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The document discusses Rack middleware and how it allows for modular web application development in Ruby. Some key points: - Rack provides a modular interface between web servers and Ruby frameworks, allowing frameworks and middleware to be composed together. - Middleware can add functionality like caching, authentication, logging, etc. Middleware are run before the application code. - Popular middleware include Rack::Cache for caching and Rack::Auth for authentication. CloudKit is a middleware for building web services. - Middleware can cooperate by delegating to each other in a defined order and URI space. This allows middleware to work together to provide features to applications.














































































































































































