade yana batar da mutane tun daga karni na
sha tara (19th
century).Kuma ya tunasar da mutane akan gaskiyar alàmarin rayuwarsu, kamar
yadda su kazo duniya (maàna halittarsu) da kuma nauyin da kansu a wajen bautar
Ubangijinmu.

BABI NA 1
Kubuta Daga
Son Zuciya
Mutane da yawa sukan yarda da duk abinda suka ji daga wurin maàbota kimiyya a
matsayin tsantsar gaskiya. Basa dauka cewar suma suna da wata fahimta ta falsafa ko akida ta
son zuciya.Magana ta gaskiya itace masana kimiyyar juyin halitta sune suka cusa son zuciyarsu
da raàyoyinsu na falsafa akan mutane, suna fakewa da sunan kimyya. Misali, koda yake sun
sani cewar kwayoyin halitta wadanda suke juyawa ta koìna ba sa jawo komai sai karkacewar
tsari da rudani, kuma duk da haka suke daàwar cewa kyakkyawan tsari, shiri da adon da ka iya
gani a fadin duniya da kuma halittu sun samu haka nan.
Misali, ka ga masani akan halittu zai iya fahimtar akwai babban gibi a haduwar
abubuwan gina jiki kuma babu tabbacin cewar sun samu ne haka nan. Koda yake, yayi zargin
wai abubuwan gina jiki sun wanzu ne ta yanayin duniya dadadde kuma haka nan,shhekaru
biliyoyi da suka wuce. Bai tsaya anan ba,ya cigaba da cewa,ba tare da damuwa ba, kuma ba
daya ba,amma miliyoyin kwayoyin gina jiki ne suka hadu suka zama abu guda, har suka wuce.
Bai tsaya anan ba,amma miliyoyin kwayoyin gina jiki ne suka hadu suka zama abu guda,har
suka zama farkon abin halitta. Dada, ya kare raàyinsa da wani shurbataccen dalili. Wannan
mutumin fa “maàbocin kimiyyar juyin halitta ne.”
Idan da ace zai ga wasu tubalai uku wani yana kan wani, a yanayin da yake tafiya akan
hanya,ba zai taba zaton cewa wadannan sun wanzu ne haka nan har daya ya hau kan daya
ba,duk dai haka nan. Hakika, duk wanda yayi zaton haka lallai zai zama mara hankali.
Ta yaya zai zamanto mutanen da suke iya lura da abubuwan da suke faruwa gaba garesu
su yarda da wani tunani akan hakikanin samuwarsu?
Babu tababa ayi daàwar wannan halayya ta samu ne da sunan kimiyya; ita kuwa
fuskantar kimiyya tana daukar hanyoyi biyu ne, wato idan har akwai tafarkai guda biyu,masu
nauyin hujjoji daya akan wani abu. Amma idan har a cikin dayan biyun
Kubuta Daga Son Zuciya 31
hujjojin akwai mai raunin hujja, misali koda ya yakasance dayan ya dara da digo guda
ne,to a kimiyance, wancan shine daidai.
Bari mu cigaba, tare da barin wannan hadafi a ranmu.Akwai raàyoyi biyu wadanda zaà
iya sawa a gaba akan yadda halittu suka samu a duniya.Na farko dai, Ubangiji shine ya halicci

dukkan halittu a yanayin da suke. Na biyu kuwa, halittu sun samu ne ta hanyar haduwar wasu
kwayoytin halitta mabanbanta a cakude. Wannan itace daàwar ka`dar juyin halitta.
Idan muka dubi dalilai na kimiyya, babu yadda zaàyi ace wai kwayar halitta ko dayan
miliyoyin kwayoyin gina jiki wadanda suke cikin kwayar halitta-zasu wanzu ne haka nan ba
tare da an halicce su ba, kamar yadda suke daàwa.Kuma kamar yadda zamu nuna a babika
masu zuwa, kididdiga mai yiwuwa ma ta tabbatar da hakan, sau da yawa. Saboda haka, raàyin
maàbota juyin halitta babu gaskiya ko ta kwabo a cikinsa.
Wannan shi yake nuna mana cewa raàyin farko yana da tabbacin gaskiya “dari bisa
dari”.Wato,halittar rayuwa akai.Dukkanin halittu sun wanzu ne daga kirkirar kasaitaccen
Mahalicci,mai wadataccen iko,hikima da sani.Wannan gaskiya ba wata aba ce mai wuya ba,illa
kawai shine abinda hikima,tunani da kimiyya zata kai mutum.
A cikin wannan hali, masananmu na kimiyyar evolution sun ka sa wurgi da daàwarsu su
kama gaskiyar da aka tabbatar.Kin yin haka shi yake nuna cewar da ya zama masanin kimiyya
na gaskiya gara ya sadaukar da kimiyyarsa da fakewa da falsafar, akida da raàyoyin da babu
koyarwar addini a ciki.
Fushi, gagara da son zuciyar masana kimiyyarmu na karuwa a duk lokacin da aka
fuskanceshi da gaskiya.Zaà iya bayyana halayyarsa a kalma guda: “Imani”.Koda yake
gurbataccen imani ne, tunda babu wani gamsashshen bayanin da zai nuna halim ko-in kula akan
hujjoji ko kuma dadadden has ashen tunani wanda ya shirya.
Makauniyar Jari-hujja
Imanin da muke magana akai shine falsafar jari-hujja, wadda suka yi kalubale cewa wai
kwayoyin halitta sune a farkon komai.Kaìdar evolution itace ai “tushen kimiyya” ta falsafar
jari-hujja kuma suke kokarin kare ta a makance don suyi riko da wannan falsafar.Yayin da
kimiyya ta rushe daàwar evolution-wannan itace gabar da aka cimma anan,a karshen karni na
ashirin-sannan sai aka yi kokarin hargitsa abin don akai wani matsayi da zaà marawa evolution
baya saboda jari-hujja ya rayu.
Sudurori kadan din da wani shararran masanin kimiyyar evolution a kasar Turkey misali
ne mai kyau da zai iya nuna mana irin karkataccen hukunci da son zuciyar da wannan
makauniyar hanya take kaiwa. Masana kimiyya sun bayyana yiyuwar samar da Cytochrome-C,
wanda daya ne daga cikin kwayoyin halittar dake ciyar da rayuwa gaba, kamar haka;
Yiwuwar samar da cytochrome-c wato abu ne mai kamar wuya.Wato yana bukatar
matakai,zaà iya cewa akwai yiyuwar samar da kwaya daya a duk fadin duniya.Idan ba haka ba,
wadansu sashe na karfi sama da abinda muka fassara ya rigaya ya aiwatar da
samuwarsa.Yarda da wannan zance na biyu ba abu ne karbabbe ba daga manufofin
kimiyya.Saboda haka dole ne mu koma bayaninmu na farko.2

Masanin kimiyyar ya sameta "mafi kimiyya" da yarda da yiyuwar "abu mai kamar wuya"
a maimakon halitta.Bayan haka a tsarin kaìdojin kimiyya.Idan akwai bayanai na zabi guda
biyu dangane da faruwar wani abu kuma idan daya daga cikinsu babu kanshin gaskiya,to dayan
shine yafi karbuwa.Haka kuma mummunar akidar jari-hujja ta haramta yarda da mafificin
halitta,wannan haramtawa ta kai wadannan masana kimiyyar da wadansunsu da yawa wadanda
sukai imani akan dai wannan akida ta jari-hujja da su amince da wannan daàwa wadda ta
sabawa hankali da tunani.
Mutanen da suka yi imani da yarda da wadannan masana sun samu kansu cikin dimuwa
da rashin ganewa daga wadannan zantuttukan jari-hujja kuma suka dabbaka wannan rashin
tunani a yayin da suke karanta littattafansu da kasidunsu.
Wannan akida da raàyin `yan jari-hujja shine dalilin da yasa sanannun masana a cikin
alùmmar masana kimiyya duk suka zama mushrikai.Wadanda kuma suka kubuta daga
wadannan zantuttuka suka yi tunani da budaddiyar zuciya basu gushe ba suna yarda da
samuwar mahalicci.Wani Ba Amirke masanin hada magunguna Dr. Micheal J. Behe, daya daga
cikin masana wadanda suka marawa
kaìdar “kyakkyawan tsari” baya, kuma ta samu karbuwa sosai daga baya, ya bayyana
irin rikon da masana kimiyya suka yi akan yarda da “tsari” ko “halitta” na rassan gabban halitta
kamar haka:
Shekaru arbaìn da suka shude, ilmin hada magunguna na zamani ya bude sirrikan
kwayar halitta (cell).Tana bukatar dubban mutanen da zasu sadaukar da rayuwarsu akan
wannan muhimmin aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje…Sakamakon wadannan kokari na bincike game
da kwayar halitta-da bincike akan rayuwa a matakin kwayoyin halitta-abu ne sananne,a
bayyane mawahalcin “tsari!”.Sakamakon ba mai wuya bane kuma gashi Micheal Behe: da
muhimmancin da dole ne a saka shi ya zama daya daga cikin “Abin kunyar da ya manyan
tarihin kimiyya…Sai dai ya zama mai wahala, kuma kewaye hadaddun abin kunyar da ya
kewaye hadaddun kwayoyin halitta.Menene kwayoyin halitta.” ya sa dandazon maàbota
kimiyya basu rungumi bayyanar gano tafarkin ba? Me yasa wajen lura da tsari aka yi amfani da
tafiyar dashi? Takaddamar da ake itace wato kwibi daya na Giwa zai zama ana danganta
shi da kyakyawan tsari,daya kwibin kuma dole a danganta halittarsa izuwa Allah.3
Wannan shine yanayi mara dadi ga mushrikai maàbota kimyyar evolution da kuka gani a
mujallu da talabijin da littattafansu ma wadanda watakila kuke karantawa. Dukkanin bincikensu
a kimiyance ya tabbatar musu da cewa akwai mahalicci. Duk da haka sun kurumce da
makancewa da yaudarar jari-hujja wadda sukai ilmi akanta,ta hana su har yanzu sun ka sa
fahimta.

Mutanen da kiri-kiri suka yi watsi da alamomi bayyanannu da hujjojin dake tabbatar da
samuwar mahalicci lallai basu da hankali.Sun samu kansu cikin jahilci da rashin hankalin da
suka jawowa kansu,zasu iya karewa a marawa karya baya kamar gaske.Ga kyakkyawan misali
daga kalmomin wani kusa a fagen evolution Richard Dawkins wanda yayi ga kiristoci akan
kada su dauka sun ga mu`jiza koda sun ga gunkin Nana Maryamu na dago musu
hannu.Dawkins yace, “Watakila dukkanin sunadaran hannun gunkin kawai sun motsa ne ta
fuska daya a lokaci guda-abu ne mai karancin yiyuwa,amma zai iya yiyuwa.”4
Tunanin makiya addini ya dade yana wanzuwa a cikin tarihi.A Alkuràni an bayyana
hakan da cewa:
“Kuma da ace,lallai Mu,mun saukar da malaìku zuwa garesu, kuma
matattu suka yi musu magana, kuma Muka tara dukan kome akansu,gungu-
gungu, ba su kasance suna iya yin imani ba,sai fa idan Allah Ya so, kuma amma
mafi yawansu suna jahiltar haka.” (Suratul Anàm: 111)
Richard Dawkins, ya shagala da
yada juyin halitta
Kamar yadda wannan aya ta bayyana, mugun tunanin `yan juyin halittai ba hanyar tunani
ce mai kyau ba, bare ma ace su kadai ke da ita ba. Alal hakika abinda masana kimiyyar juyin
halitta suka rike ba ma sahihiyar kimiyyar juyin halitta bace, amma wani jahilci ne tun na
maguzawan mutanen Da. Wannan dai tunani, kuràni ya fassara shi a wata ayar da cewa:
“Kuma da Mun bude wata kofa daga sama akansu har suka wuni a ciki suna
takawa.Lalle ne da sunce,’Abin sani kawai,an rufe idanuwanmu ne.” (suratul hijr : aya ta
14-15)
Cusawa Mutane yarda da akidar Evolution
Kamar yadda aka bayyana a aya ta sama,daya daga cikin dalilan da yasa mutane ba zasu
iya ganin zahirin halittarsu ba wato wani irin dabaibayi ne kalamai da ya kanannade
tunaninsu.Wannan ne dai ya jaza wajen karbuwar kaìdar juyin zamani a duniya baki
daya.Abinda muke nufi da dabaibayi shine sharadin karbuwar akidar.An yadawa mutane
wannan akidar da gasgata kaìdar juyin zamani wanda basu san irin kwamacalar dake ciki ba.
Wannan dabaibayi ya haifar da illar da ta shafi kwakwalwa da raunana tunani .Har ila
yau,kwakwalwa wadda take cigaba da karbar sako mai dabaibayi,ta fara karbar sakwanni na
hakika ba yadda suke ba amma ta hanyar da akai musu dabaibayi,zaà iya kwatanta wannan da

wasu misalai,.Misali,idan aka yiwa mutum rufa ido da dabaibayi don ya yarda da cewar gadon
da yake kwance akan mota yake,sai ya zaci gadon a matsayin mota.Yana tunanin cewa wannan
zai iya yiyuwa saboda yana kallon abin ta haka,kuma baya kokwanton cewar ba daidai yake
ba.Wadannan misalai kamar wannan na sama,wanda ke nuna kokari da ikon kanannadewar
dabaibayi, a kimyance an tabbatar dasu da gwaje-gwaje masu yawan gaske wadanda aka
rawaito a littattafann koyon kimiyya da ake karantawa
kullum a fannin sanin halin mutum da kuma na hankalin mutum.
Wadanda suka dogara da kaìdar juyin halitta da raàyoyin jari-hujja sun tursasa su akan
talakawa ta hanyar salon dabaibayi.Mutanen da suke ta cin karo da akidar juyin halitta a kafofin
watsa labarai, tafarkin karatu mai zurfi, da manufofin kimiyya, sun kasa fahimtar cewa yarda da
wannan kaìda ya sabawa manufofin tunani.Ta wannan hanya ce aka zarge masana
kimiyya.Matasa masu tashen suna a fannin nazarin kimiyya sun riki raàyoyin jari-hujja, kuma
suna yawaita lokaci bayan lokaci.
A dalilin wannan dabaibayi ne,yawancin masana kimiyyar juyin zamani suka tafi neman
yarda da hujjojin kimiyyar karni na sha 19 da daàwoyinsu wadanda aka daina amfani dasu
kuma hujjojin kimiyya ma sun rushe su.
Akwai wasu Karin tafarkai da suke tursasawa masana kimiyya akan su zama `yan juyin
halitta da jari-hujja. A kasashen turawan yamma, masanin kimiyya ba zai taba samun girma ba
sai ya taka wasu matakai tukuna, wato ya samu karbuwa a fannin ilmi ko kuma a buga wata
kasidarsa a mujallar kimiyya.Yarda ta kai tsaye da zai yiwa juyin halitta shine mataki na
farko.Wannan tsari ne yake tafiyar da masanan wajen karar da rayuwarsu akan tabbatar da
wannan muguwar akida.Ba Amurken nan masanin kwayoyin halitta Jonathan Wells yai magana
akan matsin lambar a littafinsa Icons of Evolution wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2000:
…Masu akidan Darwin sun fara ne da tursasa gajeriyar fahimtarsu akan hujjoji
da tabbatar da cewa ita kadaice hanyar zuwa kimiyya. Kalubale akanta na iya zama
babu kimyya ciki, kasidunsu basa karbuwa a mujallu, kuma duk wani kalubale ba
zai samu tallafi daga wasu rukunonin gwamnati ba, wanda suke turawa don cigaba
da raya akidar don yin bita; kuma kalubalenma ana fitar dashi daga tsarar masana
kimiyya. Akan haka, dukkan wata hujja ta raàyin Darwiniyanci ta fara bata, kamar
shaidu akan Mob.Ko hujjojin su zama an killace su a wasu littattafai na musammam,
wanda kawai wani mai bincike ne na sadaukar da kai ne zai iya samo su.Ko kaka aka
dan sassauta kalubalantar abin da kuma lullube hujjojin da zasu yi karo da ita,sai kaga
an shelanta cewa akwai mahawarar kimiyya akan kaìdar,kuma babu wata hujja akan
yakar ta.5

Wannan shine hakikanin cigaban al`amarin dake boye da cewar “juyin halitta na
karbuwa har yanzu a duniyar kimiyya.”An kyale juyin halitta ya numfasa ne ba don yana da
cancantar kimiyya ba amma saboda yana da manufa ce ta akida da ake son a cimma. Kadan ne
daga cikin masana kimiyya wadanda suka san haka ke iya nusar da cewar sarkin fa baya sanye
da tufafi.

A sauran shafukan wannan littafi, zamu yi bitar binciken kimiyyar zamani akan juyin
halitta wadda masana juyin halitta suka ki amincewa dasu ko “killace su a wasu littattafai na
musamman,” da suke baje-kolin hujjoji mabayyana akan samuwar Ubangiji. Mai karatu zai
shaida cewar ‘evolution theory’ ko ka`idar juyin zamani lallai rudu ne-rudun kimiyya ta karyata
a kowane mataki amma aka raya ta don a boye hakikanin halitta.Abinda muke fata ga mai
karatu shine farkawa daga dabaibayin da makafin mutanen dake da makafin zukata wadanda
suka karar da lokacinsu, kuma yayi izina daga irin abinda za`a rawaita masa a wannan littafi.
Idan ya kubutar da kansa kuma yayi tunani mai kyau, `yantacce, ba tare da son zuciya
ba, zai gano gaskiya. Gaskiyar da babu mkimiyyar zamani ta tabbatar ta kowace fuska, cewar
kwayoyin halitta sun wanzu ne ba haka nan ba, sai dai a dalilin halittarsu da aka yi.Mutum zai
iya saukin ganin haka idan ya dubi halittarsa,yadda yazo duniya dagaruwa,ko kyakkyawar
kuma cikakkiyar halittar kowane irin abu mai rai.

BABI NA 2
Takaitaccen Tarihin
Ka`idar
Asalin tunanin masana juyin halitta ya fara ne can baya a matsayin wani yunkurin
yaudarar imani don karyata hakikanin halitta. Mafi yawa daga falsafawan Girkawan Da sun
kare martabar wannan akida ta juyin halita. Idan muka dubi tarihin falsafanci zamu ga cewa
akidar juyin halitta itace kashin bayan dukkanin falsafancin maguzawa
Bayan haka, ba wai wannan tsohon maguzancin falsafanci bane, amma imani da Allah
shine ya taka rawa wajen haifarwa da cigaban bunkasar kimiyyar zamani sun yarda da samuwar
Ubangiji, kuma yayin da suke karantar kimiyya, sun binciko irin samman da Allah ya halitta
kuma su kamsashi dokokinsa da bayanai dangane da halittunsa. Masana ilmin Taurari kamarsu
Leonardo da Vinci, Corpenicus, Kepler da Galileo, masani akan fannin binciken rayuwa a
bayan kasa, Cuvier, kwararre akakn fannonin ilmin tsirrai da dabbobi, Linnaeus, da Isaac
Newton, wanda ake fadarsa ake cewa “mafi girman masanin kimyya da imani da ba wai kawai
da wanzuwar Ubangiji ba amma duniya baki dayanta ta bayyana ne a dalilin halittar ta da yayi.6
Albert Einstein, wanda aka dauka shine mafi girman masana a zamaninmu, shi ma wani
gawurtaccen masanin kimiyya ne da yayi imani da Allah har ma yace; “Bazan iya karbar wani
nagartaccen masanin kimyya ba tare da kudurce wannan imani ba. Zan iya kwatanta yanayin da
cewa : kimiyya ba tare da addini ba lami ce.”7
Daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kimiyyar modern physics, kuma dan kasar Jamus,
Max Planck yace: “Duk wanda ya shagala gadan-gadan a cikin kimiyya kowace iri zai san cewa
a saman kofofin shiga fadar kimiyya an rubuta wasu kalmomi: Lallai sai kana da imani! wata
daraja ce wadda masana kimiyya ba zasu tafi ba ita ba.”8
Ka’idar juyin halitta ta bayyana ne sakamakon falsafar jari-hujja, a lokacin da ake
farfado da falsafar jari-hujar mutanen Da, kuma ta zama ta yadu a ko’ina a cikin karni na 19.
Kamar yadda muka fada a baya, jari-hujja na kokarin bayyana yanayi ta hanyar da suke
tabbatar da jari-hujja.Tunda ta karyata samuwar mahalicci a farko, ta tabbatar da
dukkan komai, mai rai ko mara rai, ya bayyana ba tare da halittar wani mahalicci ba,
amma a sakamakon haduwarsu ta tsarin daidaitacce. Ita zuciyar dan Adam an halicce ta da
amincewa akakn wani kasaitaccen iko a duk inda taga tsari. Falsafar jari-hujja, wadda ta zama
kishiyar wannan tsari na halittar zuciyar dan Adam, itace ta haifar da “ka’idar juyin zamani” a
tsakiyar karni na 19.

HASASHEN DARWIN
Wanda ya gabatar da ka’idar juyin zamani kamar yadda ake ta kare shi a yau, wani dan
Ingila ne, Charles Robert Darwin.
Darwin dai bai taba halartar koyon karatun sanin halitta ba. Ya dauki sha’awar bincike ne
a fannin yanayi da halittu masu rai kawai. Sha’awarsa ce ta kai shi ya shiga zangon tafiya a
jirgin ruwa mai suna H.M.S. Beagle wanda ya taso daga Ingila a shekara ta 1832 kuma ya
kewaya duniya ta Nahiyoyi daban-daban har tsawon shekara biyar. Saurayi Darwin yayi
mutukar nishadantuwa da ire-iren halittu, musamman ma wasu kananan tsuntsaye da ya gani a
tsibirin Galapagos. Sai yayi tunani cewar bambancin dake tattare dasu a bakunan kowannensu
ya faru ne sanadiyyar karbuwa da mazauninsu. Da wannan dabara a zuciyarsa ne yasa ya riya
cewa asalin rayuwa da jinsunan halitta sun rataya ne ga karbuwa da mazauninsu. Darwin ya
fada cewa bambancin dake tsakanin jinsunan halittu masu rayuwa, ba Allah ne ya haliccesu ba.,
sai dai sun zo ne daga magabata daya sannan suka bambanta da juna a sakamakon wurin
zamansu na asali.
Bayanin Darwin fa bai dora shi akan wani bincike na kimiyya ko gwaje-gwaje ba, bayan
haka sai ya juyar da ita izuwa ka’ida ta yaudara da goyon baya da karfafa gwiwa da ya samu
daga shahararrun masana kimiyyar jari-hujja na zamaninsa. Hikimar itace, dai-daikun halittu
wadanda mazauninsu ya karbesu ta hanya mai kyau zasu iya gadar da wannan tsari ga jikokinsu
masu zuwa; wadannan baye-baye masu karko sune suke haduwa a lokaci, kuma su rikidar da
kansu zuwa wani nau’I iri-iri daban dana magabatansu. (Asalin wadannan “baye-baye masu
karko” ba’a sansu ba a wannan lokacin). Kamar yadda Darwin yace; mutum ne yafi matukar
cigaba a wannan yanayi.
Darwin na kiran wannan tsari “evolution by natural selection”, wato”juyin zamani bias
zabin yanayi”. Sai ya hararo cewa ya samo “asalin jinsin halittu”: asalim daya daga jinsuna
shine na wani. Ya rubuta wadannan ra’ayoyi na sa a littafinsa mai suna ‘The Origin of Species,
by means of Natural Selection a 1859.
Darwin na cike da sanin cewa kaidarsa na fuskantar matsaloli masu yawa.Yayi ikirarin
Takaitaccen Tarihin Ka`idar 39
haka a littafinsa, a cikin babbin “Matsalolin Ka’idar”. Wadannan matsaloli suna kunshe
ne a bangaren matattun dabbobi wadanda aka binciko sun nuna alamu a jikin manyan duwatsu,
hadaddun gabobin halittu masu rai wadanda bazai yiwu a bayyana cewa sun samu ne haka nan
ba (misali Ido) da sauran gabbai a jikin halittu masu rai. Darwin yayi fatan a shawo kan
wadannan matsaloli da sababbin hujjoji, duk da haka wannan bai hana shi kawo dalilai marasa
tushe don bayyana su ba. Masanin lissafin kimiyya, Ba-Amirke Lipson yayi bayani mai zuwa
akan “matsalolin” Darwin:
Dana karanta The Origin of Species, na gano cewar Darwin shi kansa
bashi da tabbas akan abinda yake gabatarwa; babin da yake dauke da

‘matsalolin ka’idar’ misali, na nuna cikakken kokwanto daga gareshi.
A matsayina na masanin kimyyar lissafi, naji takaici akan bayaninsa na
yadda ido ya samu.9
A yayin da yake bunkasa ka’idarsa, Darwin ya samu sha’awar masana kimyyar juiyn
zamani wadanda suka gabace shi, kuma musamman ma Bafaranshen masanin kimiyar rayuwa,
Lamarck.10
A ra’ayin Larmarck halittu masu rai suna sadar da dabi’unsu daga yanayin
rayuwarsu zuwa mabiyansu daga nan kuma sai su rayu.Misali, Barewa na samuwa ne daga
yanayin halittar Kulba ta hanyar tsawaita wuyayensu da tsawo sosai daga wata al’umma zuwa
wata don kokarin mika wuyansu zuwa ga rassan bishiyoyi don neman abinci.Darwin ya dauki
wadannnan bayanai ne daga rubuce-rubucen Larmarck a matsayin shine dalililn da yasa halittu
suke cigaba da samuwa.
Amma Darwin da Lamarck sun fahimci kuskure saboda a lokacinsu, bincike akan rayuwa
na iya yiyuwa ne da na’u’rori na kimiyya irirn na da kuma ba gamsashshe ba. Sannan fagen
kimiyya irirnsu bincike akakn jinsi da hade-haden magunguna basu ma samu koda a suna
ba.Saboda haka, ka’idojinsu dole ne su dogara akakn karfin hasashensu.
A yayin da littafin Darwin yake shan suka, wani masanin tsirrai dan Ausralia mai suna
Gregor Mendel ya binciko hukunce-hukuncen gado a 1865. Ba’a samu cikakken labari ba sai a
karshen karni, binciken Mendel ya samu gagarumin‘yanci a farkon karni na 1900. Wannan
shine lokacin bayyanar kimiyyar jinsuna. Bayan haka, sifar jinsi da kwayoyin dake dauke da
jinsi suma an gano su. Ganowar da akayi a shekara ta 1950 dangane da jigidar halittar DNA
wanda aka shigar cikin bayanai na jinsi ya jefa ka’idar juyin halitta cikin gagarumar danbarwa.
Charles Darwin
Daya daga cikin muhimman akidojin Darwin wanda yake koma baya shine wariyar
Darwin : Darwin na daukar Tarawan yamma a matsayin Wadanda suka kai kololuwar “cigaba”
akan sauran bil Adama.Yayin da Darwin zaton wai asalin Mutum daga halittar gwaggon biri ne,
kuma har yace wai jinsuna na saurin cigaba da haka akan wasu, kuma har yanzu wadanda aka
bari a baya suna da irin waccan halittar. A cikin littafinsa, The Descent of man, wanda ya rubuta
bayan ya wallafa The Origin of Species, ya fada baro-baro akan “fifiko mai girma dake tsakanin
mazaje daga jinsi daban-daban.”1
A cikin littafinsa, Darwin ya riki bakaken mutane da mutanen
Australia da daidaituwa da gwaggon biri kuma ya sake cewa “wayayyun jinsi” “zasu tafi da
wannan” nan da dan wani lokaci. A wasu lokuta masu zuwa, ba mai tsawo ba karnukasuka
auna, wayayyun jinsunan dan Adam zasu wanzu, kuma su maye gurbin marasa wayewa a duk
fadin duniya. A daidai wannan lokaci kuma gwaggon birran anthropomorphous….babu shakka
zasu kare. Tsarar dake tsakanin mutum da sauran makwabtan halittu zai yi fadi, domin zai ratsa
har zuwa yanayi mafi wayewa, kamar yadda muke fa ta, fiye da jinsin Caucasian, da wasu

jinsunan birrai mafi kankanta daga baboon, kamar dai yanzu tsakanin bakaken mutane ko
mutanen Australia da gwaggwon biri.2
Karkataccen tunanin Darwin ba kawai an ka’idantasu ba, amma sun haifar da wani
bigire mafi muni wanda ya samara da tushe a wajen wariyar launin fata. Misali ma ace halittu
masu rai sun samu kansu a gwagwarmayar rayuwa, Darwiniyanci fa har samu yayi ya shiga
ilmin zamantakewa, har ya samu ya canza salon da aka kirawo shi da sunan “zaman takewar
Darwiniyanci”.
Zamantakewar Darwiniyanci ta zantar da cewa rayayyun halittu suna zaune a “matakin
juyin halitta”, kuma turawan yamma sune mafi “cigaba” akan sauran, sannan daga sauran
jinsuna har yanzu suna da siffofi irin na “simian”.
1. Benjamin Farrington, What Darwin Really Said. London: Sphere Books, 1971, sh.54-
56
2. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, 2nd
ed., New York: A.L. Burt Co., 1874, sh178
Dalili kuwa, saboda kasaitaccen tsarin halittar rayuwa da kuma rushewar ka’idar juyin
halitta wanda Darwin ya samar.
Wadannan cigaba sunci ace sakamakonsu daga ka’idar Darwin, sun rigaya sun shiga
kwandon sharar tarihi. Amma basu shiga ba, saboda wasu jama’a na hakikancewa wajen raya
su, gyara su, da yi musu gyaran fuskar da zasu dace a manhajojin kimiyya.Wadannan yunkuri
suna iya samun wata ma’ana indai zamu iya fahimtar cewa karkashin ka’idar akwai wasu
manufofin akida a maimakon wata kulawa mai hujja a kimiyance.
Kokarin Cigaban Yada Akidar Darwiniyanci
Ka’dar Darwin ta shiga cikin rikici mai zurfi saboda hukunce-hukuncen jinsi da aka gano
a farkon kashi na daya bis hudun karni na 20. Duk da haka, wasu gungun masana kimiyya ‘yan
gain kashenin Darwin suka dauki himmar samara da mafita. Suka hadu a taro wanda kungiyar
Masana binciken halitta ta Amurka a shekara ta 1941 ta shirya. Masana Jinsi kamarsu G.
Ledyard Stebbins da Theodosius Dobzhansky, Masana Dabbobi kamarsu Ernst Mayr da Julian
Huxley,Masana binciken dadaddun halittu kamarsu George Gaylord Simpson da Glenn L.
Jepsen, da masana kimyyar lissafin jinsi kamarsu Ronald Fisher da Sewall Right, bayan
doguwar tattaunawa, a karshe suka yarda akan hanyoyin da zasu yiwa Darwiniyanci “cikon
maho”.

Wannan jama’a ta mayar da hankali akan asali mai karko wanda yake fayyace haddasa
kwayoyin halittu farfadowa-abinda shi kansa Darwin ma ya kasa bayani amma sai yaje ya fake
da hujjojin Lamarck.Sunan wannan dabara yanzu “random mutations” wato “bazuwar
haddura”.Suka sakewa ka’idar sabon suna wai “The modern synthetic evolution theory’ wato
“Ginanniyar Sabuwar Ka’idarJuyin halitta”, wadda aka kirkireta kuma aka kara mata da ilmin
haddura akan rubutun zabin yanayin Darwin.A takaice dai, wannan ka’ida ta samu sunan “Neo-
Darwinism” wato “Cigaban Darwiniyanci” kuma wadanda suka saka ka’idar a gaba ana kiransu
“masu san cigaban Darwniyanci”.
Shekaru masu zuwa zasu zamo wai lokacine na kokarin kawo hujjojin yada akidar
cigaban Darwiniyanci. Tun tuni dama an san cewa “haddura”wadanda suke faruwa a cikin
jinsin gabobin Halittu sun zama masu illa. cigaban Darwiniyanci yayi kokarin bada hujja akan
“kyawun haddura” ta Hanyar fitar da dubun dubatar gwaje-gwajen haddura. Dukkanin
yunkurinsu yak are a faduwa wanwar.
Har ila yau, sun yi kokarin sukawo hujja akan cewa farkon kwayoyin halitta wadanda
sua rayu sun wanzu ne haka nan ta hanyar yanayin mazauni irin na da wanda akidar ta bayyana,
amma irin wannan faduwa ta zakkewa wadannan gwaje-gwaje da yake kokarin bayyanar da
hujjar rayuwa ta wanzu ne haka nan ya fadi. Yiyuwar lissafi ya tabbatar da cewa ba wai kawai
kwayar gina jiki ko tubalan gina rayuwa ba, har da kwayar halitta da suke ganin zasu iya
wanzuwa haka nan, a karkashin tsari irin na da wanda masana juyin halittu suka fada kuma ba
ma zai taba tabbatuwa ba koda mafi ingantuwar dakin gwaje-gwaje na karni 20.
Ka’idar cigaban Darwiniyanci ya fadi ta hanyar bayyanar binciken dadaddun halittu.
Babu “transitional form” wato “nau’in canjin halitta”, wadanda ake zaton zasu nuna gaskiyar
daukakar juyin zamani akan kwayoyin halittu tun daga yanayinsu na da har zuwa matakin
bunkasar jinsunan halittu kamar yadda masana cigaban ka’idar juyin zamani suke yin da’awa,
inda ba’a taba samun haka ba a ko’ina a fadin duniya. A lokaci guda kuma, ana kokarin
kwatanta jinsuna da ake zaton zasu samu daga wasu nau’in jinsi masu bambancin siffofi kuma
ake zaton ba zasu taba zama magabatansu ko jikokinsu ba.
Amma cigaban Darwiniyanci bai taba zama wata ka’idar kimiyya ko kankani ba, sai dai
kawai wata mummunar akida ce wadda za’a iya cewa ma tana da kama da “addini”. Masanin
Darwiniyanci kuma Shaihun Malami a fannin Falsafa da halittun daji Micheal Ruse yayi ikirari
da kansa yace:
“Kuma hakika, babu wani kokwanto akan haka, cewa a baya, da kuma yanzu, ga mafi
yawan masana juyin halitta, Juyin halitta, na da ayyuka da da kuma alamun da suke, muna iya
cewa, tafarki ne ga addinin maguzanci… kuma a ganina, bayyananne ne a kowane matakin
juyin zamani a matsayin ka’idar kimiyya ta kulla alakar aiki ga sashin yanayi.”11

Wannan shine dalilin da yasa masu yada ka’idar juyin zamani suke ta kokarin kare ta duk
da hujjojin da aka bada wadanda suka rushe ta. Abu daya da ba zasu iya yarda dashi ba shine,
shin wane daya daga cikin samfurin da suka gabatar da yada manufar evolution ne daidai. Mafi
muhimmanci daga cikinsu shine fasali mai ban kaye wanda aka fi sani da “daidaitaccen
ma’auni”.
Jarrabawa da Kuskure: Daidaitaccen Ma’auni
Mafi yawan masana kimiyya wadanda suka yi imani da juyin halitta sun yarda da
cigaban ka’idar juyin zamani.A ‘yan shekarun da suka wuce, mabanbancin fasali ya bayyana.
Sunansa “daidaitaccen ma’auni”, wannan fasali ya karyata ra’ayin Darwin akan Hadaka, juyin
zamani mai bin dan’uwansa da riko da cewa evolution yana yiyuwa maimakon a babban wuri,
sai yak are a “tsalle”.
TSOHON MATAKIN KIMIYYA
A ZAMANINSU DARWIN
Lokacin da Darwin yasa hasashensa a gaba, fannin ilmin jinsi, fannin sanin halittu da
hada magunguna babu su Idan da ace an gano su kafin Darwin ma ya bayyanar da ka’idarsa
dayayi sassaukar fahimta cewa ka’idarsa ta zamo babu kimiyya ko ta kwabo kuma bai yi fuskar
kwayar halitta.Wani yunkuri na ciyar da ita gaba ba, sakon da yake tabbatar da jinsi tuni dama
yana nan a kwayoyin Jinsi kuma yana da wahala ga zabin yanayi, samara da sababbin jinsuna ta
hanyar cakuda kwayoyin jinsi. Haka kuma, duniyar kimiyya a zamanin da akwai da mummunar
Fahimta akan tsarin yanayi da ayyuka akan kwayar halitta. Idan da ace Darwin ya samu
dammar ganin kwayoyin halitta da na’ura mai hango nesa kusa (microscope), da ya ga abin
mamakin dake tattare cikin kwayoyin halitta. Da ya gani da idonsa cewa abu ne mawuyaci akan
hadadden tsari ya wakana ta karamar hanya.Idan daya san wani abu akan kimiyyar lissafin
rayuwa, day a gane cewar lallai koda sunadarin gina jiki guda daya, ballantana gaba dayan
kwayar halitta, ace wai a wanzu haka nan.
Isashshen bincike akan kwayar halitta na yiwuwa bayan an gano na’urar hangen nesa,
wato ‘electron microscope’. A zamanisu Darwin, saboda na’urarsu irin ta Da ce wadda ta zama
da ita ake iya ganin abinda ke cikin kwayar halitta.
Farkon wadanda suka fara kare wannan da’awa sun bayyana a farkon Shekarar 1970.
Masana kimiyyar dadaddun halittun nan su biyu ‘yan Amurka, Niles Eldredge da Stephen Jay
Gould, suna da kyakyawar Masaniya akan da’awar da masu raya akidar Darwin suke yi wadda
Binciken burbushin halittu ya karyata.Wannan binciken ne ya tabbatar da cewa halittu fa
basu wanzu ba ta hanyar juyin halitta.

Sai dai sun bayyana ne kwatsam da cikakiyar halitta. Stephen Jay Gould
Ma’abota cigaban darwiniyanci sun cigaba da fatan samun mafita Akan matsalar da suke
fuskanta-da fatan canjin yanayin da ya buya zai bayyana anan gaba. Duk da ganin wannan fata
bashi da tushe, Eldredge da Gould har ila yau basu watsar da akidarsu ta juyin halitta ba, saboda
haka suka bullo da sabuwar dabara: daidaitaccen ma’auni. Wannan tana da’awar cewar juyin
halitta bai samu a dalilin kananan bambance -bambance ba amma sai dai a sakamakon
muhimman canje-canje da afkuwa kwatsam.
Wannan tsari ba komai bane illa rudu. Misali, baturen nan masanin burbushin halittu
O.H.Shindewolf, wanda ya shiryar da Eldredge da Gould, yayi da’awar cewa tsuntsun da ya
fara zuwa duniya yazo ne daga kwan halitta mai rarrafe da kafafu hudu; a matsayin “maye gurbi
mai nauyi’, wato sakamakon babban “hadari” day a gudana a cikin tsarin jinsi.12
Kamar yadda
yazo a cikin fadin ka’idar, wasu daga dabbobin dake tafiya aban kasa sun kusa su zama manyan
kifaye ganin sun bi zangon faffadan canji. Wadannan zantuttuka, kwata-kwata sun karya
dokokin jinsi, kimiyyar lissafin rayuwa, kimiyyar gwaje-gwaje, kai kace kamar tatsuniyar
rikidar kwadi zuwa kada. Duk da haka, ganin irin rashin tabbas da cikas din da cigaban
darwiniyanci yake fuskanta, wasu daga cikin masana burbushin halittu sun rungumi wannan
ka’ida, wadda take tafi zama abin dariya fiye da Cigaban-Darwiniyancin kansa.
Kadaitacciyar manufar wannan tsari shine samara da bayanai don cike gurbin da Cigaba-
Darwiniyanci ya ka sa bayyanawa a daftarin burbushin halittu. Bayan haka, yana da matukar
wahala ayi yunkurin bayani akan ratar dake tattare da burbushin halittu a juyin halittar
tsuntsaye akab da’awar cewa wai “tsuntsu ya fito ne daga kwan halitta mai rarrafe da
kafafu hudu”, a fadar masana juyin halittar, juyawar jinsuna izuwa wasu jinsuna na bukatar
babban canji kuma muhimmi a bayanan jinsin halitta. Koda yake, babu wani maye gurbin da
yake inganta bayanan jinsin ko kara wani sabon bayani a cikinta. Maye gurbi na hargitsa
bayanan jinsi ne kawai. “Hadadden maye gurbi” wanda ya samu a dalilin tsarin daidaitaccen
ma’auni babu abinda zai jawo sai “gagarumin” ragi da hargitsa bayanan jinsi.
A yau, dubban masana kimiyya dake fadin duniya, musamman a Amirka da
Yammacin Turai, sun karyata Ka’idar juyin halitta kuma sun dabba’a littattafai da dama
akan rashin ingancin ka’idar. Ga kadan daga misalai a sama.
Haka kuma, tsarin “daidaitaccen ma’auni” ya rushe tun daga matakin farko saboda
gazawarsa na kasa bayani akan asalin rayuwa, wanda har ila yau shine ya rushe cigaban tsarin
Darwiniyanci tun farko.Tun da babu wani sunadari wanda ya wanzu haka nan, to muhawarar da
ake yi akan ko kwayoyin halitta sun samu ne ta haduwar miliyoyin kwayoyin halitta bisa
tafarkin “daidaitaccen ma’auni” ko zabin yanayi” ya zama rashin hankali.

Duk da haka, tattaunawa dake zuwa rai idan “juyin halitta” ya zama abin tattaunawa a
yau shine cigaban-darwiniyanci. A babi mai zuwa, zamu yi nazari akan ginshikan hasashen
tsarin guda biyu, sannan mu kalli daftarin burbushin halittu don mu gwada ko jarraba wannan
tsari dashi. Bayan haka, zamu nitsa cikin bayani akan asalin rayuwa, wadda ta rushe tsarin
cigaban Darwiniyanci da sauran tsare-tsaren masana juyin halitta kamarsu “juyin halitta ta
muhimmin gabatarwa”.
Kafin mu fara, yana da alfano tunasar da mai karatu cewa, hakikanin abinda zamu
fuskanta a kowane mataki shine faya-fayen juyin zamani ba komai bane illa tatsuniya, mai
hadari, babbar yaudara da ta sha bamban da hakikanin rayuwar duniya. Wani faifai ne da akayi
amfani dashi a yaudari duniya sama da shekara 140. Madallah da sababbin binciken kimiyya,
saboda haka cigaban kare ta ya zama a karshe abinda ba zai yiwu ba.

BABI NA 3
Kirkiro Sassan Juyin Halitta
Cigaban tsarin darwiniyanci, wanda zamu dauka a matsayin “babban ginshiki” akan
ka’idar juyin halitta a yau, suke yin musu cewar rayuwa ta fara net a hanyoyi ginshikai masu
asali guda biyu: “zabin yanayi” da “maye gurbi”. Muhimmiyar da’awar ka’idar itace kamar
haka: zabin yanayi dam aye gurbi wadansu ginshikai ne guda biyu. Asalin juyin halitta ya faru
ne daga bazuwar maye gurbi inda yake samun wuri a tsarin jinsin abubuwa masu rai. Tsarin
dam aye gurbi ya samu ta hanyar zabar ginshikai na zabin yanayi wanda ta sanadinsu ne
abubuwa masu rai suke tasowa.
Idan muka zurfafa binciken wannan ka’idar juyin halitta, saboda haka babu wani abu wai
shi zabin yanayi ko maye gurbi da yaek bada gudunmawa akakn wannan tsari ga jinsin halitta
daban-daban da suke tasowa kuma su rikida zuwa wani jinsi.
Zabin Yanayi
Kamar yadda tsayin yanayi yake, zabin yanayi abu ne sananne ga masana kimiyyar
halitta gabannin Darwin, wadanda suke fassara wannan a matsayin “ginshiin dake kula da
canzawar jinsi ba tare da matsala ba”. Darwin shine mutum na farko da ya fara gabatar da
wannan da’awa da cewar wannan tsari na dauke da karfin ikon juya halitta sannan kuma ya kafa
gaba dayan ka’idarsa akan wannan ginshiki. Sunan da ya bawa littafinsa na nuni da cewar zabin
yanayi shine ainihin tubalin da aka gina ka’idar Darwin; The Origin of Species, by means of
Natural Selection…
Haka kuma, tun zamaninsu, har yanzu babu wani dalili kwaya daya tak da aka gabatar
dake nuna cewar zabin yanayi ne yake jawo canzawar halittu masu rai. Colin Patterson, babban
masani a fanning binciken burbushin halittu na gidan tarihi a Ingila, wato Museum of natural
history of England, kuma daya daga cikin wanda ake ji dasu a fanning juyin halitta yana mai
tabbatarwa da cewa bashi da iko wajen cigaban halitta:
“babu wani wanda ya taba ya kawo jinsuna daga ginshikan zabin yanayi. Babu wanda ya
taba kaiwa kusa da ita, kuma mafi yawancin dalilan da ake gabatarwa a yanzu a cigaban
Darwiniyanci akan wannan yake.13
Zabin yanayi ya riki cewa halittu masu rai wadanda suke da kyakkyawan mazauni zasu fi
samun jikokin da zasu gajesu sannan wadanda ba zasu iya jurewa ba zasu mutu. Kamar misali,
dabbobin dake neman mabuya don tsoron manyan dabbobi, a hakikani wadanda suka fi gudu,
su suka fi tsira. Wannan Magana gaskiya ce. Amma komai tsawon lokacin da wannan abu zai
kasance, ba zai taba

Kirkiro Sassan Juyin Halitta 47
canza wata dabba ta rikide zuwa wata jinsin halitta ba. Dabba zata yi zamanta a
yanayinta. Idan muka kalli misalin da masana juyin halitta suka bayar a matsayin karfafan
misalan zabin yanayi, muna ganin ba komai bane illa wani yunkuri ne kawai na yaudara.
“Bakaken Kwari”
A shekarar 1986 Douglas Futuyma ya buga a littafi, The Biology of Evolution, wanda aka
yarda yana daya daga asali masu bayanin ka’idar juyin halitta daga zabin yanayi ta hanya mai
sauki. Mafi shahara a cikin misalansa shine akan adadin launin wutar ‘Yola (kwaro), wanda aka
bayyana cewa yayi duhu a lokacin juyin juya-halin masana’antu a ingila. Abu ne mai sauki
samun tarihin Bakaken kwari a kusan dukkan littattafan masana a fagen ilmin halitta , ba wai
sai a littafin Futuyma ba. An kirkiri labarin ne akan jerin gwaje-gwajen da masana kimiyyar
lissafin Ingila da masanin halitta Bernard kelltewell suka gabatar a shekarar 1950, kuma za’a
iya takaice shi kamar haka:
Kamar yadda aka rubuta, kusa da lokacin da aka kare juyin juya halin masana’antu a
Ingila, launin bangoran bishiyoyin dake kewaye da Manchester sunyi haske. Saboda haka ne,
kwari mas duhun launi wadanda suke manned a jikin bishiyoyin zasu iya ganuwa saboda
tsuntsayen da suke ci daga jikinsu kuma suna da karancin dammar cigaba da rayuwa. Shekaru
hamsin baya, a Woodlands inda surkamin Masana’antu ya kashe kananan shukoki, sannan
bawon bishiyoyin yayi tauri, kuma a wannan lokacin kwari masu hasken jiki suka zama ababan
farautowa. Sanadiyyar haka, adadinsu ya ragu su kuma bakaken suka karu tunda ba’a saurin
ganesu. Masana juyin halitta, a bangare guda, sun fake da nuna yadda kwari masu haske suka
rikide izuwa bakaken kwari.
Bayan haka, yana da kyau a gane-duk da cewa mun yarda gaskiya ne – cewar wannan
hali ba zai taba zama wata hujja ga ka’idar juyin halitta ba, saboda zabin yanayi bai taba tayar
da sabon tsarin halittar da bai taba afkuwa a baya ba.Bakaken kwari dama dasu a cikin kwari
tun kafinma ayi juyin juya-halin Masana’antu
Kadan ne daga cikin rayayyun kwari suke canzawa. Kuma basu sam wata sabuwar halitta
ko gaba, wadda wadda zata yi sanadiyyar “kebantaccen tsari’. Maimakon a samu kwaro ya
rikida zuwa wani jinsin halittar, misali tsuntsu, da dai an sake kara wasu abubuwa a cikin
halittar. Ma’ana, wani kebantaccen kari na daban da za’a yi a cikin jinsin halittarta domin a kara
wasu bayanai da zasu nuna bayyanannen tsarin halittar tsuntsu.
48 KA’IDAR JUYIN HALITTA

Bakaken kwari ba wata hujja ce a juyin zamani ba, saboda tsarin bai taba fitar da
sababbin jinsin kwari ba. Zabin yana daga cikin abinda ya wanzu tuntuni. Haka kuma,
labarin bakaken kwari an kirkire shine don yaudara. Wadannan hotuna da kuke gabi (an
nuna su kamar hoton gaske) alal hakika matattun kwari ne aka saka musu rowan danko
aka manne su a jikin bishiyoyi daga masana juyin halitta.
Wannan shine amsar da za’a bawa tatsuniyar masana juyin halitta akan Bakaken kwari.
Bayan haka, akwai sashen da yafi ko’ina ban sha’awa a tatsuniyar; Ba kawai yadda aka tsara
labarin ba, shi kansa labarinma karya ne. Kamar yadda masanin kwayar halitta Jonathan Wells
ya bayyana a littafinsa Icons of Evolution, labarin Bakaken kwari, wanda aka rigaya aka saka
shi cikin littafin duk wani masanin juyin halitta, kuma ya zama “tambari” ta wannan fuska,
kuma babu kanshin gaskiya. Wells ya bayyana a littafinsa yadda gwajin Bernard Kettlewells,
wanda aka fi sani da “tabbataccen gwaji” akan labarin, lallai wani rikici ne a kimiyyance. Wasu
daga muhimman alamu dake nuna rikicin sune:
An gabatar da gwaje-gwaje masu yawa bayan kettlewell ya bayyana cewa nau’I daya ne
daga cikin nau’o’in bakaken kwari suke zama a jikin bishiyoyi, kuma nau’i sukan zauna ne a
kananan rassan bishiyoyin. Tun shekara ta 1980, ya bayyana a fili cewar bakaken kwari basa
zama ko mannewa a jikin bishiyoyi. Shekaru 25 da aka yi ana bincike, mafi yawancin masana
kimiyya kamarsu Cyril Clarke, Rory Howlett, Michael Majerus, Tony Liebert, da Paul
Brakefeild wanda ya cike maganarsa da cewa “A gwajin Kettlewell, an tilastawa bakaken kwari
ne, saboda haka, wannan sakamakon ba zai samu karbuwa a kimiyance ba.”
Masana kimiyyar da suka jarraba gwajin kettlewell, sunzo da wani sakamakon mai ban
sha’awa: Wato kamar yadda ake tsammanin karuwar adadin fararen kwari a sassan dake da
karancin gurbata a Ingila, bakaken kwari kuwa sun nunka yawan fararen kwari sau hudu.
Ma’ana babu wata alaka tsakanin yawan kwari da rassan bishiyoyi kamar yadda kettlewell yake
da’awa da kusan dukkanin asali na masanan.
Kamar yadda bincike yayi nisa, sai kuma rigingium suka canza zani: “kwari akan rassan
bishiyoyi” hoton da kettlewell ya dauka, lallai matattun kwari ne. Kettlewell yayi amfani da
matattu ne wanda ya shafa musu rowan gam ko ya makalesu da allurai a jikin rassan bishiyoyi
da daukar hotunansu. A hakikanin gaskiya, akwai karancin samun dammar daukar hoton kwari
lokacin da suke hutawa jikin rassan bishiya sai dai a karkashin ganyayyaki.14
Wadannan hujjoji basu samu fitowa fili daga tsarar masana kimiyya ba sai karshen
shekara ta 1990. Faduwar tatsuniyar bakaken kwari, wadda ta zama daya daga cikin jiga-jigan

firsoshi a ‘gabatar da juyin halitta” shekaru masu yawa, kuma ya kunyata masa juyin halitta.
Daya daga cikinsu Jerry Coyne, yake fada:
Halin dana samu kaina na nuna irin cikas din bincike na, a lokacin da naked an shekara
shida, mahaifina ne ya kawo kyautar kirismeti ba Santa ba.15
Saboda haka, “mafi shaharar misalin zabin yanayi” ana juyar dashi izuwa tulin sharer
tarihi a matsayin rikici na kimiyya. Kuma dama bazai yiwu ba, saboda zabin yanayi ba “wani
ginshikin juyin halitta bane”, sabanin da’awar da masanan ke yi. Bata da hurumin kara sabuwar
gaba a jikin rayayyan halitta, cire ta, ko canza ta zuwa wani jinsin halitta.
Shin Zabin Yanayi Zai Iya Bayanin Hadaddiyar Halitta?
Babu wani abinda zabin yanayi ya kara a cikin habaka ka’idar juyin halitta, domin
wannan ginshiki ba zai taba karawa ko inganta bayanan gado a jinsina ba.
Zabin yanayi wani ginshiki ne dake kawar da raunanan daidaikun halitta daga
jinsuna. Wani karfi ne na gurguzanci wanda yake kiyaye rayayyun jinsuna daga
karewa.Bayan haka ma, bashi da wani iko wurin juyar da wata halitta zuwa wani jinsi.
Ballantana ta rikidar da wani jinsi zuwa wani: tarwada zuwa kifi, kifi zuwa kwado,
kwado zuwa kada, kada zuwa tsuntsu. Mafi girma wajen kare daidaitaccen ma’auni, Gould,
yayi ishara akan karshen tasirin zabin yanayi kamar haka;
Makasudin Darwiniyanci ya tattara ne akan sidira guda: zabin yanayi shine kagaggen
karfi dake canza juyin halitta. Babu wanda ya musanta cewa zai taka mumnunar rawa wajen
kawar da raunanan jinsi. Ka’idojin Darwin suna karfafa mai karfi ne kawai.16
Wata hanya da masana juyin halitta suke amfani da ita wajen batar da mutane akan zabin
yanayi shine kokarinsu na bayyana wannan ginshiki a matsayin mai tsara halitta. Koda yake,
zabin yanayi bashi da kasantuwar haka.bashi da iko akan faruwar abu mai kyau ko mara kyau
ga halitta. A sakamakon haka, zabin yanayi ba zai taba iya bayanin tsarin rayuwa da sifofi masu
“hadaddun gabbai”. Wadannan ginshikai da kuma gabbai sun samu kansu na yin aiki tare gaba
daya wanda da za’a samu daya daga cikin gabban baya aiki ko ya raunana da kuwa sauran ba
zasu amfanu ba. (Misali, idon mutum ba zai aiki ba matsawar dukkanin jijiyoyin dake tare dashi
basu cika ba). Saboda haka, ikon dake zuwa da dukkan bangarorin wuri guda, ya zama zai iya
kirge ko sanin abinda zai faru nan gaba kuma ya tanadi dukkan amfanin da za’a samu a karshen
al’amarin. Tunda ginshikin yanayi bashi da wani iko, babu wani abu da zai iya yi.
Wannan hujja ce wadda ta rushe ginshikin ka’idar juyin halitta, Darwin ma ya nuna
damuwarsa: “Idan za’a iya gwada mana a fili yadda wata hadaddiyar gaba zata iya wanzuwa,
wanda kuwa ba zai taba yiyuwa samuwar hakan daga yawaicin, ingantattun, kuma abin yiwa
kwaskwarima, lallai da ka’ida ta karye baki daya”17

Zabin yanayi na fitowa ne kawai daga daidaikun jinsina wadanda basu da karfi ko kuzari.
Bat a iya samara da sabon jinsi, sabon bayani dangane da kwayoyin jini, ko sabuwar gaba.
Ma’ana, ba zata iya yin wani abu da zai motsa ba. Darwin ya yarda da haka inda yake cewa:
“Zabin yanayi ba zai iya tabuka komai ba har sai zababbun sauye-sauye sun samu kafar
tabbata”.18
Wannan shine dalilin da yasa cigaban-Darwiniyanci ya jera maye gurbi kusa da
zabin yanayi a matsayin “dalilin canji mai alfano”. Kuma kamar yadda zamu gani, hadari zai
iya zama “sanadin canji mai illa”.
Maye gurbi
Maye gurbi wata irin karyewa ko mayewa ce wadda take faruwa a cikin jigidar halittar
DNA, wanda aka gano a cikin faifan kwayar komayya wadda ake samu a cikin halitta mai rai
kuma itace take bada dukkanin bayanai da suka shafi gado ta fuskar jini.Wadannan karyewa ko
mayewa suna samuwa ne a dalilin faruwar wani abu kamar konewa ko juyawar wani sunadari
mai karfi. Dukkan maye gurbi hadari ne kuma yana iya lalata sunadaran dake hade cikin faifan
komayya wanda yake samar da DNA ko ya canza masa wurare. Mafi yawancin lokuta, sukan
haifar da illa mai yawa da kuma canjin da komayyar ma ba zata iya gyara shi ba.
Maye gurbi, wanda masana juyin halitta suke boyewa daga bayansu, ba wani na’ura ce ta
tsafi ba wadda take canza wata halitta izuwa wani yanayi mai kololuwar siffa ba. Maye gurbi na
da illa mai cutarwa. Canjin da take samarwa yana kama ne kawai da mutanen da suke cikin
Hiroshima, Nagasaki, da Chernobyl: wato, mutuwa, nakasa, da gurbatar fatar jiki… Dalilin
wannan mai sauki ne: DNA yana da faffadar siffa da illa mai kewayawa wadda take iya cutar da
siffar. B.G. Ranganathan yace:
Maye gurbi wasu halittu ne kanana, masu kewayawa, ga cutarwa. Sukan samu amma
mafi kyawun samuwarsu shine su zama basu yi illa ba. Wadannan ayyuka nasu guda hudu suna
nuna cewa maye gurbi ba zai iya shiryarwa izuwa bunkasa juyin halitta ba. Kewayawar canjin
dake afkuwa a cikin kwayar halitta takan zama bata yi aiki ba ko ta cutar. Kewayawar
canjin Agogo ba zai inganta Agogon ba.Sai dai ya zamana ta illata shi ko mafi kyau yaki aiki.
Girgizar kasa bata inganta birni, sai dai rushewa.19
Babu mamaki, cewa har yanzu ba’a gano wani amfani a maye gurbi ba. An tabbatar
da cewa dukkanin maye gurbi mai cutarwa ne. Masana Kimiyyar juyin halitta Warren Weaver
yayi karin bayani akan rahoton da Kwamitin Bincike Akan Illar Bazuwar Kwayar Komayya,
wanda aka kafa don ya bincika afkuwar maye gurbi wanda ake zaton makaman nukiliya
wadanda aka yi amfani dasu a yakin duniya na biyu suka haifar:
DUKKANI MAYE GURBI NA DA HADARI

Da yawa zasu girgiza akan kalaman da aka fi sani cewa dukkan jinsin maye gurbi yana
hadari. Domin maye gurbi wani bangare ne yunkurin juyin halitta. Yaya kyakkyawan fasali –
zai shafi juyin halitta zuwa makurar siffa a rayuwa – sakamakonsa yake samuwa daga maye
gurbi wanda kuma dukkaninsa mai hadari ne?20
Dukkanin yunkuri don a “samar da maye gurbi mai amfani” ya karye. A shekarun da
suka wuce, masana juyin halitta sun yi gwaje-gwaje masu yawa don su samar da maye gurbi a
cikin kwari domin suna saurin kyankyasa, kuma zasu yi saurin nunawa. Saboda haka, lokaci
bayan lokaci wadannan kwari suka zamanto ana kyankyasarsu, duk da haka bukata bata biya
ba. Masanin tsarin halittar jini Gordon Taylor yake cewa:
A duk dubban kwarin da aka kyankyashe a gwaje-gwajen da muka gabatar a duk
fadin duniya a sama da shekaru hamsin, babu wani sabon jinsin da ya karu…kai ko
daidai da sabon sunadari.21
Wani mai bincike, Micheal Pitman, yayi bayani akan dalilin da yasa gwaje-gwajen da aka
yi akan kwarin ya karye:
Morgan, Goldschmidt, Muller, da sauran masana sun jingina kasawar kwarin da yawan
zafi, sanyi, haske, duhu, da kunar sunadarai. Dukkan nau’in maye gurbi, na zahiri
ko wanda yake nuna illa ta bayyane, an samardasu duka. Juyin halittar da mutum ya
san’anta? Ba haka nan ba: kadan daga cikin talibanban din da masanan suka yi sun so rayuwa a
wajen kwalbar da ake shayar dasu. Bisa al’ada suna mutuwa ne, su bushe ko su rikida zuwa
wata mummunar sifa.22
Wannan haka yake koda ga halittar mutum. Dukkanin wata halitta ta maye gurbi dake
jikin dan Adam tana da sakamako mai illa. Akan haka, masana juiyn halitta sun sako wani
shurin hayaki da kokarin nuna misalan wadannan maye gurbi masi illa a matsayin wata “shaida
akan juyin halitta”. Dukkanin maye gurbi da ya afku a jikin dan Adam ya haifar da tawaya a
halittar mutum ta zahiri, kamarsu mongol, down syndrome, zabiya, wada ko cutar cancer. An
gabatar da wadannan cututtuka ne a littattafan masanan a matsayin misalai akan “sassan juyin
halitta akan aiki”. Babu bukatar ace, hanyar da take kai mutane ga nakasa ko rashin lafiya ba
zata zama “sashe akan juyin halitta” ba – ya kamata juyin halitta ya samar da nau’in halitta
kyakkyawa wanda zaifi jure rayuwa.
A takaice, akawai muhimman dalilai guda uku dake nuna kasawar maye gurbi wajen
taimakawa cikin tabbatar da hujjojin masana juyin zamani:
1) Sakamakon maye gurbi nada hadari: Tunda yake bazuwa suke yi, shi yasa suke
lalata kwayoyin halittar dake shigarsu. Dalili ne yake nuna mana cewa da zarar wabi abu mara

kan gado ya shiga cikin wani cikkakken kuma kyakkyawan tsari ba zai tama da komai ba illa ya
bata shi. Hakika, babu wani “maye gurbi mai amfani” da ya taba samuwa.
2) Maye gurbi bai kara wani sabon bayanai ga jigidar halittar DNA ba : kwayoyin
da suka hadu suka samar da bayanan halittar gado ko sun tattara zuwa mazauninsu, ko sun
halaka, ko kuma sun koma wasu wuraren. Maye gurbi ba zai iya samarwa wata halitta sabuwar
gaba ko wani asali ba. Babu abinda suke kawowa sai nakasa kamar kafa ta fito daga baya, ko
ido ya fito daga ciki.
3) Idan ana so maye gurbi ya bayyana a halittu masu zuwa, lallai ne ya zamanto
yana aiwatuwa a cikin tsarin haihuwar kwayar halitta: bazuwar canjin dake afkuwa a jikin
kwayar halitta ko gabar jiki ba zata mayu a jikin halitta mai zuwa ba. Misali, idan kwayar idon
mutum ta grubace ko wani abu ya same ta, wannan ba zai yiwu ya koma zuwa ga ‘ya’yan da zai
haifa nan gaba ba.
A takaice, abu ne mai wuya halitta mai rai ta hanyar juyin halitta, saboda a hakikani babu
wasu sasanni da zasu haifar da samuwarsu. Wannan Magana na gasgata shaidar daftarin
burbushin halittu, wanda ya bayyana a fili cewa al’amarin babu kamshin gaskiya.

BABI NA 4
Daftarin Burbushin Halittu
Ya Karyata Juyin Halitta
Kamar yadda ka’idar juyin halitta ta fada, kowane jinsin halitta yana tasowa ne daga
jinsin kakanninsa. Daga baya sai ya rikide zuwa wata nau’in halitta kuma duk sauran halittu ta
wannan hanaya suka kasance. Ka’idar tace, wannan tsarin rikidewa ya faro ne sannu-sannu
shekaru miliyoyi masu yawa.
Idan haka ne, to kuwa da yakamata ace an samu wasu tsaka-tsakin halittu sun rayu
tsawon wannan lokaci.
Misali, kamar su rabi kifi - rabi dabba mai kafafu yaci ace sun taba rayuwa, wadanda
suke da sifar dabba mai kafafu sannan ga nasu na kifaye a hade. Ko kuma ace an taba samun
rabi tsuntsu-rabi dabba mai kafafu, wadanda suka hade sifofin biyu. Masanan suna daukar
wadannan kirkirarrun halittu, wadanda sukayi imanin cewa sun taba rayuwa, a matsayin “tsaka-
tsakin yanayi”.
Idan dai wadannan dabbobi sun taba rayuwa, lallai yakamata a samu miliyoyi da
biliyoyinsu a yawa da nau’ukansu. Mafi mahimmanci, ragowar wadannan bakin halittu yaci ace
an samu burbushinsu. Yawan wadannan tsaka-tsakin yanayi shine ma yafi jinsin dabbobi na
yanzu yawa kuma a samu ragowarsu a ko’ina a fadin duniya. A litttafin The Origin Of Species,
Darwin ya bayyana cewa:
Idan ka’idata gaskiya ce, tsaka-tsakin jinsuna marasa adadi, da suke alaka da sauran
jinsunan dake rukuni guda tare lallai da sun wanzu…kuma alamun wanzuwarsu a can baya sun
tabbata ne kadai raowar burbushinsu.23
Shi kansa Darwin yana cike da sanin cewar babu cigaban yanayin. Fatansa ne dai ace nan
gaba su samu. Duk da wannan fata nasa, ya gano cewa babban abinda ciwa ka’idarsa tuwo a
kwarya shine tsaka-tsakin yanayi. Saboda haka ne a littafinsa The Origin Of Species ya rubuta a
cikin babin “Matsalolin Ka’idar (Difficulties of the Theory):
…Me yasa, idan wasu jinsuna sun fito daga tsatson wasu jinsunan bisa kyawun mataki,
shin bamu gani a ko’ina bane bazuwar tsaka-tsakin yanayi ba? Me yasa tsarin yanayi bai
rikice ba, maimakon jinsin halitta, kamar yadda muke ganinsu, a tsare?...Amma,
Daftarin Burbushin Halittu Ya Karyata Juyin Halitta 55

wannan bazuwar cigaban yanayi ya kamata ace ya wanzu, me yasa bamu gansu da yawa
a ban kasa ba?...Amma a cikin tsaka-tsakin nahiya, mai tsaka-tsakin yanayin rayuwa, me yasa
bamu samu mafi kusancin alaka da tsaka-tsakin jinsuna ba? Wannan matsala ta dade tana cimin
tuwo a kwarya.24
Gwauron bayanin da Darwin ya iya yi don ya kara da kalubalen da akayi masa shine wai
burbushin halittu da ya bayyana bashi da inganci. Yayi ikirarin cewa idan aka yi nazarin
burbushin halittun sosai, za’a samo abubuwan da ba’a gano ba.
Masu yarda da da’awar Darwin, wato masana juyin halitta, tun tsakiyar karni na 19 suka
yunkura wajen hake-haken nemo burbushin halittu ko’ina a fadin duniya. Duk da wannan
yunkurin nasu, babu wani tsarin tsaka-tsakin yanayi da suka gano. Dukkanin burbushin
halittun da aka tono sun nuna sabanin abinda masana juyin halitta suka yi imani akai cewa
rayuwa ta samu aban kasa kwatsam da cikakkiyar sifa. Wajen kokarin tabbatar da ka'idarsu sai
suka afka cikin rushe tsarinnasu.
Shahararren bature masanin binciken burbushin halittu, Derek V. Ager, ya yarda da
wannan magana duk da cewar shima masanin juyin halitta ne:
Ya bayyana cewa idan zamu yi nazari sosai akan burbushin halittu, ya kasance a matakin
tsarukansu ko jinsuna, zamu gano sashe guda akan wani sashe.25
Wani daga cikin masanan Mark Czarnecki shima yayi sharhi kamar haka: Wata babbar
matsalar dake tattare da tabbatar da hujjar ka'idar shine daftarin burbushin halittu; wato ragowar
kasusuwan jinsunan da aka taskace a tsarin ilmin tarihin kasa. Wannnan daftari bai taba
bayyana samfurin tsaka-tsakin tsarin halitta ba-sai dai ma su jinsunan su bayyana kuma sub ace
zuwa wanilokaci, wannan ya ture wasu daga masana halitta akan takkadamarsu cewa kowane
jinsi dai Ubangiji ne ya haliccesu.26
Wadannan ratattaki a daftarin ba zai bayyanu ta fadin cewa wai ba'a samu isassun
bayanai ba don haka wata rana zasu bayyana. Masanin binciken burbushin halittu dan Amurka
R. Wesson ya ambata a littafinsa 'Beyond Natural Selection', wanda aka buga a 1991, cewa
"Ratattaki a daftarin gaskiya ne. kuma mai ban mamaki."
Koda yake, ratattaki a daftarin gaskiya ne. kasancewar babu wani daftari dangane da
kowane irin sashe mai muhimmanci abin mamaki ne. Yawanci jinsuna basa canzawa, ko ace
sun kusa, har tsawon wani lokaci, yawancin jinsuna basu taba nuna juyin halitta a cikin nau’in
iyalinsu izuwa sabon jinsuna ko danginsu amma maye wani da wani jinsin, kuma canzawarsu
baya tasirantuwa a yawa ko kadan.27
Rayayyun Burbushin Halittu
Ka'idar juyin halitta yai da'awar cewa jinsuna suna cigaba da rikidewa zuwa wasu
jinsunan. Amma da muka kwatanta rayayyunsu da burbushinsu, munga cewar duk shekarun nan
miliyoyi basu canza ba. Wannan hujja ce a bayyane da take karyata da'awar masana juyin
halitta.
Rayayyen kudan zuma bashi da bambanci da burbushinHalittarsa, wanda yayi
shekaru miliyoyi.

Burbushin kwaro mai manyan fuka-fukai wanda ya shekara Miliyan 135 bashi da
maraba da dan 'uwansa na yau.
Idan muka kwatanta burbushin tururuwar data shekara Miliyan 100 da kuma
tururuwar wannan zamani ya Bayyana a sarari cewa tururuwai basu da wani tarihin
Jujjuyawar halittarsu.
Daftarin Burbushin Halitta Ya Karyata Juyin Halitta 57
Rayuwa ta fara ne aban kasa kwatsam da cikakken tsari. Idan aka yi nazarin sasannin
duwatsu da burbushin halitta, za'aga cewa dukkan kwayoyin halitta sun bayyana tare. Mafi
dadewar sashen dutsen da aka samu burbushin halitta a jiki shine zamanin Cambrian, mai
kimanin shekaru miliyan 500-550.
Halittun da aka samu a jikin sassan duwatsun tun zamanin Cambrian suke - kuma basu da
magabata. Burbushin da aka samu a duwatsun zamanin Cambrian na Tana ne, Dadadden kwaro
(Trilobite), Dabbar ruwa (Sponges), Gwazarma (earthworm), Kifi (Jellyfish), Dorinar ruwa(Sea
hedgehogs), da wadansu kwarukan. Wadannan tarin halittun da suke da cakuduwar halittu
daban-daban a jikinsu su wanzu haka nan, kuma faruwarsu mu'jiza ce da suke kira "Cambrian
Explosion" wato "Bayyanar Zamanin Cambrian" a fannin ilmin binciken kasa.
Mafi yawancin alamun da aka samu a cikin duuwatsun sune da siffofi kamarsu
idanu,fuka-fukai, da dai sauran gabban jikinsu wanda bashi da bambanci da irinsu na yau.
Misali, sifar idanun kwaro 'trilobite' sifa ce mai cike da ado na al'ajabi. David Raup, wani
farfesa a fannin binciken kasa a jami'o'in Harvard,Rochester da Chicago, yana cewa; "adon
jikin kwaro trilobite da yake amfani dashi zai zamanto sai an sami wani kwararren
injiniya sannan ya iya yin irinsa a yau.28
Wadannan halittu sun wanzu ne kwatsam kuma da cikakkiyar halittarsu ba tare da wata
alaka ko cigaban yanayi tsakaninsu ba kuma halitta daya, wadda itace kadai halittar da ta wanzu
kafinsu.
Richard Monasterksy, editan Mujallar Earth Sciences, daya ce daga shahararrun mujallun
masana juyin halitta, sunyi rubuce-rubuce akan "Bayyanar Cambrian" wanda yazo ya bawa
masanan mamaki:
Shekaru miliyan dari biyar da suka shude, cikakkiyar sifofin dabbobi da muke gani yau
sun bayyana ne kwatsam. Wannan lokaci, tun daga farkon duniya a zamanin Cambrian, shekaru
miliyan 550 da suka shude, shine ya fito da bayyanar juyin halittar da ya cika tekuna dahailttun
farko a duniya. Manyan dabbobin da muka sani suma tun farkon zamanin Cambrian suke kuma
kamar yadda suke a rarrabe a yau haka ma a wancan lokacin.29
Zuzzurfan binciken da aka yi a bayyanar Cambrian ya nuna kasaitaccen rudanin da ya
haifarwa ka'idar juyin halitta. Binciken da akayi na kwana-kwanan nan ya nuna cewa dukkanin
dabbobin da suka rarrabe jinsunansu, sun bayyana a zamanin Cambrian. Wata kasida da aka
buga a Mujallar Kimiyya (Science) a shekara ta 2001 tace:

Rudun juyin halitta. hausa هَرْشَن هَوْسَ

Rudun juyin halitta. hausa هَرْشَن هَوْسَ

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Rudun juyin halitta. hausa هَرْشَن هَوْسَ