The document provides an overview of key concepts in Python, including modules, packages, and file input/output operations. It explains how to use modules for code reusability, the structure of Python packages, and the steps involved in file handling such as opening, reading, writing, and closing files. The instruction includes examples of importing modules and performing file operations, emphasizing the importance of proper file management.

1. Python Session - 5
Anirudha Anil Gaikwad
gaikwad.anirudha@gmail.com

2. What you learn
 Python Modules
 Python Package
 Python File I/O

3. Python Modules
Modules refer to a file containing Python statements and definitions.
A file containing Python code, for e.g.: filename.py, is called a module and its module name
would be filename.
We use modules to break down large programs into small manageable and organized files.
Furthermore, modules provide reusability of code.
We can define our most used functions in a module and import it, instead of copying their
definitions into different programs.

4. Python Modules
 How to import modules in Python?
use the import keyword to import modules in Python
>>> import filename
# import statement example
# to import standard module math
import math
print("The value of pi is", math.pi)

5. Python Modules
 Import with renaming
We can import a module by renaming it as follows.
import calendar as cal
print("------Calendar Program in Python------n");
print("Enter 'x' for exit.");
y = input("Enter Year: ");
if y == 'x':
exit();
else:
m = input("Enter month: ");
yy = int(y);
mm = int(m);
print("n",cal.month(yy,mm))

6. Python Modules
 Python from...import statement
from used to import specific names from a module without importing the module as a
whole.
# import only pi from math module
from math import pi
print("The value of pi is", pi)
 Import all names
# import all names from the standard module math
from math import *
print("The value of pi is", pi)

7. Python Package
The packages in python facilitate the developer with the application development
environment by providing a hierarchical directory structure where a package contains
sub-packages, modules, and sub-modules.
A directory must contain a file named __init__.py in order for Python to consider it as a
package. This file can be left empty but we generally place the initialization code for that
package in this file.

8. Python File I/O
What is a file?
File is a named location on disk to store related information. It is used to permanently
store data in a non-volatile memory (e.g. hard disk).
When we want to read from or write to a file we need to open it first. When we are done,
it needs to be closed
Hence, in Python, a file operation takes place in the following order.
 Open a file
 Read or write (perform operation)
 Close the file

9.  How to open a file?
Python has a built-in function open() to open a file. This function returns a file object, also
called a handle, as it is used to read or modify the file accordingly.
>>> f = open("test.txt") # open file in current directory
>>> f = open("C:/folder/README.txt") # specifying full path
Python File I/O
 The default is reading in text mode. In this mode, we get strings when reading from
the file.
 On the other hand, binary mode returns bytes and this is the mode to be used when
dealing with non-text files like image or exe files.

10. Python File I/O

11. Python File I/O
f = open("test.txt") # equivalent to 'r' or 'rt'
f = open("test.txt",'w') # write in text mode
f = open("img.bmp",'r+b') # read and write in binary mode
f = open("test.txt",mode = 'r',encoding = 'utf-8')

12.  How to close a file Using Python
When we are done with operations to the file, we need to properly close the file.
Closing a file will free up the resources that were tied with the file and is done using Python
close() Function
Python File I/O
f = open("test.txt",encoding = 'utf-8')
# perform file operations
f.close()
 A safer way is to use a try...finally block.
try:
f = open("test.txt",encoding = 'utf-8')
# perform file operations
finally:
f.close()

13. Python File I/O
 How to write to File in Python
with open("test.txt",'w',encoding = 'utf-8') as f:
f.write("my first filen")
f.write("This filenn")
f.write("contains three linesn")

14. How to read files in Python
Python File I/O
>>> f = open("test.txt",'r',encoding = 'utf-8')
>>> f.read(4) # read the first 4 data
>>> f.read() # read in the rest till end of file
>>> f.tell() # get the current file position
>>> f.seek(0) # bring file cursor to initial position

15. Python File I/O

16. Python File I/O

17. T H A N K S