2. Assessment of Renal Function
β’ GFR- The normal GFR for an adult male is 90 to
120 ml per minute. A GFR of less than 15 ml per
minute is considered to be end-stage renal failure
requiring renal replacement therapy, e.g.,
dialysis.
β’ Creatinine
β’ Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
β’ The ratio of BUN: creatinine can be useful to
differentiate pre-renal from renal causes
3. β’ Cystatin C is a low-molecular-weight protein that
functions as a protease inhibitor produced by all
nucleated cells in the body. It is formed at a constant
rate and freely filtered by the kidneys. Serum levels
of cystatin C are inversely correlated with the
glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
β’ Albuminuria and Proteinuria-The presence of
albuminuria for three or more months is indicative of
chronic kidney disease. Frank proteinuria is defined as
greater than 300 mg per day of protein. Normal urine
protein is up to 150 mg per da
4. β’ Urine Analysis-
Red urine -hematuria or porphyria or could
represent the dietary intake of food like beets.
Cloudy - pyuria due to urinary tract infection.
Specific gravity is an indicator of the renal
concentrating ability.
The physiological range for specific gravity is
1.003 to 1.030
6. X RAY KUB
β’ A KUB X-ray may be taken to evaluate the
urinary tract before other diagnostic
procedures are performed.
β’ Basic information regarding the size, shape,
and position of the kidneys, ureters, and
bladder may be obtained with a KUB X-ray.
The presence of calcifications ( kidney stone )
in the kidneys or ureters may be noted.
7. Risks of the procedure
β’ Notify your health care provider if you are
pregnant or suspect that you may be
pregnant. Radiation exposure during
pregnancy may lead to birth defects.
β’ Recent barium X-rays of the abdomen
β’ Gas , feces, or foreign body in the intestine
β’ Uterine or ovarian masses, such as
calcified fibromas of the uterus or ovarian
lesions
