The document summarizes Exelon Thermal Technologies' district cooling system in downtown Chicago and Goulds Pumps' role in improving the system. Specifically: - Exelon operates the largest district chilled water system in the world serving over 90 buildings in downtown Chicago using five connected plants. - One plant was struggling due to increasing demand and distance from customers. Goulds provided a large pump that was assembled on site to boost pressure and improve efficiency. - Satisfied with the results, Exelon purchased a second identical pump from Goulds as a backup.

1. By Brian Verdehem, Sales Engineer
Exelon Thermal Technologies operates the world’s
largest chilled water production system. The system is
made up of five plants within the loop district of
downtown Chicago. The 5 plants are connected via
a closed loop piping system within the street tunnels.
The cooling capacity of the entire system is 80,000
tons. That’s a bunch of refrigeration. Consider the
normal residential requirement of one ton for every
1,000 square feet. The Exelon system currently serves
as the primary cooling system for 92 buildings within
the downtown commercial area. Most of the Exelon
facilities within this system are using pumps from
Goulds Pumps, ITT Industries. The Goulds Pumps
population in the system consists of (10) 3415 S, (11)
3410 L (8) 3409 M, (2) 3420 LDS pumps. All these
models are high flow, high head horizontal splitcase
pumps.
The concept of this district cooling system is very
simple. During the evening and early morning hours
when energy rates are low, Exelon is making tons of ice
via massive chillers. At 8 AM when the energy rates
increase the ice making system is shut down,
and they begin to melt down the ice and pump the
33°F water to the 92 customers within the downtown
Chicago loop district. Some of Exelon’s customers are
the Amoco building, The Chicago Board of Trade and
The Merchandise Mart. An on-line building will
exchange the BTU’s from its air conditioning system,
directly into the cold water coming from the Exelon
Thermal system. Having the cold water from Exelon
eliminates the high rise buildings requirements for
costly cooling towers. With large buildings, eliminating
the cooling tower eliminates tower maintenance
problems with ozone depleting refrigerants, and frees
up floor space for tenants.
Exelon Plant #1 is located at the corner of State and
Adams streets in downtown Chicago (photo 1). Plant
#1 is a 25,000 ton, chilled water generation plant
consisting of three 5,000 ton electric motor driven
centrifugal chillers and 5,500,000 pounds of ice storage.
This plant has the highest cooling capacity of the 5 five
plants. Plant #1, is the only plant out of the 5 that is
above street level. The other four plants are at a lower
level, or have been retrofitted into the basements of
existing buildings with the downtown area. During
the summer of 2000, Exelon noticed that the return
pressure to the plant #1 was getting below acceptable
levels during peak cooling periods. This was a result of
a combination of two factors. The increasing number
of customers coming on-line, and Plant #1’s distance
above ground. The friction losses within the system
were increasing as more customers tied in. This started
to starve the plant. The lower inlet pressure of plant
#1 was effecting the plants ability to keep up with the
cooling requirements within the system.
1
Goulds Pumps Keeping Chicago Cool
IN THIS ISSUE:
Feature:
Goulds Pumps Keeping
Chicago Cool ........................Page 1
Personnel Moves:
Pagano Named President
of ITT Industrial Products
Group....................................Page 2
United Way Names Goulds
Pumps “Company of the
Year”..................................... Page 3
Material Matters:
Boiler Feedwater Pump
Material Selection
Guidelines..............................Page 4
Goulds Pumps Manual and
Pump Selection System
2-CD Set Released.................Page 8
View this issue and
previous issues of
PumpLines
on our website at
www.gouldspumps.com
© Copyright 2002
Goulds Pumps, Incorporated,
a subsidiary of ITT Industries, Inc.
Innovation...Technology...Leadership
SUMMER 2002
continued on page 2
Exelon plant #1 in downtown Chicago can produce and store
over 5 million pounds of ice daily.
Goulds Model 3420 ships early to beat the summer heat to
Chicago.

2. 2
In January of 2001 Exelon Thermal and ESD
Engineering (a major Chicago Engineering firm)
turned to Goulds Pumps for assistance. Plant
#1 was sick and needed to be cured before the
next summer heat wave arrived. With a plant
flow capacity of 30,000 GPM they needed to
boost the pressure by 28 PSI to remedy the
situation. Due to space restrictions within the
plant they needed one pump to solve the
problem. The Goulds model 3420 30 x 30-31
was the best selection for the job. Rated for
30,000 GPM at 65FT the pump was a great fit
at 87% efficiency. The unit required a 600 HP
600RPM motor.
This was a great solution, but how in the world
would we ever fit a pump, motor and base this
large into a building this small? Not to mention
the fact that the building was located in the
busiest district of America’s 3rd largest city.
There wasn’t even a door in the plant big
enough to get the bare pump into the building.
The only way that this could be achieved would
be to move the pump into the building in pieces
and build the bare pump, and unit on site. This
is when we got ITT Pro Services‘ Center in
Chicago involved. With their involvement, we
could ship the pump, base and motor direct
from SFO to Chicago Pro. Then the pump pieces
would be moved downtown and assembled in
the building by Chicago Pro veteran mechanics
Dave Joslyn and Mike Staley.
When we came to this point we had 12 weeks
to go before the warm season would arrived.
Could Goulds build a large 3420 30 x 30-31
pump with a 600 HP ODP Motor and deliver it
to Chicago in 10 weeks? Could we fabricate a 17
Ft long base? You bet! So with the addition of
Chicago Pro Services, we offered a turn key instal-
lation to Exelon Thermal. Goulds won the job!
Within 10 weeks we were installing the pump at
Plant #1. Soon after start-up, a heat wave hit the
Chicago area and Exelon’s system was in high
demand. The 3420 went into action and proved
to be the remedy that Plant #1 needed. The hot
summer of 2001 was no problem with the
addition of the new pump. Dale McCracken, the
plant operator at Plant #1 said, “We would have
never been able to keep up with our customer
contracts without the addition of this pump. The
effect that this pump has had on our system is
phenomenal. The efficiency of our entire system
was improved with the addition of this pump.”
John Shinter is the President of Exelon Thermal.
John realized that his system in Chicago could not
function at high demand without this pump. So
in January of 2002, John came to Goulds with a
purchase order for a second identical pump
system. The second pump would be used as a
back-up to the first. With the removal of some
old refrigerant tanks at P-1 they found a home for
the second pump. Therefore, we duplicated our
project this spring and installed a second pump
at Exelon plant 1. This time we are able to ship
the pump a week early! This resulted in a domino
effect to the project and we bettered the project
due date by 3 weeks. Exelon Thermal was
delighted once again with our abilities as a
company.
Exelon is operating the new pump. They now
have a working back-up to this critical pump.
John Shinter and Exelon Thermal Technologies,
are very satisfied with the products and services
of Goulds Pumps and PRO Services. Not only
were we able to offer them the products to solve
their problem, but we were also able to supply
them with the services to implement the solution.
One stop shopping at its best! ■
Exelon...
continued from page 1
Pagano Named President
of ITT Industrial Products
Group
Robert J. Pagano Jr. has been appointed
President of the Industrial Products Group of
ITT Industries. The ITT Industrial Products
Group (IPG) manufacturers and markets
products globally under the Goulds Pumps®
,
A-C Pump®
, PumpSmart®
, and PRO ServicesTM
brands. IPG has 10 manufacturing plants, 14
service facilities and 30 sales offices worldwide
with over 2000 employees.
Bob Pagano began his career with KPMG Peat
Marwick in Syracuse, New York. After five
years with KPMG, Pagano returned to Goulds
Pumps / ITT Industries where he had been an
Accounting Intern during college. He has since
accepted and succeeded in a variety of
management assignments including; Auditing
Services, Cost Accounting Manager, Assistant
Controller, Ashland Operations Controller, IPG
Group Controller, and most recently, VP of
Finance and Group Controller of ITT Fluid
Technology.
Bob received his Bachelor’s Degree in
Accounting from the State University of New
York at Oswego graduating Magna cum
Laude. He has attended post-graduate courses
at Syracuse University. Bob is a Certified Public
Accountant and is also a Certified
Management Accountant.
In making the announcement, Robert Ayers,
President & CEO of ITT Fluid Technology stated,
“Bob has been a key leader and contributor to
our Fluid Technology Management Team.
His well founded experience in operating
environments, coupled with his strategic
planning skills, will enable him to focus and
lead the IPG organization to meet and exceed
our business expectations.” ■
Robert J. Pagano Jr., President, Industrial Products Group
ITT PRO Services personnel prepare to unload the lower
casing half.
The casing is lifted to the second floor of plant #1.

3. 3
United Way Names
Goulds Pumps
“Company of the Year”
Goulds Pumps and its employees have been
recognized by the United Way of New York
State for its dedication to the community.
A special award was presented to Goulds at
a ceremony in Albany.
Karen Beals, Executive Director of the United
Way of Seneca County commended Goulds
efforts. “This particular award, It’s a Five
O’Clock World, recognizes those whose
dedication to United Way extends beyond
running a successful campaign. The winner
serves as a role model to the community
because of its significant support of the
community fund as well as its year-round
commitment to United Way.” She continued,
“It is a special honor for Goulds Pumps, ITT
Industries to be recognized as the ONLY
business partner in New York State receiving
this award.”
From a fund-raising perspective, Goulds and
its employees contributed more than 45% of
the total donated to the United Way of Seneca
County 2002 campaign. With an increase over
last year’s contributions, employees donated
$156,000 for local needs, in addition to a
separate campaign that raised $60,000 in
support of the September 11th disaster, but in
order to fully appreciate the impact Goulds
Pumps has had, one must know about the
community.
Seneca County is an extremely rural county,
with no major cities or hospitals. Goulds is
the major employer in the county, employing
more than our four school districts and our
County government combined. Goulds
Pumps has been an integral part of the United
Way of Seneca County since its inception in
1958, providing an average of 50% of the
funds through their employee campaign and
matching corporate gift. In the first campaign
Goulds provided $37,000 of the $68,000
raised; this past year Goulds contributed
$156,000 of our $347,000 raised. Local
Union, No. 3298, United Steelworkers of
America, represents the hourly manufacturing
workforce at Goulds and has contributed
significantly to the success of this and past
campaigns and volunteer efforts.
Key Goulds’ employees were on the original
Board of Directors of United Way of Seneca
County and today four of twenty-two
members are current Goulds’ employees.
Ron Golumbeck, VP Human Resources, Goulds IPG and George Strally, Technical Marketing Manager receive the United
Way Company of the Year Award from Bob Kernan, NY State UW Board Member.
This leadership presence has remained
consistent nearly fifty years. In addition to
providing management through the Board of
Directors, Goulds employees serve as
Campaign Chairs and Campaign Cabinet
Coordinators and share their expertise on
Marketing and Day of Sharing committees.
For more than six years the United Way
Kick-off 10-K Race has been spearheaded by
Goulds employees who organize, market, and
provide manpower and fiscal resources to
provide incentives. In all, there are over
seventy Goulds employees who participate as
community volunteers with United Way
campaign efforts, not to mention the numbers
who volunteer with Girl Scouts, Boy Scouts,
Mynderse Library (currently conducting their
capital campaign), Seneca Falls Historical
Society, and many other worthy community
organizations.
Goulds and its employees have also played an
instrumental part in the development of many
community organizations such as Creative
Choices Child Care Center and the Seneca Falls
Convention Days. Goulds employees designed
and constructed the Seneca Falls town
fountain, a focal point in a region well known
for visitors to the National Women’s Rights
Park and the National Women’s Hall of Fame.
Community-wide, many of their employees
serve as volunteer firemen and emergency
personnel with our ambulance service.
Several employees have traveled to New York
City to assist with the September 11th
disaster. Over eighteen of the last twenty
years, it has been Goulds employees who
have successfully served as town mayor.
Mrs. Beals added, "The dedication of Goulds
Pumps’ management and employees to their
community outside their work environment
has been and continues to be essential to our
survival. With their support, the United Way
of Seneca County is able to develop resources
to create community impact and we are
indeed fortunate to have Goulds Pumps
employees as our community solutions
partner. "
Goulds has over 1300 total employees
located at its two Seneca Falls campuses, on
Fall Street and Bayard Street, and its Auburn
Water Technology facility. ■

4. 4
Material Matters
Boiler Feedwater Pump
Material Selection
Guidelines
Stephen J. Morrow
Global Manager of Materials Technology
ITT Industrial Pump Group
Introduction
Water classified as condensate, de-mineralized
water, and boiler feedwater is generally
referred to as high- purity water. There are
many problems that can occur in high-purity
water systems. These commonly include
oxygen pitting and corrosion-erosion. The
nature and concentration of impurities, as well
as the operating constraints and practices
determine the waters aggressiveness and
thus, materials requirements.
To the inexperienced, boiler feed or high purity
de-mineralized water services suggests a
non-aggressive environment. This can in fact
be a mistake, since the corrosion potential of
many aggressive high-purity waters has been
documented and known by utilities for over
fifty years, as noted by Edison Electric Institute
and Detroit Edison papers on corrosion-erosion
of boiler feed pumps and valves. [1], [2]
Water pH and temperature, along with
dissolved gases and solids, are essential
feedwater variables. The impact that water
quality has on a pump's corrosion potential is
distinctly related to the service and the
materials utilized. Therefore each service
should be carefully reviewed to confirm that a
suitable water control program is in place, to
ensure the materials and corrosion control
requirements are met.
Water Chemistry Control
The treatment of boiler feedwater has been
practiced since the early days of steam and
boiler technology. Both mineral scales and
acidic conditions were noted to cause
equipment failures, so water softening (later
reverse osmosis and de-ionization) and pH
control were practiced.[3]
Best practices for
minimizing corrosion requires the use of high-
purity waters with good chemistry balance,
and careful control of operational practices.
Minimizing corrosion is highly dependent upon
the materials of construction, the degree of
corrodent removal, and the operating
conditions.
Two primary factors in materials corrosion by
high-purity water are the pH and its oxygen
content. Secondary factors include
Temperature Effects
Modern boiler operation requires high
temperatures to achieve the best economy and
efficiency for power generation. The optimum
is to have a stabilized feedwater of controlled
chemistry and pH without significant oxygen
and dissolved solids.
In a closed system, corrosion rates increases
steadily with increasing temperature since
dissolved gases cannot escape from the system
under pressure. As temperature rises, reaction
and diffusion rates increase, while water
viscosity decreases. This increased diffusion
enables more dissolved oxygen to reach the
cathode regions, thereby depolarizing the
corroding surfaces.
Impact of pH
Carbon dioxide (CO2) can result from the
breakdown of alkalinity in water, or can be
introduced from air in the system. As CO2
dissolves in water, it forms carbonic acid
(H2CO3) which causes the pH to drop. Where
soft waters are involved, CO2 can lower the pH
and cause the protective films to dissolve.
Because of this, amines are often added to
neutralize the acid and raise the pH, while
inhibitor film-forming amines are often added
to provide additional corrosion protection. [4]
The impact of pH on various metals is
determined by the stability of the metal oxide
that forms. Metals selected will have a high
corrosion rate if their oxide is soluble in the
feedwater environment. If oxygen is also
temperature, the total dissolved solids and
scale-forming ability of water, and its ability to
develop protective surface oxides. Corrosion
damage is often caused by a combination of
ineffective water chemistry control, deficiencies
in materials selected, and service related
conditions.
Condensate and feedwater may contain
unstable amounts of contaminants that
promote corrosion reactions; the most common
being dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Even in the absence of these gases, iron readily
corrodes in water. In the presence of them,
corrosion proceeds more rapidly. Control of
operating temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen,
and conductivity (dissolved solids) is required to
ensure stabilization of the water; or else higher
alloyed stainless steels should be specified.
Corrosion Reactions
Corrosion of iron and steel is a natural reaction
that occurs between iron (Fe) and oxygen (O2).
The many random surface pits produced by this
type of attack easily distinguish the oxygen-
induced corrosion of steel. Maintaining an
alkaline pH and limiting the oxygen
concentration will minimize the attack of
oxygen on cast iron and carbon steel. The
overall reaction can be described as follows: [4] [6]
Fe +1/2 O2 + H2O Fe (OH)2
Provided it's not eroded away; the resulting
ferrous hydroxide acts as a barrier against
further corrosion, passivates the metal surface,
and inhibits further oxidation.
Table 1
Typical Industry-Recommended Guidelines for Oxygen and
Metal Oxides in Boiler Feedwater Systems
Contaminant, ␮g/L (ppb)
Guideline Oxygen Iron Copper
ASME(A)
<7 <10-100 <10-50
TAPPI(B)
<7 <10 <10
EPRI(C)
<5 <10 <2
ASME levels permitted vary with pressure as follows:
Pressure (psig), (MPa)
0-300 301-450 451-600 601-750 751-900 901-2000
(0-2.07) (2.08-3.10) (3.11-4.14) (4.15-5.17) (5.10-6.89) (6.90-`3.79)
Oxygen <7 <7 <7 <7 <7 <7
Iron <100 <50 <30 <25 <20 <10
Copper <50 <25 <20 <20 <15 <10
(A) ASME guidelines are for units with superheaters, turbine drives, or process restriction on steam purity.
(B) TAPPI guidelines are for systems operating at >_ 900 psig (6,300 kPa). Maximum oxygen excursions
are permitted at 25 ␮g/L (ppb) for 2 h.
(C) EPRI guidelines are for systems on coordinated pH-phosphate control for systems with reheat. Levels
are doubled for cycling duty and are permitted for a period of 2 weeks/y.

5. 5
Material Matters
present it acts as a cathode depolarizer, which
further accelerates the corrosion reactions.
Cast iron and carbon steels generally offer
stable surface films over the pH range of 6.0
to 12.0. As the pH drops below 6.0, the
behavior is similar to that of an acid soluble
metal. Below a 4.5 pH, where free mineral
acidity and hydrogen evolution are present,
corrosion rates accelerate rapidly. Between a
pH range of 4.5 to 10.0, the corrosion rate is
less influenced by pH, but controlled more by
oxygen, which acts as a depolarizing agent
(sustains the oxygen reduction reactions) at
cathode sites on the corroding surfaces.
Raising the pH generally reduce the corrosion
rate, until a value of about 12.0 is reached.
At this pH limit, the corrosion rate again will
rise with further pH increase. [5]
Effects of Oxygen
Oxygen control is essential to maintaining
system reliability. The effects of oxygen
corrosion and corrosion products in boiler
systems represent a significant operations
expense. The damage to equipment and the
deposition of corrosion products causes
inefficiencies, making oxygen a critical variable
to monitor and control. [6]
Feedwater pump corrosion is often caused
by a large quantity of oxygen-laden water
contacting the pump in a relatively short
period of time. Most oxygen attack occurs off
line during startup, shutdown, at low-load
operation or standby, where major ingress
of oxygen and other contamination occurs.
Although it would seem that the rapid
depletion of dissolved oxygen would render
chemical treatment of a closed feedwater
system unnecessary, closer assessment reveals
that these systems are rarely oxygen-free.
Oxygen contamination of feedwater systems
occurs due to ineffective de-aeration equip-
ment, and system leakage. In addition, air can
enter from the condensate by direct absorption
at open head receiving tanks when ondensate
is routed back into the feedwater. [6]
While oxygen is usually measured in the
feedwater system after the de-aerator, it
should also be measured after condensers in
condensate circuits to check for in-leakage.
In reality, it is difficult to prevent some in-
leakage of air into the condensate.
Additionally, some oxygen is usually added to
the feedwater from any makeup water
containing dissolved oxygen. [6]
Therefore, proper measures should be taken
to ensure that pH and oxygen is maintained
within control limits. Maintenance of an
alkaline pH (8.5 to 9.5) in the feedwater is
usually required. Mechanical, chemical, and
operational solutions for this problem include
water softening, pH adjustment, mechanical
de-aeration with some secondary oxygen
scavenger use, and even steam or nitrogen
blanketing during standby or lay-up storage. [4]
Dissolved oxygen is a major factor at
temperatures over 200°F (93°C). For boiler
feedwater pumps the industry limit is usually
recognized as 0.03 cc/1 (0.04 ppm). Based on
service experience even these low levels of
O2 can be damaging to equipment. This
information is reflected in industry guidelines
for oxygen limits in boiler feedwater systems,
which range between 5 ␮g/L (ppb) to 7 ␮g/L
(ppb). The actual amount of oxygen that is
acceptable may be higher or lower than these
guidelines, and depends upon many factors,
such as temperature, pH, flow velocity, and
dissolved solids content; as well as the
materials involved and physical condition of the
system. A summary of industry recommended
guidelines for oxygen and metal oxides in boiler
feedwater systems is shown in Table 1. [4] [6]
Oxygen Removal
Whatever form of water treatment used, the
elimination of oxygen is crucial. Protection
can be obtained through a combination of
mechanical and chemical methods; with
most oxygen being removed by mechanical
means in de-aerators. With industrial boiler
feedwater systems, the oxygen concentration
is usually reduced to less than 20 ppb (0.02
ppm). Since oxygen can be harmful to many
materials even at this level, chemicals generally
are needed to react with the remaining
oxygen. [4]
Oxygen scavengers are commonly used to
further reduce oxygen in boiler feedwater
systems and to protect them during lay-up
and start-up. Rate of reaction depends on
initial oxygen concentration, reaction time,
temperature, pH, catalytic effects, scavenger
used, and its concentration.[4]
A variety of
chemical products are available in the water
treatment marketplace for this purpose.
The first such scavenger to be used was
sodium sulfite, but hydrazine or other organic
products are more commercially used in higher
temperature and moderate pressure boilers. [5]
The use of sodium sulfite should be avoided in
high-pressure systems because of its potential
for thermal decomposition, resulting in sulfur continued on page 6
Figure 1. Stabilization Qualification Chart
dioxide (SO2) or further reaction to hydrogen
sulfide (H2S). The main problem associated
with these gases is accelerated corrosion from
the formation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and/or
hydrogen sulfide-stress-cracking (SSC) of
susceptible materials. [7]
There is evidence that some pump materials
(e.g. hardened martensitic or high strength
precipitation hardened stainless steels),
particularly in the high-pressure units, are
susceptible to cracking from sulfides in the
pumpage. Because of this, pump internals
such as wear rings and shaft materials should
be selected with low crack propagation
characteristics in mind.
Conductivity and Dissolved Solids
Because corrosion is an electrochemical
reaction within an electrically conductive
environment, increasing the concentration of
dissolved salts generally increases conductivity
and accelerates corrosion. In the case of
high-purity waters some dissolved solids
are needed to make the water less aggressive.
Boiler feedwater is thus described as stabilized
or unstabilized depending upon the concen-
tration of salts dissolved in the water;
expressed as “total dissolved solids (TDS) in
parts per million (ppm).”
Boiler feedwater is considered stabilized if
it contains more solids than the minimum
required by the ppm line passing through
the intersection of pH and temperature
coordinates of the Stabilization Qualification
Chart shown in Figure 1. Water having less
than the minimum ppm required or less than
5 ppm TDS (typical of high-purity condensate
or evaporated make-up) is considered
unstabilized. [8]
Qualification Chart
175
<
5PPM
5PPM
10PPM
15PPM
15>
200
Temp°F
250
300
350
400
7.0 7.5 8.0
pH
8.5 9.0

6. 6
Material Matters
The definition of high-purity water is
one having a conductivity reading of less
than 20 microsiemens/cm (␮S/cm) or
micromhos/cm (␮⍀/cm) which is the same
numerical value. This conductivity reading is
equivalent to about a 10 ppm dissolved solids
content.
As shown in Figure 1; water over 200°F (93°C)
with less than 10 ppm stabilizing dissolved
solids is considered unstabilized; while water
having a dissolved solids content greater than
10 ppm is considered stabilized.
It should be noted that the dissolved solids
must be inorganic mineral salts such as the
sodium salts of carbonates, chlorides,
phosphates and sulfates. Organic salts such
as amines do not increase conductivity or
dissolved solids content with the result that
the water remains unstabilized.
Pump Materials Selection Guidelines
The following materials selection guidelines
for boiler feedwater or other high-purity water
are a summary of the preceding discussion
and essential variable considerations. To use
the guidelines shown in Table 2, the following
variables must be known:
■ Maximum Operating Temperature
■ Feedwater pH range
■ Maximum Dissolved Oxygen content
■ Minimum Conductivity (or total dissolved
solids)
Feedwater can be divided into two general
classifications as stabilized or unstabilized.
Stabilization has the effect of reducing the rate
of corrosion of cast iron over the pH range of
7 to 11 and of carbon steel over the pH range
of 8.5 to 11. Since temperature and total
dissolved solids (TDS) concentration strongly
affects these materials selection rules, it is
first necessary to determine if the water
temperature and TDS combination shows
stabilization or not.
The minimum amount of stabilization required
depends upon the pH and temperature.
The ppm solids line passing through the
intersection of pH and temperature
coordinates (see Figure 1) indicates the
required minimum value of dissolved solids
required for various temperature and pH
conditions for protection of cast iron and
carbon steels over the pH ranges indicated.
Boiler Feedwater...
continued from page 5
Table 2
Guidelines for Boiler Feed Pumps Materials Selection
Stabilized Conditions
Condition 1.
Temperature under 200°F (93°C) - No restriction for dissolved oxygen or conductivity.
Selection is based on pH alone.
Water pH 0-14.0 4.5-12.0 6.0 - 9.0 6.0 - 12.0 8.5 - 12.0
Material Key Code A A - B A - B - C A - B - C A - B - C
G* - H* D*-E*-F*
Condition 2.
Temperature over 200°F (93°C) - Conductivity greater than 20 ␮S/cm (10 ppm dissolved solids).
Dissolved oxygen less than or equal to 0.03 cc/l (0.04 ppm). Selection is based on conductivity and
dissolved oxygen content.
Water pH 0-14.0 4.5-12.0 6.0 - 9.0 6.0 - 12.0 8.5 - 12.0
Material Key Code A A - B A - B - C A - B - C A - B - C
G* - H* D*-E*-F*
Materials selection remains the same.
Note: * Head should be less than 600 ft/stage otherwise use all 12/13% chromium stainless steel.
Unstabilized Conditions
Condition 3.
Temperature over 200°F (93°C) - Conductivity less than 20 ␮S/cm (10 ppm dissolved solids).
Dissolved oxygen less than or greater than 0.03 cc/l (0.04 ppm). No restrictions for dissolved oxygen.
Selection is based on conductivity.
Water pH 0-14.0 4.5-12.0 6.0 - 9.0 6.0 - 12.0 8.5 - 12.0
Material Key Code A A - B A - B A - B A - B
Guidelines for Boiler Feed Pumps Materials Selection
Material Key Code
Material Key Code Material Type Suitable pH range
A Austenitic Stainless Steels 0 - 14.0
All Types 316/316L
Cast Types CF3M/CF8M
B Martensitic Stainless Steels 4.5 - 12.0
All 12/13% ChromiumTypes 410/416
Cast Types CA15 or CA6NM
C Carbon Steel Casing with 6.0 - 12.0
12/13% Chromium impellers/internals
D All cast iron with 8.5 - 12.0
12/13% Chromium Stainless rings
E Carbon Steel Casing with 8.5 - 12.0
Cast iron impellers/internals
F All Cast Iron casing /impellers/rings 8.5 - 12.0
G Cast Iron casing with Bronze internals 6.0 - 9.0
Bronze impeller and rings
H Cast Iron casing with Bronze impeller, 6.0 - 9.0
Cast Iron and Bronze rings.

7. 7
Material Matters
It should be noted that a dissolved solids
content under 5 ppm classifies the water as
insufficiently stabilized at any practical pH
value, and requires that more corrosion
resistant alloys such as 12/13% chromium
stainless be selected. For values above a pH
of 9.0, pH is the key factor (see Table 2) for
material selection provided the service is
sufficiently stabilized.
The corrosive characteristics of unstabilized
waters are primarily temperature dependent.
For temperatures under 200°F (93°C), all iron,
carbon steel-iron fitted, or bronze-fitted
materials are widely used. As the temperature
of the water increases, higher levels of total
dissolved solids are required to maintain the
water in the stabilized condition, and higher
alloy 12/13% chromium stainless materials are
recommended.
When Conditions Are Stabilized
For services where the temperature is under
200°F (93°C) selection can be made based on
the water pH alone as shown in Table 2. The
water is generally considered stable and there
are no restrictions for conductivity or dissolved
oxygen content. The corrosive characteristics of
stabilized waters are primarily pH-dependent.
Dissolved oxygen is a factor at temperatures
over 200°F (93°C). The industry limit is usually
recognized as 0.03 cc/l (0.04 ppm). When the
temperature is over 200°F (93°C), the dissolved
oxygen content must be less than 0.03 cc/l
(0.04 ppm) and the conductivity greater than
20 ␮S/cm (10 ppm dissolved solids minimum)
to characterize the water as stabilized.
Once again, waters must be stabilized to allow
use of materials with less erosion-corrosion
resistance than the 12/13% chromium stainless
alloys. Stabilizing salts may enter the
feedwater through raw or treated makeup
water from re-circulation of boiler water or from
continuous injection of stabilizing chemicals on
the suction side of the pump. For example,
water having 10 pounds of salt in 1,000,000
pounds of water (about 125,000 gallons)
would have 10 ppm solids and would be
classified as stabilized feedwater.
For stabilized feedwater such as these, pH
can again be used as the governing variable
for the materials selection as shown in Table 2.
For example cast iron and bronze internals can
now be selected for the pH range of 6-9, and
all cast iron, carbon steel with cast iron
impellers or cast iron with 12/13% Chromium
stainless rings for the pH range of 8.5-12.
Note: If stabilization is not continuous and
there are periods when water is unstabilized,
the feedwater is unstabilized and materials
should be selected accordingly.
When Conditions Are Unstabilized
High temperature, high purity waters are
corrosive to cast iron and carbon steel.
High temperatures are temperatures over
200°F (93°C) and high purity is a conductivity
of 20 ␮S/cm or less, which is equivalent to
dissolved solids content of 10 ppm or less.
High purity waters of these characteristics
are commonly referred to as unstabilized
feedwater. Such waters generally require
corrosion resistant materials such as all
12/13% chromium stainless steel as shown
in Table 2.
If the water has high oxygen content or
insufficient total dissolved solids, it will try
to stabilize itself by absorbing ions from the
materials in which it is in contact. The high
flow regions inside a pump make it an ideal
source for these ions unless it is constructed
of corrosion resistant materials such as
12/13% chromium stainless steel. The use
of materials having less corrosion -erosion
resistance than the stainless alloys will often
result in localized “wash-out” or accelerated
corrosion-erosion.
As a general rule, the higher the temperature
the more corrosion resistant the materials of
construction must be. At temperatures over
200°F (93°C) and any pH range, dissolved
oxygen in concentrations greater than 0.03
cc/l (0.04 ppm) causes accelerated corrosion
of cast iron and carbon steel. One exception
is if the pH is over 9.0 and conductivity is
greater than 20 ␮S/cm (dissolved solids are
10 ppm or more), then dissolved oxygen in
concentrations greater than 0.03 cc/L can
generally be tolerated. For oxygen concen-
trations above this level bronze is suitable for
the pH range of 6.0 to 9.0; and 12/13%
chromium stainless steel is suitable for a
wider pH range of 4.5 to 12.0.
As previously stated, amines or ammonia
are sometimes added to control the pH value
(about 9.0 pH) of unstabilized feedwater.
Because amines or ammonia do not increase
stabilizing solids content, an unstabilized
feedwater remains, requiring corrosion
resistant alloys. Furthermore, if the pH is
above 9.0 a high alloy 12/13% chromium
stainless is recommended for pump internals,
rather than bronze which are more limited for
use within a pH range of 6.0 to 9.0.
Finally, if the feedwater stabilizing treatment is
not continuous or there are periods when
feedwater is unstabilized, a 12/13% chromium
stainless is again recommended. It should be
noted that the 12/13% chromium stainless is
suitable for heads greater than 600 ft/stage
and is used extensively for complete resistance
to high purity unstabilized waters. It is used
within a feedwater pH range of 6.0 to 12.0,
heads of 30 to 4000 ft/stage, and temper-
atures to 700°F. The 12/13% chromium
stainless is highly resistant to dissolved
oxygen saturation conditions of 7.0 cc/liter
(10 ppm). [9]
Note of Caution
Even though some categories overlap in pH
ranges, the importance of temperature,
dissolved oxygen and conductivity can not be
overstated. Many services are marginal and
the selection of lower resistant materials is not
recommended when the choice of stainless
steel is indicated. ■
Selected References:
(1) “Corrosion-Erosion of Boiler Feed Pumps and
Regulating Valves,” J.M. Decker; J.C. Marsh; H.A.
Wagner; TASME, May 1947, pg. 389-403
(2) “Corrosion-Erosion of Boiler Feed Pumps and
Regulating Valves at Marysville, Second Test
Program,” J.M. Decker; J.C. Marsh; H.A. Wagner;
TASME, Jan. 1950, pg. 19-26
(3) “Corrosion And Its Control,” 2nd edition, H.Van
Droffelaar and J.T.N. Atkinson, NACE International,
pg. 114
(4) “Refinery Boiler Feedwater Systems: Corrosion and
Control,” Irvin J. Cotton, Materials Performance,
June 2000, NACE International, pg. 46-51
(5) “Drew Principles of Industrial Water Treatment,”
Eleventh Edition, Drew Industrial Division, Ashland
Chemical Company,Boonton, NJ, pg. 43
(6) “On-Line dissolved Oxygen Monitoring In Boiler
Feedwater Systems,” Irvin J. Cotton, Paper Number
00661, Corrosion 2000 Conference, NACE
International
(7) “Drew Principles of Industrial Water Treatment,”
Eleventh Edition, Drew Industrial Division, Ashland
Chemical Company,Boonton, NJ, pg. 215-217
(8) “Goulds Pumps Pricebook,” Utility Applications, Boiler
Feed Pumps Sheet 31.3, June 1,1982; and Model
3310H, Boiler Feed Pumps Sheet 722.2A1.6,
March 29, 1996
(9) “Materials For Boiler-Feed Pumps.” Form 7133-D,
April 1980, Ingersoll-Rand Company

8. 8
Send your comments or suggestions to:
John Beca - ITT Industrial Pump Group, 240 Fall Street, Seneca Falls, NY 13148 or email: jbeca@fluids.ittind.com
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