Reason And Periods For Treatment For Posterior Crossbite.pptx

Diagnosis and management of anterior crossbite . The patients usually see the cross-bite as a severe aesthetical problem. The orthodontists see the problem as a severe functional and anatomical disturbance. The problem “cross-bite” is a result of an anatomical or functional disturbance in the occlusion. “The best time to treat a crossbite is the first time it is seen” Or else it may grow into Skeletal Malocclusion Many treatment modalities ranging from simple to complex means are available to correct anterior crossbite ; some use removable appliances and others use fixed appliances

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Twin Block Technique developed by Qr. William Clark of Scotland during the early 1980's. lectured and displayed the Technique at the European Orthodontic Meetings throughout this decade. Twin Block is a tooth-tissue born functional appliance composed of an uncomplicated system which incorporates the use of upper and lower bite blocks. Twin Block Technique These blocks reposition the mandible and redirect occlusal forces to achieve rapid correction of malocclusions. The features of Twin Block mean easier and quicker treatment. The twin block appliance can be used as a cemented (fixed) or removable functional appliance TWIN BLOCK Comparison with other Functional Appliances: Esthetics and comfort maintain normal function and appearance because there are no lip, cheek or tongue pads. appearance is noticeably improved when the appliances are fitted. Full time wear Twin Block appliances are not bulky. comfortable when sleeping, eating, playing (except swimming) and working. Continuous wear equals continuous application of light physiological forces, the forces that stimulate maximum growth response to correct the skeletal relationship. Comparison with other Functional Appliances: All Age Groups rapid correction of malocclusions for all age groups. Mixed, transitional and permanent dentition Arch control advantage of independent control of the upper and lower arch. The benefit is shorter treatment time. Integrating treatment integration with conventional fixed braces is simpler

Twin Block appliance in orthodontics .pptx

Torque is probably one of the most important and potent forces of orthodontic treatment mechanism with proper understanding and with systemic technical approach torque is not difficult to accomplish The operator’s ability to control torque properly will mean the difference between artistically treated case that has all esthetic beauty desired in a finished denture and an ordinary tooth straightening accomplishment that contains very few of these desirable features. Torque being more related to engineering terms is defined as “The force system transmitted by and through a structural or machine member, capable of producing pure rotational displacement about the longitudinal axis” In Orthodontics, as stated by Dr. EARMAN D. RAUCH “Torque is the force that enable the orthodontist to control the axial inclination of the teeth and to place them in the harmonizing positions that are so desirable for a nicely finished results. Torque is the force that gives the operator control over the movement of the roots of the teeth”. Torque is a force that assists him to bring about a desirable change of point A & B which in turn helps to bring about desirable facial changes in his patients. Why ? • To bring about labiolingual movement of the teeth • To retain the teeth in the cortical bone • To avoid relapse • To give a natural finish to the dentition

TORQUE AND ITS APPLICATION TO ORTHODONTICS.pptx

thinner than a traditional hard/soft guard but durable enough for the active nocturnal bruxer. becomes flexible under hot water, making it easier to insert and more comfortable to wear When the material cools to intraoral temperature, it becomes hard enough to protect teeth and restorations. made from composite (Crystal 450) is thin, but durable enough for the active nocturnal bruxer. Immerse the bite guard in hot water for 10 seconds and it drops right in. No internal adjustments are needed. Rigid, yet flexible QwikStrip™ Interproximal Strips invented and patented by Dr. Louie Khouri come in single sided, double sided and anatomical curved and can open a contact point to over 3mm Autoclavable/reusable Use to help prevent soft tissue irritation during interproximal reduction. Allows IPR to be performed in the anterior and posterior of the mouth Grip handle allows more control, so there is less chance of cutting patients’ lips or gums

THERMOFIT By KELLER LABORATORIES.pptx

THE TREATMETHE TREATMENT OF CLASS II, DIVISION 1 MALOCCLUSION WITH FUNCTIONAL CORRECTORS According to Hotz, the adjustment of teeth basically involves a modification of that "natural interplay of forces" which is responsible for the shape of the dentoalveolar arches. In this article certain problems of Class II, Division 1 cases which arise in connection with the use of skeletal vestibular screens are discussed. The figure illustrates the Frankel functional appliance that is used in the treatment of Class II cases. The mandible is repositioned in a forward direction to produce the so-called "construction bite," in which the incisors are in an end-to-end relation. The degree to which the buccal shields and the lip pads extend beyond the upper and lower arches corresponds to that of the normal dentition. This illustrates an occlusal view of a Class II malocclusion. The degree of expansion of the dental arches and of the palatal vault was achieved in this case with the functional appliance in 1 year and 7 months. These casts illustrate not only that good morphologic results can be obtained with functional correctors, but also the manner in which these results are obtained. The aim at bringing about a new equilibrium between the mechanical forces of the tongue and the cheeks with the aid of oral-seal exercises and a reorientation of the tongue position against the palate. This therapeutic principle corresponds to that applied in general orthopedics. The first objective is to modify the soft-tissue structures by physiotherapy, and the second is to reeducate motor functions and muscle tone by exercises.

‏‏THE TREATMENT OF CLASS II, DIVISION 1 MALOCCLUSION WITH FUNCTIONAL CORRECTO...

They are made in horizontal planeIt affect expansion or contraction,Bucco-lingual / Labio-lingual and rotation movements The arch-wire shaped with first order bends shouldn’t rise up from the flat plane at any point. 1.Between upper central and lateral (the arch-wire must have a slight in-set) 2.Between canine and bicuspids (both upper and lower the arch-wire must have slight off-set ) 3. Mesial to molars both upper and lower, the arch-wire must have a little more accentuated off-set (bayonet) Tip bends , Mesio-distal movements.These bends are made on the vertical plane . first order bends the arch-wire must be level. while in second order bends the arch-wire rises from the plane. It consists from :A . Loops B . Anchorage bends C . Artistic bends D . Curve of SPEE LOOPS are the most important second order bends; They serve to increase elasticity of the wire To avoid having a tooth extruded or intruded as compared with the others , it is necessary that the central points of the bent segments lie all on the same plane . They serve to MESIALLY move the apices of the molars and bicuspids . (Intra or Inter-maxillary Traction applied to DISTALIZE the canine or LINGUALLY move the incisors)

THE THREE ORDER BENDS in STANDARD EDGEWISE TECHNIQUE.pptx

In the hand book of facial growth, Donald Enlow proposes a series of anatomic concepts that account for the plan of the human face . Three of those concept are examined in this article , which presents measurements of 253 adult female primates from thirty-two species. As part of a system of craniofacial counterparts, Enlow proposes that the breadth of the mandibular ramus should equal the breadth of the pharynx. The relationship between ramus breadth and PNS-Ba in the primates studied strongly supports this hypothesis. A second concept tested concerns the relationship between prognathism and maxillary arch length. The relationship is not as strong as in the previous case, and some species are more prognathic than required for the size of their dentition. It is concluded that arch length and prognathism have an important biologic relationship but that two features can vary with some independence. The 3rd concept tested is the relationship between prognathism and interorbital breadth. Here the relationship is weak, and it is concluded that the interorbital breadth it is not significant in setting a structural limit to the amount of facial prognathism.

The Plan of the Human Face in orthodontics .pptx

- The concept of producing tooth movement using a removable tooth positioning device at 1945, until Align Technology computerized the process (CAD-CAM) in the late 1990s - The clinician must treat the patient virtually using the computer images long before touching even a single tooth. - The lnvisalign System consists of mindset, software, impressions, working with the computer, understanding physical properties and behavior characteristics of the plastic and ensuing force systems acting on teeth, as well as patient management. - Impressions must be taken with poly–vinyl siloxane (PVS) due to its superior accuracy and stability. The patient’s impressions, PVS bite registration, photographs (intraoral and extraoral) and radiographs are submitted to Align Technology in addition to the completed treatment form. (CT) Each aligner is prescribed to be worn for 2 weeks and is only removed for eating, drinking, brushing and flossing. CT images of PVS impressions are transferred to a special software called "Treat" software. imperfections of the impression are smoothed out and then submitted to the ClinCheck technique . (Santa Clara, California) 1- Bolton's discrepancy 2- Simulate physiological tooth attrition 3- Camouflage a skeletal deformity without surgery 4- Necessity to alter the tooth morphology Initial concerns of root proximity, caries risk, good depth of enamel . In posterior region, use separators prior to IPR. periapical radiographs are needed, but without such benefit, one may safely remove 0.3 mm from the anterior teeth and 0.6 mm from the posterior.

THE INVISALIGN aligner in orthodontics .pptx

At the present time no reports are available on the stability between orthopedic and surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion. This study was designed to examine and compare the dental and skeletal changes over time for both orthopedic maxillary expansion and surgically assisted palatal expansion. Bonded hyrax expansion appliances were fabricated for both groups Same dental technician Consistent materials and thickness of each hyrax appliance Same operator, materials, adhesives used for bonding Activation: once a day; 3-4 weeks Retention: “Removable Maxillary Hawley Appliance Retainer” Worn 24 hours/day for 1year before undergoing any additional orthodontic treatment **Inactivated mx expansion appliance was removed for a minimum of 2-3mos before debonding Activation: 4x at a time of surgery and then once a day; 2-3 weeks Retention: Transpalatal Arch **Soldered to maxillary molar bands during the 1 year post expansion period All surgeries performed by means of LE FORT 1 OSTEOTOMY without Down Fracture Involved freeing up the maxilla from buttress and tuberosity areas - To facilitate the effect of orthopedic appliances. The hyrax appliance was expanded four turns during the surgical procedure to verify the extent and symmetry of the expansion.

Stability of Orthopedic and Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion Over ...

A cephalometric study was carried out on 12 boys and 13 girls who initially exhibited Class Il, Division 1 malocclusion and who were treated exclusively with activators.The aim was to examine cephalometric profile changes associated with two patterns of effects of activator treatment.The findings demonstrate that the two types of reaction bring about similar corrections of both apical base discrepancy and dental Class II relation but clearly differ in their effects on the skeletal profile. The first type of reaction results in an improvement in mandibular retrognathism, a marked rotation of the occlusal plane, and good vertical control of the upper and lower dental arches.The second type is result by reduction of maxillary prognathism, downward and backward rotation of the mandible, and forward tipping of the lower incisors.The two patterns of effects are due to differences in the construction bites of the appliances. According to this hypothesis, a great interocclusal height of an activator would lead to the first. And a low construction bite to the second type of reaction. The distinction between males and females was necessary because longitudinal changes of selected cephalometric landmarks characterizing maxillary and mandibular relocation, growth, and dental development, differed significantly between control boys and girls. When one is measuring angular cephalometric changes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine alterations of conventional cephalometric profile measurements in two groups of children on two patterns of effects of the activator. The experimental group taken from who were treated exclusively with activators for about 2 years. For construction of the activators, the bite was opened 1 to 3 mm. (in the molar region) above the rest position and the mandible protruded approximately 3 to 4 mm. (construction bite).Two lateral head films, taken at the beginning and end of treatment or observation, were available for each child. Tracings of the cephalograms were made.

Skeletal Profile Changes Related to Two Patterns of Activator Affects.pptx

Facts: Plantiff Hans Leffler appealed the decision of a county court granting summary judgment in favor of defendants, Dr.John Burley and his company, for damages due to loss of a portion of his moustache. He alleged in his complaint that he noticed that a dime-sized portion of his moustache was missing immediately after his tooth extraction, thus causing him disfigurement, humiliation, medical costs and other damages. Defendant Dr.Burley moved, which the court granted, for summary judgment on the ground that the claim was filed outside of the statute of limitations. On appeal, plaintiff contended 1) that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because it assumed his complaint as a dental claim; and 2) that his claim could not have been a dental claim because Dr.Burley denied that the injury was caused during his treatment. Issue: Whether or not plaintiff’s claim is a dental claim. Held: The Appeals Court affirmed the decision of the trial court because a dental claim is required to be brought within one year after the cause of action accrues under the Ohio law. It cited Chapter 2305 of the Ohio Revised Code which defines dental claim as ‘ any civil action against a dentist, or against any employee or agent of a dentist, and that arises of a dental operation or the dental diagnosis or care, or treatment of any person’. The terms ‘arising out of’ and ‘diagnosis, care or treatment’ are held to encompass all aspects of medical and dental claims that are ‘ancillary to and inherently necessary part’ of treatment. Medical or dental claims thus ‘include activities related to the care or treatment of a patient such as transportation, falls from recovery beds, and injuries due to instruments used in health care’. As alleged in the complaint, the dime-size portion of the plaintiff’s moustache was negligently pulled out during the extraction of his tooth. Hence, it is a classic case of dental malpractice because the negligence occurred during the treatment. There is no ground to regard his cause of action in the complaint other than dental malpractice, such as breach of contract or battery. Medical malpractice ‘consists of professional misconduct of members of the medical profession and attorneys and may consist of either negligence or breach of contract. ‘It makes no difference in Ohio whether the professional misconduct is founded in tort or contract. Moreover, even with Dr.Burley’s position that part of the moustache was not pulled out during the treatment, hence, the case falls within the ‘non-malpractice universe of the office,’ the Court said that plaintiff’s claim must fail because of his failure to allege any other type of negligence outside of dental practice. Its not also proper to apply because he failed to allege any type of circumstances surrounding his injury and what instrumentality, other than the dental surgery, could have caused his mouthtache to varnish, in order to warrant an inference of negligence.

SELECTED FOREIGN DENTAL JURISPRUDENCE.pptx

Dental malpractice could arise when it is stablished that the oral treatment or procedure falls below of care within the dental community. The burden of proof rests with the person suing for filing the claim. For the person the dental claim was filed or the dentist, his/her best defense aginst any legal action is to exercise due care and avoid any lawsuit against prevention. The dentist as a respondent in an administrative defendant in civil case or even as an accused in criminal case in court needs to prove his/her compliance with the standard of care and diligence required under the law. - This can be proven through a well documented intervention in the dental record or patient's chart properly outlining the dental procedures undertaken in the process of dental care or treatment. It is always better to make accurate recording of the oral treatment or procedure performed on the patient to clearly show clinical competence and skills and compliance with the standards of care. It is the duty of the court to look into the negligent conduct or act of the dentist to arrive at a decision in a dental malpractice case.

PRINCIPLES AND DOCTRINES IN DENTAL MALPRACTICE.pptx

The Speech Mechanism We produce speech using air which comes from the lungs, through the vocal folds (voice box) and out of the mouth (sometimes nose). We shape the sound with our tongue, lips and teeth in order to say words and sounds. The soft palate opens and closes off the airway to the nose. Before You Start… -Make sure the child is sitting up straight in a supportive chair. - If the child’s voice gets ‘bubbly’ ask them to swallow the saliva away… If not, the saliva will drip back to where it came from! - Place a mirror in front of the child so they can clearly see themselves and you. Breathing - Encourage the child to breathe from their diaphragm, not from their shoulders/upper chest. - Now talk your child through the following movements - Put both hands on your tummy - Breathe in deeply through your nose and feel your tummy move against your hands - Breathe out through your mouth – feel your tummy move again. Repeat 5 times Breathing and Voicing Now try breathing properly and making sounds. Choose one activity: - Take a deep breath and say ‘ah’ for as long as possible -Take a deep breath and say ‘ah’ starting quietly and getting gradually louder -Take a deep breath and say ‘ah’ starting loudly and getting gradually quieter

Pathways To Better Speech Speech Mechanism .pptx

Orthoplus Functional education devices are using efficiency proven techniques. These techniques are combined in the appliances, taking each patient’s requirements and treatment goals into consideration. Functional education devices in the Ortho Plus line exert combined actions:• Tongue positioning• Lips training• Mandibular growth release• Tooth pre-alignment. What does EF stand for? EF stands for Éducation Fonctionnelle, or Functional Education. The EF line appliances work to establish normal functions in the oral cavity to allow for normal growth in young patients and complements fixed orthodontic treatment for patients in the permanent dentition. What is the benefit of Functional Education Therapy? The aim of Functional Education Therapy is to remove excessive forces of muscles on the alveolar bone and teeth, to correct the position of the tongue, to center the mandible to be in harmony with the maxilla, to train the individual to have correct swallowing and correct breathing.

Orthoplus Functional education devices .pptx

A basic problem facing the clinician in the treatment of the skeletal Class II malocclusion is the sagittal discrepancy between the dental bases. This may be due to a relative protrusion of the maxilla or to a retrusion of the mandible. In the treatment of a Class II malocclusion the anteroposterio discrepancy between the dental arches is importance, and in its correction some or all of the following objectives, in various combinations may be desirable : (1) inhibition of the forward growth of the maxillary complex (2) inhibition of the normal forward migration of the maxillary dentition, (3) reduction in the normal downward and forward eruption of the maxillary teeth (4) posterior translation of the entire maxillary dentition The basis of the comprehensive orthopedic approach to be described is the holding back or redirection of forward growth of the maxilla and enhancement of forward mandibular growth to the extent necessary for harmonizing the occlusion and facial esthetics A, orthopedic maxillary splint B, splint with addition of the mechanism for mandibular growth harmonization, C and D, Intraoral views of appliance. E and F, Heavy extraoral force, 1,000 to 1,500gm. per side, applied to the splint. The design allows the forces to be distributed evenly throughout the maxillary dentition. Arrows indicate direction of pull. With the comprehensive orthopedic technique the first phase usually lasts 8 to 12 months and is followed by edgewise appliance therapy to establish an optimal occlusion over a period of approximately 12 months.

Orthopedic coordination of dentofacial development in skeletal Class II maloc...

Forsus are a rod with a coil spring around it and are attached to the braces to help correct the bite. They move the upper teeth back and the lower teeth forward. The forsus is used to correct class 2, patient’s jaws that the upper jaw and teeth protrude over the lower jaw and teeth. It is not used in all cases but the more extreme cases that the orthodontist thinks that normal orthodontic elastics may not be able to correct or the forsus would correct it faster. This can reduce time in braces limiting or basically eliminating the use of regular orthodontic elastics The forsus helps the patients that may not remember to wear a headgear or the elastics and can also possibly prevent the need for expensive jaw surgery in some case. The appliance is made to align the teeth and reduce the overbite and promote the proper jaw growth in patients. It is mostly used in adolescents because that is the time the growth of the jaw in mainly taking place. Once the appliance is placed in the patient’s mouth it needs to stay there for 6 to 9 months depending on the severity of the case. Class II division I malocclusion, deep and open bites Maxillary distalization appliance Maxillary anchorage in extraction cases Anchorage for Mandibular incisors Early intervention in severe Class II Maxillary and mandibular asymmetries

Orthodontic Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device.pptx

Elasticity: It is the property of a material to return to its original form. ELASTIC MATERIAL: Presents usually 3 properties: 1 - a distorsion not going beyond its limit of elasticity 2 - physically homogeneous 3 - isotrop, giving the same force in any direction LIMIT OF ELASTICITY: It is the amount of forced distorsion without deterioration and loss of elasticity . CLAPEYRON’S THEOREM OF RECIPROCITY When an elastic force is applied to two identical ELASTOMERS General term encompassing materials returning to their original dimensions immediately after substantial distorsion. Under this term are: - natural rubber or latex - synthetic rubber polymers Presentation of Orthodontic Elastics Rubber elastics have been offered in: - different sizes - different shape forces giving a precise applied force. They are presented in a plastic bag decorated with various symbols to help patients recognize which elastic was received for the last prescription.

Orthodontic Elastics Elastics Forces.pptx

When the teeth are subjected to a variety of forces and does not move to a new location under usual circumstances. Complete dentition is in the state of equilibrium functional processes of bones will be altered if the function is lost or changed. -alveolar process exists only to support the teeth. - if a tooth is extracted, the alveolus in that region resorbs until finally it completely atrophies. Consequences of tooth loss • Mesial tipping and rotations of distal molars • Distal tipping and rotations of mesial teeth • Eruption of opposing tooth in edentulous space • Gingival tissues become folded, and pockets form in the area • Accumulation of plaque in pockets leads to periodontal damage, with loss of gingival attachment and alveolar bone loss. Indications for regaining space • Severely tipped molars • Periodontal involvement of the mesial root(s) of the molar need to be uprighted.

Memory Titanol Spring for Uprighting of Molar.pptx

Upper 1st or 2nd molar hook to the upper canine hook. Used to close gaps in between teeth horizontal elastics or intramaxillary elastics or intra-arch elastics The force recommended: non extraction cases: 1 ½ TO 2 ½ oz extraction cases: 2 to 4 oz CL II Elastics / intermaxillary elastics / interarch elastics Upper canine hook to either the lower 1st molar hook or 2nd molar hook. The force recommended: non extraction cases: 1 ½ TO 2 ½ oz extraction cases: 2 to 4 oz Class III elastics are intermaxillary elastics placed posteriorly on the maxillary arch and anteriorly on mandibular arch. Class III elastics are exact opposite of the class II’s. They extended from upper molar to the lower cuspid. It is used in the treatment of CL III malocclusions. Use: Extrusion of upper posterior and anterior teeth Lingual tipping of the lower anteriors Recommended force: 1/4 in with 3 ½ oz In deep bite cases it is useful to: protract the maxillary arch procline maxillary incisors: bond them upside down to advance Point A use inclined 45° bite plate with Class III elastics use utility M loop to advance upper arch use brackets with buccal crown torque on lower incisors to resist the extrusion and lingual tipping elastic force ( to avoid gingiva dehyscence ).

INTRAORAL ELASTICS in orthodontics .pptx

There are 2 types of forces used in orthodontics- 1) orthodontic force when applied brings about dental change. They are light forces ( 50- 100 gm) bringing about tooth movement. 2) orthopedic force when applied brings about the skeletal changes. They are heavy forces ( 300-500gm) that bring about changes in the magnitude & direction of bone growth. The following are the commonly used orthopedic appliances a) Headgears b) Protraction Face Mask c) Chin Cup Appliance. Headgears are the most widely used extra oral orthopedic appliances. They are mainly used in the management of skeletal class II malocclusion by growth modification. They are also used for distalization of maxillary molars 1) Force delivering unit a) Face bow b) ‘J’ hook 2) Force generating unit 3) Anchor unit a) Head cap or b) Neck strap

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These are simplified slides discussing the regulation of cardiac output and venous return. Learning objectives: 1. Comprehend the determinants of cardiac output and factors affecting cardiac output 2. Comprehend the factors affecting stroke volume and heart rate and total peripheral resistance 3. Identify the factors regulating venous return 4. Discuss the causes of high and low output cardiac failure 5. Enlist the functions of veins and recognise the significance of venous reservoirs Study Resources: 1. Chapter 20, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition 2. Chapter 30 and 32, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition 3. Chapter 10, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition 4. Physiology, Cardiac Output - StatPearls https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470455/

Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation