The plaintiff, People's Leasing Company Ltd, filed a case against defendants for not paying installments according to the lease agreement for a vehicle. The plaintiff provided computer printouts of accounts ledgers as evidence, but defendants objected stating they were just computer data without identifying information. However, the Electronic Transaction Act of 2006 was referenced, stating electronic documents like ledgers are admissible. Considering this act and witness testimony, the judge ruled the ledgers could be admitted as evidence relating to the lease agreement in question.
This act provides for the legal recognition and use of electronic commercial and non-commercial transactions and documents in the Philippines. It aims to facilitate domestic and international dealings through electronic means. Key points include:
- It defines electronic signatures, documents, data messages and other terms.
- Electronic documents and signatures are given the same legal validity as traditional paper-based ones.
- It covers the formation of electronic contracts and attribution of electronic messages.
- The government is mandated to enable e-commerce capabilities within two years and develop RPWeb to connect government offices online.
- Service providers face liability in certain cases. Hacking of electronic documents is a punishable offense.
The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce was adopted in 1997 to help harmonize the laws related to electronic commerce across countries. It recommends that countries consider the model law when enacting or revising their own e-commerce laws. India enacted the Information Technology Act in 2000, which was influenced by the UNCITRAL Model Law and aimed to facilitate e-commerce and e-governance in India by providing legal recognition for electronic records and transactions. While the Indian law was broadly aligned with principles of the model law like functional equivalence and media neutrality, it deviated in some areas like requiring specific digital signature standards and not having provisions for online contract formation equivalent to those in the model law.
In the light of the rapid technological developments in our world , it has become necessary for states to keep pace with the technological revolution in order for them to become modern and advanced countries, or, at least , to be on the road to become so, by investing in modern technologies of communication of information, and through the development and investment in favor of public services.
There is no doubt that the tremendous revolution that took place in the world of communications has led to a change in the means and methods of business transactions and expressions of the will for what is called now “Electronic Data Interchange”. In lieu of paper documents seeking the legislation of modern developments and keeping up with the technological developments of the countries, Jordanian legislators took the lead among their Arab counterparts and issued the Interim Electronic Transactions Act No. 85 for the year 2011 on 11/12/2001. This legislation comprised of the first Jordanian law in the field of information technology , which was the second Arab law in the field of e-commerce after the Tunisian law making room for other Arab countries, out of which was Dubai which enacted the Act on electronic exchanges and Bahrain which passed the Bahraini law of e-commerce.
The Jordanian legislature came up with this law to put a legal framework that conforms with the international legislative framework in order to regulate the electronic transactions and to recognize all means of electronic data and electronic signatures in terms of their validity or invalidity. Moreover, the objective was the establishment of legal obligations on one side and the recognition electronic records on the other side.
The Electronic Transactions Act allowed the establishment of authorities of authentication and electronic signatures for giving evidence in a given argument.
The document provides an overview of Vietnam's legal framework for e-commerce. It discusses key laws and decrees governing e-commerce, including the Law on Electronic Transactions, Law on Information Technology, and Decree No. 52/2013/ND-CP on E-commerce. It also introduces Circular No. 12/2013/TT-BCT, which provides guidance on procedures for notification, registration, and publication of information related to e-commerce websites. The legal framework aims to regulate e-commerce activities, contracts, management of e-commerce websites, protection of personal information, and dispute resolution for e-commerce in Vietnam.
Back in 2001, there were a lot of Internet Law issues that were just beginning to be explored which is what gave rise to the title "Internet Law: An Expedition" -- what we did not realize back then was that many of those issues would still be evolving 15 years later! For example, this presentation discusses use of email and whether it is safe and appropriate for confidential information; Internet or computer use policies, something that I still discuss frequently, and privacy issues in the employment context. It was fascinating to take a look back down memory lane with these presentation slides.
E-Contracting: The Basic Rules (2/2/2001)Shawn Tuma
This is a presentation that discusses the basics of contracting over the Internet -- back in 2001 -- before the rules for Internet contracting were settled. The date of the presentation was February 2, 2001. This is a Golden Oldie!
Countries that have made electronic signatures legalDaria Kizilova
There are many countries, 60 to be precise, which have passed laws to make electronic signatures fully legal and admissible by law. These legislations provide e-signatures a solid foundation to stand on.
Current State of Personal Data Protection in Electronic Voting: Criteria and ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The document discusses personal data protection in electronic voting in Indonesia. It provides background on legal regulations related to personal data protection and issues with previous elections. It also discusses criteria and indicators for effective implementation of electronic voting, including robustness against fraud, consistency, security, privacy measures, and transparency. The document calls for simplified legal requirements and new technical solutions to design effective personal data protection in electronic voting.
This act provides for the legal recognition and use of electronic commercial and non-commercial transactions and documents in the Philippines. It aims to facilitate domestic and international dealings through electronic means. Key points include:
- It defines electronic signatures, documents, data messages and other terms.
- Electronic documents and signatures are given the same legal validity as traditional paper-based ones.
- It covers the formation of electronic contracts and attribution of electronic messages.
- The government is mandated to enable e-commerce capabilities within two years and develop RPWeb to connect government offices online.
- Service providers face liability in certain cases. Hacking of electronic documents is a punishable offense.
The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce was adopted in 1997 to help harmonize the laws related to electronic commerce across countries. It recommends that countries consider the model law when enacting or revising their own e-commerce laws. India enacted the Information Technology Act in 2000, which was influenced by the UNCITRAL Model Law and aimed to facilitate e-commerce and e-governance in India by providing legal recognition for electronic records and transactions. While the Indian law was broadly aligned with principles of the model law like functional equivalence and media neutrality, it deviated in some areas like requiring specific digital signature standards and not having provisions for online contract formation equivalent to those in the model law.
In the light of the rapid technological developments in our world , it has become necessary for states to keep pace with the technological revolution in order for them to become modern and advanced countries, or, at least , to be on the road to become so, by investing in modern technologies of communication of information, and through the development and investment in favor of public services.
There is no doubt that the tremendous revolution that took place in the world of communications has led to a change in the means and methods of business transactions and expressions of the will for what is called now “Electronic Data Interchange”. In lieu of paper documents seeking the legislation of modern developments and keeping up with the technological developments of the countries, Jordanian legislators took the lead among their Arab counterparts and issued the Interim Electronic Transactions Act No. 85 for the year 2011 on 11/12/2001. This legislation comprised of the first Jordanian law in the field of information technology , which was the second Arab law in the field of e-commerce after the Tunisian law making room for other Arab countries, out of which was Dubai which enacted the Act on electronic exchanges and Bahrain which passed the Bahraini law of e-commerce.
The Jordanian legislature came up with this law to put a legal framework that conforms with the international legislative framework in order to regulate the electronic transactions and to recognize all means of electronic data and electronic signatures in terms of their validity or invalidity. Moreover, the objective was the establishment of legal obligations on one side and the recognition electronic records on the other side.
The Electronic Transactions Act allowed the establishment of authorities of authentication and electronic signatures for giving evidence in a given argument.
The document provides an overview of Vietnam's legal framework for e-commerce. It discusses key laws and decrees governing e-commerce, including the Law on Electronic Transactions, Law on Information Technology, and Decree No. 52/2013/ND-CP on E-commerce. It also introduces Circular No. 12/2013/TT-BCT, which provides guidance on procedures for notification, registration, and publication of information related to e-commerce websites. The legal framework aims to regulate e-commerce activities, contracts, management of e-commerce websites, protection of personal information, and dispute resolution for e-commerce in Vietnam.
Back in 2001, there were a lot of Internet Law issues that were just beginning to be explored which is what gave rise to the title "Internet Law: An Expedition" -- what we did not realize back then was that many of those issues would still be evolving 15 years later! For example, this presentation discusses use of email and whether it is safe and appropriate for confidential information; Internet or computer use policies, something that I still discuss frequently, and privacy issues in the employment context. It was fascinating to take a look back down memory lane with these presentation slides.
E-Contracting: The Basic Rules (2/2/2001)Shawn Tuma
This is a presentation that discusses the basics of contracting over the Internet -- back in 2001 -- before the rules for Internet contracting were settled. The date of the presentation was February 2, 2001. This is a Golden Oldie!
Countries that have made electronic signatures legalDaria Kizilova
There are many countries, 60 to be precise, which have passed laws to make electronic signatures fully legal and admissible by law. These legislations provide e-signatures a solid foundation to stand on.
Current State of Personal Data Protection in Electronic Voting: Criteria and ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The document discusses personal data protection in electronic voting in Indonesia. It provides background on legal regulations related to personal data protection and issues with previous elections. It also discusses criteria and indicators for effective implementation of electronic voting, including robustness against fraud, consistency, security, privacy measures, and transparency. The document calls for simplified legal requirements and new technical solutions to design effective personal data protection in electronic voting.
The document provides an overview of e-commerce law in the Philippines. It defines key terms related to e-commerce such as business-to-business, business-to-consumer, and electronic commerce. It then summarizes the main provisions of Republic Act 8792, the Electronic Commerce Act of 2000, including giving legal recognition to electronic documents and signatures, allowing electronic contracts, and providing guidelines on security and liability for service providers.
E-contracting and Commerce is presented by Pria Chetty and details the South African legal position with regard to electronic contracts and the effect on commerce.
Introduction to Law relating to e commerce and computer crimes in Sri LankaMaxwell Ranasinghe
This document provides an introduction to key Sri Lankan laws relating to electronic commerce and computer crimes. It summarizes several Acts that were established to address legal issues arising from increased IT use, including the Evidence (Special Provisions) Act, Electronic Transactions Act, Computer Crimes Act, Payment Devices Frauds Act, and Intellectual Property Act. These Acts aim to facilitate electronic transactions, define new computer-based offenses, and regulate areas like digital signatures, software protection, and credit card fraud. The document urges further reading on this topic from experts and sources like specific Acts to gain deeper understanding beyond this introductory overview.
Jurisdictional issues of e commerce and consumer protectionAkshay Sharma
This document provides an overview of e-commerce in India. It discusses the growth of e-commerce, e-contracts, jurisdiction issues, the role of international bodies and frameworks, consumer protection, and a case study on Flipkart's Big Billion Sale. The document outlines the classification of e-commerce, essential elements of e-contracts, challenges regarding cross-border transactions and determining applicable law, and issues around intellectual property rights, digital goods/services, contracts with minors, and taxation in e-commerce. It also examines frameworks established by bodies like UNCITRAL and OECD and initiatives in India to regulate e-commerce and protect consumers.
The government of india enacted its information technology act 2000 with the ...Rajesh Sakhare
The document discusses the Information Technology Act of 2000 and its amendment in 2008 in India. It provides context for why the amendment was needed, as the original act was criticized for being too lenient or draconian depending on perspective. The key points covered include:
- The objectives and scope of the original 2000 act regarding electronic transactions and documents.
- Why the 2008 amendment was pursued, to address perceived issues and compare to other countries' laws.
- Notable features strengthened in the amended act like data privacy, information security, and defining new cyber crimes.
- An overview of the act's structure and applicability.
- Examples of cyber crime cases investigated under different sections of the act.
This document discusses several key aspects of e-contracts, including:
1. Online contract formation requires inclusion of important terms like remedies, payment methods, and privacy policies. Acceptance can occur through click-wrap or browse-wrap agreements.
2. E-signatures are legally valid under the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act and E-SIGN Act at both the state and federal level.
3. Partnering agreements between buyers and sellers outline protocols for electronic ordering and inventory management.
4. The UETA aims to remove barriers to e-commerce by defining e-signatures and establishing rules for electronic transactions and errors.
Appreciation of Digital Evidence in Sri Lankan LawTalwant Singh
The document discusses the appreciation and admissibility of digital evidence under Sri Lankan law. It notes that prior to 1995, there were no provisions for admitting computer evidence. The Evidence (Special Provisions) Act of 1995 was introduced to efficiently and legally manage computer-based evidence in civil and criminal court proceedings. The act defines computers broadly and allows computer-generated evidence to be admitted if it meets certain conditions regarding the computer's operation and the accuracy of information supplied. Several other acts also address digital evidence admission. Digital evidence poses challenges regarding discovery due to its volume, persistence, and multiple storage locations.
E-commerce refers to business transactions conducted electronically. The E-Commerce Act of 2000 provides legal recognition to electronic documents and digital signatures. There are three main types of e-commerce: business-to-business, business-to-consumer, and consumer-to-consumer. Security is an important concern, involving user authentication, data security, and transaction security using methods like encryption, firewalls, and digital signatures. The E-Commerce Act modified Philippine contract and evidence laws to recognize electronic documents and signatures as legally equivalent to paper forms.
Industrial revolution and notions of technology .pptxVishweshSingh16
The document discusses the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce (MLEC) from 1996. The MLEC aims to facilitate electronic commerce by establishing principles of non-discrimination of electronic documents, technological neutrality, and functional equivalence of electronic and paper documents. It sets rules for electronic contracting, digital signatures, and attribution of electronic messages. The MLEC has been influential as many states have based domestic e-commerce laws on it, helping unify international standards in the area. It also establishes that electronic documents cannot be denied validity solely due to their electronic form.
- The document provides an overview of cyber laws and cyber crimes in India, outlining the Information Technology Act 2000 and its subsequent amendment in 2008 which established the primary laws governing cybercrimes.
- It describes how the Act defines key terms like "computer" and the scope of offenses covered under the law. It also discusses how the Act established procedures for adjudication of civil offenses and appeals.
- Major Acts in India like the Indian Penal Code, Indian Evidence Act, and Bankers' Books Evidence Act were also amended after the IT Act to recognize electronic records and better address cybercrimes.
- However, issues like territorial jurisdiction in cross-border cybercrimes are still not fully addressed under current
Law & Emerging Technology - The Model Law on E-Commerce (Unit 2).pptxssuser32bd0c
The document discusses the Model Law on Electronic Commerce (MLEC) adopted by UNCITRAL in 1996. It summarizes the key principles and provisions of the MLEC, including non-discrimination, technological neutrality, functional equivalence. It provides examples of how countries have incorporated the MLEC into their laws governing e-commerce and discusses some relevant case laws. It also discusses electronic contracts and signatures under Indian law, particularly the Information Technology Act, 2000.
This document discusses the legal validity of electronic contracts (e-contracts) in India. It begins by stating that the general principles of contract formation and the Indian Contract Act of 1872 govern e-contracts in the same way they govern traditional paper contracts. The Information Technology Act of 2000 provides statutory recognition of electronic records and digital/electronic signatures, allowing the authentication of electronic records. E-commerce and e-contracts have expanded significantly in India over the last decade due to the increased use of information technology. The document goes on to classify contracts into traditional paper contracts and electronic contracts, which include those executed through electronic data interchange and cyber contracts online.
Ethics of Online Forms and E-Signatures for AttorneysGreg McLawsen
Did you really ever think you’d see the day when a pen-
and-ink signature on a document, or even an original document, wasn’t required? Well, that day has come – and you need to insure you are not only in compliance with court rules, but also ethics rules. We’ll examine:
• The RPCs relevant to documents and signatures (RPC 1.6 on confidentiality of information), and touch upon on the attorneys duty to supervise associate attorneys, legal support staff, and LLLTs (5.1, 5.2, 5.3, and 5.10)
• The competent use of various e-signature services
• The ethical and technical requirements for safeguarding client signatures
• How to competently and safely complete and submit on-line forms
This presentation was given at the January 22, 2016 annual CLE of the Washington State Bar Association's Solo and Small Practice Section
The Development of E-Commerce in Nigeria - Olushola AbiloyeAcas Media
THE IMPACT OF SUPREME COURT DECISION IN KUBOR v. DICKSON (2014) 4 NWLR (Part 1345) 534-594 ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF E-COMMERCE IN NIGERIA: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS
1) Electronic contracts are standard form contracts with non-negotiable terms formulated by one party like a manufacturer or service provider. The Information Technology Act, 2000 recognizes the validity of e-contracts.
2) E-contracts can be formed via email exchanges or through websites using clickwrap, browsewrap, or shrinkwrap agreements. However, e-contracts raise issues around jurisdiction, capacity to contract, consent, and meeting of minds.
3) The Information Technology Act and Indian Evidence Act provide for the validity and evidentiary value of e-contracts in India if they meet requirements for identification of parties, subject matter, signatures. However, the laws do not address all aspects of online contracts.
This document discusses the definition, essential elements, and validity of e-contracts under Indian law. It defines an e-contract as any contract formed through electronic means like email. The key points are:
1. The Indian Contract Act and Information Technology Act recognize the validity of e-contracts and electronic communications/records as legally binding.
2. Essential elements of a valid contract like offer, acceptance, consideration must be present in e-contracts for them to be enforceable.
3. E-contracts can be formed via websites through clickwrap/browsewrap/shrinkwrap agreements or via email exchange. The postal rule of acceptance applies to email.
4. Electronic records and digital signatures have evidentiary
Legal frameworks in Latin America and Spain recognize electronic documents and signatures and their validity and admissibility as evidence in legal proceedings. Key aspects addressed include types of electronic signatures and documents, requirements for originality, integrity and authentication. Countries have established laws and regulations on e-government services, e-commerce and management of electronic records, with a focus on ensuring equivalent treatment between paper and digital documents. Spain's laws validate distance contracts formed electronically and allow electronic evidence in courts under the same conditions as traditional evidence.
Information technology act (SANDEEP HARISH B).pptxsandeepharish2
In this power point I clearly explain about the information technology act, uses of information technology, what is digital signature and how the information technology act going to punish the cybercriminals? And the different kinds of punishment also explain under the power point. And I hope it will every helpful to you people to learn about information technology.
E-COMMERCE ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT - Australia Perspective.pptJOHN BABATUNDE LEE
This document discusses consumer protection issues in online commerce. It begins with an introduction on consumers and technology, and the importance of trust and confidence for online transactions. It uses online financial services as a case study, examining problems regarding product complexity, online calculators, independence, disclosure, identification, complaints, privacy, access and cost, and jurisdiction. It then outlines the key elements of Australia's policy framework for online consumer protection: contracts, payments, and conduct. The document goes on to discuss relevant Australian legislation and industry codes of conduct. It concludes by looking at international regimes like the EU Directive and OECD Guidelines.
Moving towards an electronic real estate transactionDocuSign
This document provides an overview of the legal framework for electronic signatures in real estate transactions in the United States. It discusses the key federal and state laws governing electronic signatures, including the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (ESIGN) and the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA). These laws establish that electronic records and signatures have equal legal validity as paper documents with handwritten signatures. The document also outlines best practices for obtaining proper consent, logically associating signatures with records, record retention, and complying with both electronic signature laws and relevant real estate transaction laws.
The document provides an overview of e-commerce law in the Philippines. It defines key terms related to e-commerce such as business-to-business, business-to-consumer, and electronic commerce. It then summarizes the main provisions of Republic Act 8792, the Electronic Commerce Act of 2000, including giving legal recognition to electronic documents and signatures, allowing electronic contracts, and providing guidelines on security and liability for service providers.
E-contracting and Commerce is presented by Pria Chetty and details the South African legal position with regard to electronic contracts and the effect on commerce.
Introduction to Law relating to e commerce and computer crimes in Sri LankaMaxwell Ranasinghe
This document provides an introduction to key Sri Lankan laws relating to electronic commerce and computer crimes. It summarizes several Acts that were established to address legal issues arising from increased IT use, including the Evidence (Special Provisions) Act, Electronic Transactions Act, Computer Crimes Act, Payment Devices Frauds Act, and Intellectual Property Act. These Acts aim to facilitate electronic transactions, define new computer-based offenses, and regulate areas like digital signatures, software protection, and credit card fraud. The document urges further reading on this topic from experts and sources like specific Acts to gain deeper understanding beyond this introductory overview.
Jurisdictional issues of e commerce and consumer protectionAkshay Sharma
This document provides an overview of e-commerce in India. It discusses the growth of e-commerce, e-contracts, jurisdiction issues, the role of international bodies and frameworks, consumer protection, and a case study on Flipkart's Big Billion Sale. The document outlines the classification of e-commerce, essential elements of e-contracts, challenges regarding cross-border transactions and determining applicable law, and issues around intellectual property rights, digital goods/services, contracts with minors, and taxation in e-commerce. It also examines frameworks established by bodies like UNCITRAL and OECD and initiatives in India to regulate e-commerce and protect consumers.
The government of india enacted its information technology act 2000 with the ...Rajesh Sakhare
The document discusses the Information Technology Act of 2000 and its amendment in 2008 in India. It provides context for why the amendment was needed, as the original act was criticized for being too lenient or draconian depending on perspective. The key points covered include:
- The objectives and scope of the original 2000 act regarding electronic transactions and documents.
- Why the 2008 amendment was pursued, to address perceived issues and compare to other countries' laws.
- Notable features strengthened in the amended act like data privacy, information security, and defining new cyber crimes.
- An overview of the act's structure and applicability.
- Examples of cyber crime cases investigated under different sections of the act.
This document discusses several key aspects of e-contracts, including:
1. Online contract formation requires inclusion of important terms like remedies, payment methods, and privacy policies. Acceptance can occur through click-wrap or browse-wrap agreements.
2. E-signatures are legally valid under the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act and E-SIGN Act at both the state and federal level.
3. Partnering agreements between buyers and sellers outline protocols for electronic ordering and inventory management.
4. The UETA aims to remove barriers to e-commerce by defining e-signatures and establishing rules for electronic transactions and errors.
Appreciation of Digital Evidence in Sri Lankan LawTalwant Singh
The document discusses the appreciation and admissibility of digital evidence under Sri Lankan law. It notes that prior to 1995, there were no provisions for admitting computer evidence. The Evidence (Special Provisions) Act of 1995 was introduced to efficiently and legally manage computer-based evidence in civil and criminal court proceedings. The act defines computers broadly and allows computer-generated evidence to be admitted if it meets certain conditions regarding the computer's operation and the accuracy of information supplied. Several other acts also address digital evidence admission. Digital evidence poses challenges regarding discovery due to its volume, persistence, and multiple storage locations.
E-commerce refers to business transactions conducted electronically. The E-Commerce Act of 2000 provides legal recognition to electronic documents and digital signatures. There are three main types of e-commerce: business-to-business, business-to-consumer, and consumer-to-consumer. Security is an important concern, involving user authentication, data security, and transaction security using methods like encryption, firewalls, and digital signatures. The E-Commerce Act modified Philippine contract and evidence laws to recognize electronic documents and signatures as legally equivalent to paper forms.
Industrial revolution and notions of technology .pptxVishweshSingh16
The document discusses the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce (MLEC) from 1996. The MLEC aims to facilitate electronic commerce by establishing principles of non-discrimination of electronic documents, technological neutrality, and functional equivalence of electronic and paper documents. It sets rules for electronic contracting, digital signatures, and attribution of electronic messages. The MLEC has been influential as many states have based domestic e-commerce laws on it, helping unify international standards in the area. It also establishes that electronic documents cannot be denied validity solely due to their electronic form.
- The document provides an overview of cyber laws and cyber crimes in India, outlining the Information Technology Act 2000 and its subsequent amendment in 2008 which established the primary laws governing cybercrimes.
- It describes how the Act defines key terms like "computer" and the scope of offenses covered under the law. It also discusses how the Act established procedures for adjudication of civil offenses and appeals.
- Major Acts in India like the Indian Penal Code, Indian Evidence Act, and Bankers' Books Evidence Act were also amended after the IT Act to recognize electronic records and better address cybercrimes.
- However, issues like territorial jurisdiction in cross-border cybercrimes are still not fully addressed under current
Law & Emerging Technology - The Model Law on E-Commerce (Unit 2).pptxssuser32bd0c
The document discusses the Model Law on Electronic Commerce (MLEC) adopted by UNCITRAL in 1996. It summarizes the key principles and provisions of the MLEC, including non-discrimination, technological neutrality, functional equivalence. It provides examples of how countries have incorporated the MLEC into their laws governing e-commerce and discusses some relevant case laws. It also discusses electronic contracts and signatures under Indian law, particularly the Information Technology Act, 2000.
This document discusses the legal validity of electronic contracts (e-contracts) in India. It begins by stating that the general principles of contract formation and the Indian Contract Act of 1872 govern e-contracts in the same way they govern traditional paper contracts. The Information Technology Act of 2000 provides statutory recognition of electronic records and digital/electronic signatures, allowing the authentication of electronic records. E-commerce and e-contracts have expanded significantly in India over the last decade due to the increased use of information technology. The document goes on to classify contracts into traditional paper contracts and electronic contracts, which include those executed through electronic data interchange and cyber contracts online.
Ethics of Online Forms and E-Signatures for AttorneysGreg McLawsen
Did you really ever think you’d see the day when a pen-
and-ink signature on a document, or even an original document, wasn’t required? Well, that day has come – and you need to insure you are not only in compliance with court rules, but also ethics rules. We’ll examine:
• The RPCs relevant to documents and signatures (RPC 1.6 on confidentiality of information), and touch upon on the attorneys duty to supervise associate attorneys, legal support staff, and LLLTs (5.1, 5.2, 5.3, and 5.10)
• The competent use of various e-signature services
• The ethical and technical requirements for safeguarding client signatures
• How to competently and safely complete and submit on-line forms
This presentation was given at the January 22, 2016 annual CLE of the Washington State Bar Association's Solo and Small Practice Section
The Development of E-Commerce in Nigeria - Olushola AbiloyeAcas Media
THE IMPACT OF SUPREME COURT DECISION IN KUBOR v. DICKSON (2014) 4 NWLR (Part 1345) 534-594 ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF E-COMMERCE IN NIGERIA: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS
1) Electronic contracts are standard form contracts with non-negotiable terms formulated by one party like a manufacturer or service provider. The Information Technology Act, 2000 recognizes the validity of e-contracts.
2) E-contracts can be formed via email exchanges or through websites using clickwrap, browsewrap, or shrinkwrap agreements. However, e-contracts raise issues around jurisdiction, capacity to contract, consent, and meeting of minds.
3) The Information Technology Act and Indian Evidence Act provide for the validity and evidentiary value of e-contracts in India if they meet requirements for identification of parties, subject matter, signatures. However, the laws do not address all aspects of online contracts.
This document discusses the definition, essential elements, and validity of e-contracts under Indian law. It defines an e-contract as any contract formed through electronic means like email. The key points are:
1. The Indian Contract Act and Information Technology Act recognize the validity of e-contracts and electronic communications/records as legally binding.
2. Essential elements of a valid contract like offer, acceptance, consideration must be present in e-contracts for them to be enforceable.
3. E-contracts can be formed via websites through clickwrap/browsewrap/shrinkwrap agreements or via email exchange. The postal rule of acceptance applies to email.
4. Electronic records and digital signatures have evidentiary
Legal frameworks in Latin America and Spain recognize electronic documents and signatures and their validity and admissibility as evidence in legal proceedings. Key aspects addressed include types of electronic signatures and documents, requirements for originality, integrity and authentication. Countries have established laws and regulations on e-government services, e-commerce and management of electronic records, with a focus on ensuring equivalent treatment between paper and digital documents. Spain's laws validate distance contracts formed electronically and allow electronic evidence in courts under the same conditions as traditional evidence.
Information technology act (SANDEEP HARISH B).pptxsandeepharish2
In this power point I clearly explain about the information technology act, uses of information technology, what is digital signature and how the information technology act going to punish the cybercriminals? And the different kinds of punishment also explain under the power point. And I hope it will every helpful to you people to learn about information technology.
E-COMMERCE ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT - Australia Perspective.pptJOHN BABATUNDE LEE
This document discusses consumer protection issues in online commerce. It begins with an introduction on consumers and technology, and the importance of trust and confidence for online transactions. It uses online financial services as a case study, examining problems regarding product complexity, online calculators, independence, disclosure, identification, complaints, privacy, access and cost, and jurisdiction. It then outlines the key elements of Australia's policy framework for online consumer protection: contracts, payments, and conduct. The document goes on to discuss relevant Australian legislation and industry codes of conduct. It concludes by looking at international regimes like the EU Directive and OECD Guidelines.
Moving towards an electronic real estate transactionDocuSign
This document provides an overview of the legal framework for electronic signatures in real estate transactions in the United States. It discusses the key federal and state laws governing electronic signatures, including the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (ESIGN) and the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA). These laws establish that electronic records and signatures have equal legal validity as paper documents with handwritten signatures. The document also outlines best practices for obtaining proper consent, logically associating signatures with records, record retention, and complying with both electronic signature laws and relevant real estate transaction laws.
This document provides an overview of the Information Technology Act 2000 and its amendment in 2008 in India. It discusses key aspects of the original act like its objectives to provide legal recognition to electronic records and digital signatures. It also summarizes some important definitions in the act. The amendment act of 2008 focused on issues like data privacy, information security, and defining additional cyber crimes. It recognized the role of intermediaries and made digital signature technology neutral. In summary, the document provides a high-level introduction to India's primary law governing information technology and cybercrime.
The government of india enacted its information technology act 2000 with the ...Rajesh Sakhare
The document discusses the Information Technology Act of 2000 and its amendment in 2008 in India. It provides context for why the amendment was needed, as the original act was criticized for being too lenient or draconian depending on perspective. The key points covered include:
- The objectives and scope of the original 2000 act regarding electronic transactions and documents.
- Why the 2008 amendment was pursued, to address gaps, consult experts, and compare to other countries' laws.
- Notable changes the amendment brought, like focusing on data privacy, security, and defining new cyber crimes.
- An overview of the act's structure and applicability.
- Examples of cyber crime cases related to specific sections of
The government of india enacted its information technology act 2000 with the ...Rajesh Sakhare
The document discusses the Information Technology Act of 2000 and its amendment in 2008 in India. It provides context for why the amendment was needed, as the original act was criticized for being too lenient or draconian by different parties. It then summarizes the key aspects and changes covered in the amended act of 2008, including a focus on data privacy, information security, cyber cafes, digital signatures, and including additional cyber crimes. The document also discusses the structure and applicability of the act, and provides case studies to illustrate specific sections of the act related to offenses such as tampering, cheating, identity theft, and publishing obscene material.
The government of india enacted its information technology act 2000 with the ...Rajesh Sakhare
The document discusses the Information Technology Act of 2000 and its amendment in 2008 in India. It provides context for why the amendment was needed, as the original act was criticized for being too lenient or draconian depending on perspective. The key points covered include:
- The objectives and scope of the original 2000 act regarding electronic transactions and documents.
- Why the 2008 amendment was pursued, to address gaps, consult experts, and compare to other countries' laws.
- Notable changes the amendment brought, like focusing on data privacy, security, and defining new cyber crimes.
- An overview of the act's structure and applicability.
- Examples of cyber crime cases related to specific sections of
The government of india enacted its information technology act 2000 with the ...Rajesh Sakhare
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Professional issues in IT
1. BSc in Management Information Systems (Special) Degree
Batch 04
Professional Issues in Information Technology
Assignment – Individual
Question01
A BackgroundSummary of the Case
The case, HC/Civil/201/200B/MR‟ was heard in the High Court of the Western province Holden
in Colombo exercising Civil Jurisdiction in front of Ruwan Fernando, High Court Judge. On 15th
February 2016, Shanaka De Livera the counsel of People's Leasing Company Ltd (plaintiff) filed
an action against the defendants, Muthuthantrige Iran Fernando, Muthuthantrige Saman Jayalath,
Muthuthantrige Mervin Joseph and Nandani LIyanage for not conducting according to the vehicle
lease agreement for the property which is 01 Quantity Year 2000 Mitsubishi Canter bearing Engine
No. 4D33H68918 and Chassis No. FE51CB563674.
Most of the time contracts are referred to as enforceable agreement which is a rather misleading
since one party cannot usually force another to fulfill his part of the agreement but if the
intention to create legal creations was established the party who suffered because of wrong
doings of other party, can sue the wrong doer on this ground for compensation. The above case
was also filed due to these circumstances.
The plaintiff stated that defendant party is responsible for breaching the contract between them
due to the defendant’s non-observance of paying the installments according to the terms of the
agreement. Therefore the plaintiff claims for recovery of the installments from the date, they
2. haven’t paid and thereafter with legal interest on the aggregate amount of the degree till payment
in full.
On the opposite the defendants objected to the above produced documents reasoning that,
1. There is no prima facie evidence as (Name/Logo) to identify the documents belongs
to the plaintiff company.
2. Also they were merely documents produced from the data gathered from a
computer where the relevancy of the documents are at stake.
3. The documents are not relevant with the rentals paid by the defendants which is in
question.
On the other hand computerized accounts ledgers cannot be considered as mere printouts as per
the electronic Transaction Act No. 19 of 2006. Since generally the accounts ledgers have been
maintained by the company in the computer itself. Also the witness has started that he prepared
the statement of accounts on the basis of information as per the lease agreement.
The judge further favored the above evidence starting that business ledger is an electronic record
within the meaning of section 26 of the electronic Transaction Act No. 19 of 2006.
All in all it was decided considering the above summarized points that the documents produced
by the plaintiff company can be used evidence with relation to the lease agreement in question.
What are the ICT related laws referred in this case?
Throughout this case the Act “Electronic Transaction Act No. 19 of 2006” was used to
derive ICT related laws to prove the admissibility of the evidence that has been provided by the
plaintiff. The Preamble to the Electronic Transaction Act No. 19 of 2006 reads as follows:
"An Act to recognize and facilitate the formation of contracts, the creation and exchange
of data messages, electronic documents, electronic records and other communications in
electronic form in Sri Lanka ; and to provide for the appointment of a certification authority and
accreditation of certification service providers; and to provide for matters connected therewith or
incidental thereto."
3. The objectives of the Act as are as follows;
1. to facilitate domestic and international electronic commerce by eliminating legal barriers
and establishing legal certainty;
2. to encourage the use of reliable forms of electronic commerce;
3. to facilitate electronic filing of documents with government and to promote efficient
delivery of government services by means of reliable forms of electronic communications
4. To promote public confidence in the authenticity, integrity and reliability of data
messages and electronic communications. This has ensured that electronic
communication is officially and legally accepted as a proper means of communication.
Rules derived from the Act for this case;
“Any information contained in a data message, or any electronic document, electronic record or
other communication
1. Touching any fact in issue or relevant fact
2. Compiled, received or obtained during the course of any business, trade or profession or
other regularly conducted activity, shall be admissible in any proceedings.”
Provided further that, for the purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2), if any information is contained
in a data message, electronic document, electronic record or other communication made by a
person –
1. Who is dead or who by reason of his bodily or mental condition is unfit to attend as a
witness; or
2. Who is outside Sri Lanka and where reasonable steps have been taken to find such
person and he cannot be found; or
3. Who does not wish to give oral evidence through fear; or
4. Who is prevented from so giving evidence, evidence relating to such information shall,
if available, be admissible.
4. Therefore, it is the Electronic Transaction Act No. 19 of 2006 applies with regard to the rules
governing evidence in respect of the admissibility of electronic documents including electronic
records such as business Ledger such as the Accounts Ledgers of this case.
As per section 3 of the Electronic Transaction Act it defines the basic rule that no data message,
electronic document, electronic record or other communication shall be denied legal recognition,
effect, validity or enforceability on the ground that it is in electronic form.
Section 26 of the Act defines what an electronic document means, which includes documents,
records information, communication or transactions in electronic form.
Section 21(1) of the Electronic Transaction Act reads as follows,
“Not withstanding anything to contrary in the Evidence Ordinance or any other written law, the
following provisions of this section shall be applicable for the purposes of this Act.”
Considering the above extracted quote of the electronic transaction Act it brings to the light that
all rules of evidence are governed solely by the provisions with regard to any information
contained in a data message or any electronic document, electronic record or other
communication regarding any business, trade or profession or other regular activities as set out in
section 21(1) of the Electronic Transaction Act.
Also when section 21(2) is read with section 3 of the Electronic Transaction Act No 19 of 2006 it
depicts the entries from plaintiff’s accounts ledgers based on cash register receipts are admissible
as business records.
Under section 21(3) of the act laid down three rebuttable presumptions where the admissibility of
the computer documents, records and other communications put into a different scenario.
The three rebuttable presumptions are as follows,
1. The truth of information contained in a data message or in any electronic document
or electronic record or other communication (truth of the information).
2. The said data message or in any electronic document or electronic record or other
communication was made by the person who is purported to have made it (truth of
the identity of the maker).
5. Accordingly, any question of accuracy of the printouts, whether resulting from incorrect data
entry or the inaccuracies of in any other type of business records or their genuineness can be
rebutted on evidence unless the contrary is proved the rebuttable presumptions will operate.
Thus, Admissibility of the computer documents depends on the question whether the
presumptions of truth, genuineness and the fact that such evidence was made by the person who
is purported to have made it can be proved or not. That is explained as the three rebuttable
presumptions. At the end of the day it is crystal clear that the electronic transaction Act No 19 of
2006 plays a vital role in order to identify ICT related issues with regard to the given case.
Relevance ofthe Act “Electronic TransactionAct No. 19 of 2006”
During the hearing a controversy was raised on whether computer printouts of the Accounts
Ledger can be admitted in evidence in terms of the law of this country. The Electronic
Transaction Act played a major role on proving the admissibility of the account ledgers as
evidence. The following facts indicate the applicability and the use of that particular Act towards
the case.
The plaintiff’s witness Mr. J.e. Kotalawela stated, the computerized accounts record keeping is
the general practice of the plaintiff's company in the ordinary course of business instead of
entries in books. Because of that it indicated, business records conducted in plaintiff’s company
are in electronic form and with the help of the meaning of the section 26 of the Electronic
Transaction Act No. 19 of 2006, Accounts Ledger was considered as an electronic record.
Prior to the introduction of Evidence (Special Provisions) Act in Sri Lanka No.14 of 1995, there
was no provision under Law of Evidence to admit Computer Evidence but now The Electronic
Transaction Act clearly states in section 22 that the Evidence (Special Provisions) Act No. 14 of
1995 shall not apply to and in relation to any data message, electronic document, electronic
record or other document to which the provisions of the Electronic Transaction Act applies.
According to these facts it emphasized that Accounts Ledger can be admitted as evidence.
6. As Mr. J.e. Kotalawela, Accounts Executives stated nowadays the business record is maintained
in a computer rather than in company books to create the ledger when it is common business
practices to maintain computerized accounts ledgers which do not change the result of the
business transactions. Therefore entries from plaintiff's accounts ledgers based on cash register
receipts are admissible as business record in terms of section 21 (2) read with section 3of the
Electronic Transaction Act No. 19 of 2006.
According to section 21 (2), it has to be read with section 21 (3) of the Act, it emphasizes any
information contained in any data message or any electronic document, electronic record or other
communication is admissible unless the presumptions of truth, genuineness and the fact that such
evidence was made by the person who is purported to have made it, is rebutted. Because of these
facts the plaintiff was able to prove that the evidence adduced was admissible at the end of this
trial.
Plaintiff’s Argument
An argument can be a claim, counterclaim, reason or evidence, therefore there are several
arguments that we can come across throughout this case. This case was filed according to the
plaintiff’s claim which was stated that defendant party is responsible for breaching the contract
between them, due to their non-observance of paying the installments according to the lease
agreement. Therefore the plaintiff claimed for recovery of the installments they haven’t paid and
the aggregate interest of the installments. In order to sue the defendant party for not paying the
installments as agreed, the plaintiff adduced the computer printouts of account ledgers relating to
the Lease Agreement in question. But the evidence was not considered as admissible evidence at
once because of the controversy raised by the defendant party saying “computer printouts cannot
be considered as evidence” as a counterclaim.
But Mr. J.e. Kotalawela, Accounts Executives stated that generally the Accounts Ledgers are
maintained by the company in the computer in the course of the normal business transactions and
the documents sought to be produced as Pll to P13 are computer printouts of the data contained
in the Accounts Ledger of the company in respect of the Lease Agreement as reasons. After that
7. evidence was analyzed by using the Act „Electronic Transaction Act No. 19 of 2006‟ and the
plaintiff followed a sequence approach to prove the admissibility of the account ledgers. At last
plaintiff disproved the counterclaim with reasons and evidence which are stated above.
In civil law, according to these facts, it encounters that the origin of a law case starts from the
claim of the plaintiff because the plaintiff is the one who files the case as a result of wrong
doings of the defendant. Therefore the whole case was hinged on the claim which is responsible
for the complexity, effectiveness, and quality of the case. Hence, main argument stated by the
plaintiff was that the defendant party is responsible for breaching the lease agreement between
them
Defendant’s Objections
In every civil law case the defendant party is the one who brings the counterclaims to be the
innocent party in the eyes of the law because in civil law the burden of proof is based on the
innocence unlike in criminal law and the defendant has been given the rights to bring any no of
counterclaims. In this case also there are several counterclaims done against the claim which
makes the defendants to be responsible for breaching the lease agreement.
When the court proceedings were taken place, the plaintiff used the evidence of Mr. J.e.
Kotalawela, Accounts Executives to present the account ledgers maintained by the plaintiff
company as Pll, P12 and P13 relating to the Lease Agreement but the counsel of defendant party
stated objections on providing the evidence as computer printouts on the following grounds.
1. There is no prima facie evidence such as the name and logo of the plaintiff company to
show that the documents sought to be produced are documents of the plaintiff.
2. Prima facie, the computer documents sought to be produced are mere data said to have
been obtained from a computer however, there is no, evidence as to the relevancy of such
documents to the case since no computer data sources (e.g. related links, information and
terms) are not shown in the said documents;
8. 3. The documents sought to be produced are not in respect of rentals paid by the defendants
in terms of the Lease Agreement in question
But Mr. Chaminda Kotalawela who was called to prove the document marked P3 clearly stated
that he prepared the statement of accounts on the basis of the information available in the Lease
Agreement and the data entered in the computerized. As a result of this there is no dispute that
the documents sought to be produced at the trial as Pll to P13 are computer printouts despite the
fact that the same has been certified by witness Kotalawela as true copies
And also the plaintiff was able to disprove above objections but after that the defendant party
further argued that the documents sought to be marked as P11 to P13 do not relate to accurate
payments made by the defendants and hence, should not be produced in evidence and challenged
the accuracy, genuineness and trustworthiness of the computer printouts obtained from the
Accounts Ledger of the plaintiff company relating to the Lease Agreement in question. However
at last they could not prove the inadmissibility of evidence.
Conclusion
At the beginning of this case it presents the legal bond between the plaintiff and the defendant.
According to that plaintiff stated the compensation details and wrongdoing of the defendant as a
result of breaching the lease agreement between them. According to the circumstances of their
transactions, the plaintiff adduced the evidence but the defendant party objected to consider as
admissible evidence because they were the computer printouts of account ledgers. Though the
defendant argued on that, they couldn’t win over it and after that at the end also they challenged
the accuracy, genuineness and trustworthiness of the computer printouts obtained from the
Accounts Ledger of the plaintiff company relating to the Lease Agreement in question. With the
help of the Electronic Transaction Act No. 19 of 2006 and considering all the evidence was
adduced, the court decided that the documents sought to be produced as Pll to P13 are allowed to
be tendered as evidence.
Basis ofConclusion
9. The basis of the above conclusion mainly based on the relevance of the Act Electronic
Transaction Act No. 19 of 2006 and the statements of the plaintiff’s witness Mr. Chaminda
Kotalawala Accounts Executives.
When the computer printouts of account legers were not considered as evidence, the witness
stated that he certified the computer printouts of account legers as Accounts Executives and they
were true copies of the Accounts Ledger relating to the Lease Agreement because generally the
Accounts Ledgers are maintained by the company in the computer in the course of the normal
business transactions and the documents.
The different sections in the Act Electronic Transaction Act No. 19 of 2006 proved that the
computer printouts of account ledgers was an electronic document and can be considered as the
evidence for the claim.
With the combination of all these facts during the trial the plaintiff proved the computer printouts
of the account ledgers were admissible and defendants couldn’t object to the production of these
obtained from computerized accounts ledgers at this stage of the trial on the basis that they are
resulting from incorrect data entry or the inaccuracies of in any other type of business records or
their genuineness. The defendants are however, entitled to rebut the presumptions relevant to the
documents in question and show that they are resulting from incorrect data entry 8 or the
inaccuracies of in any other type of business records or their genuineness in terms of section 21
(3) of the Electronic Transaction Act No. 19 of 2006.
Because of above reasons and facts the conclusion was decided during the trial that Pll to P13 are
allowed to be tendered as evidence.
Word Count - 2849
11. <CODEFEST/>
Year End Performance Appraisal Form
Performance Rating Definitions
Outstanding (5) Performance is consistently superior
Exceeds Expectations (4) Performance is routinely above job requirements
Meets Expectations (3) Performance is regularly competent & dependable
Below Expectations (2) Performance fails to meet job requirements on a frequent basis
Unsatisfactory (1) Performance is consistently unacceptable
SECTION 01 - Performance Rating
Objective
Employee Supervisor
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Administration X X
Knowledge of work X X
Communication X X
Decision Making/Problem Solving X X
Human Resource Management X X
Expense Management X X
Independent Action X X
Job Knowledge X X
Leadership X X
Customer Responsiveness X X
Personal Appearance X X
Overall Rating X X
Name Savithri Nandadasa
Title Web Developer
Supervisor Indika Ratnayake
Project name E- HR (Online HRIS Platform)
Date Employee : 27/06/2016 Supervisor : 30/06/2016
12. SECTION 02: Recommendations for improvement/career development
Employee Comments:
Next year I would like to attend a Software Services course to help with my senior engineer
skills and with building a better team environment in my project as well as becoming a better
team member in the company. I also hope to complete my Master’s degree under our tuition
assistance program.
Supervisor Comments:
Attendance at a Software Services course will be beneficial to Savithri and I will support this
expenditure. Completion of a Master’s degree will also help in career progression at our
company.
SECTION 03: General Comments
Employee Comments:
I appreciate the opportunity for this performance review and the support and direction my
supervisor has given this year. I look forward to working with my supervisor and at this
company for many years to come.
Employee Comments:
Savithri is an outstanding employee. Hope to work with her on next year as well.
By signing this form, you confirm that you have discussed this review in detail with your supervisor.
Signing this form does not necessarily indicate that you agree with this performance evaluation.
Employee Signature: SavithriN
Supervisor Signature: IRatnayake.
Date: 27/06/2016
Date: 30/06/2016
13. <CODEFEST/>
Job Analysis Form
Summary of the Position
The Web Developer will be responsible for the design, development, programming and
support of software applications. They will also be responsible for a variety of tasks, which
include application development, configuration, analysis and web development. Project roles
require a lead development responsibility for small projects working with business requestors
and participation in larger projects with a project manager.
Major duties / Responsibilities and performance standards
• Create, edit and distribute various web applications as required using development tools
Visual Studio, ASP.NET, C#, jQuery and Java Script
• Integrate data from various back-end services and databases
• Gather and refine specifications and requirements based on technical needs
• Write the programming code, either from scratch or by adapting existing website
software and graphics packages to meet business requirements
• Test the website and identify any technical problems
• Back up files from web sites to local directories for instant recovery in case of problems.
• Stay plugged into emerging technologies/industry trends and apply them into operations
and activities
Name Savithri Nandadasa
Title Web Developer
Supervisor Indika Ratnayake
Project name E- HR (Online HRIS Platform)
Date 27/06/2016
14. Personal characteristics / Job specifications
• Have skills in software programming and graphics
• Have creativity and imagination
• Be adaptable and able to pick up new techniques
• Have good interpersonal and communication skills
• Be able to work on their own or in a team
• Be able to work to tight deadlines
• Be thorough and precise in their work
• Be able to multi-task
• Be aware of international web standards and protocols.
Work context and Environment
A web developer normally works between 37 and 40 hours a week, 9am to 5.30pm, Monday
to Friday. Additional hours may be required to meet deadlines, which could include evenings
and weekends. It is possible to be self-employed and work from home.
• Salary and Benefits Starting salaries may be around LKR 30 000
• With experience, web developers may earn about LKR 50,000
Training and Development
• Persuades to do training courses for many of the areas like adverse web technologies
and database management are widely available, especially online. Creative Skillset
website
• Professional qualifications can be obtained from various professional bodies, including
the British Computer Society (BCS)
15. Certification and licensure
• Certified Web Designer Apprentice (CWDSA-apprentice)
• Certified Apprentice Webmaster (CAW-apprentice)
Employee's certification
I certify that the particulars provided are complete.
Name: Savithri Nandadasa
Signature: SavithriN
Superior's / Manager's certification
I agree with the job analysis as stated in this form.
Name: Indika Ratnayake
Signature: IRatnayake.
16. <CODEFEST/>
Job Description
Job title : Web Developer Job code : 664920
Classification : Full time Exempt employee Department : Information Technology
Reports to : Web Developer Date : June 2017
Web developers are employed across all industry sectors from finance and retail to public
organizations. They may be employed directly by IT consultancies, software houses, web design
agencies or work in an organization’s IT department. There are job opportunities throughout the
county.
Job Summary
A web developer is responsible for the design, layout and coding of a website. They are involved
with the technical and graphical aspects of a website - how the site works and how it looks. They
can also be involved with the maintenance and update of an existing site.
After establishing the target audience for a website and identifying the type of content it will
host, a developer will:
• Write the programming code, either from scratch or by adapting existing website
software and graphics packages to meet business requirements
• Test the website and identify any technical problems
• Upload the site onto a server and register it with different search engines.
A web developer normally works between 37 and 40 hours a week, 9am to 5.30pm, Monday to
Friday. Additional hours may be required to meet deadlines, which could include evenings and
weekends.
17. Salaries range from about 30,000 LKR to 100,000 LKR or more.
A web designer/developer should:
• Have skills in software programming and graphics
• Have creativity and imagination
• Be adaptable and able to pick up new techniques
• Have good interpersonal and communication skills
• Keep up to date with advances in computer technology and how this affects the business
environment
Most employers expect applicants to have a degree-level education, often with relevant work
experience and vocational skills. A range of qualifications are available that provide a good
grounding in web design, interactive design, graphic design and internet technology.
Training is done on the job, and includes in-house and external training courses. As the IT
industry continues to develop it is vital for web designers/developers to keep up to date with new
software and technology. Professional qualifications can be obtained from various professional
bodies, including the British Computer Society.
The normal progression route for a web designer/developer is to become a senior or principal
web developer. Experienced web developers can use their experience and knowledge to become
self-employed.
What is the work like?
A web developer is responsible for the design, layout and coding of a website. They are involved
with the technical and graphical aspects of a website; how the site works and how it looks. They
can also be involved with the maintenance and update of an existing site.
In order to design a website, a developer will
• Establish the purpose of the website based upon its target audience
• Identify the type of content the site will host
18. • Determine any functionality that the site must support, for example, whether it will
handle financial transactions or enquiries
.
This will determine the type of technology to use and how complex the site will be. The web
designer/developer will then:
Write the programming code, either from scratch or by adapting existing website
software and graphics packages to meet business requirements
Test the website and identify any technical problems
Upload the site onto a server and register it with different search engines.
A web designer/developer will usually work as part of a team, which will include a web
author/editor and an account manager.
Hours and Environment
A web designer/developer normally works between 37 and 40 hours a week, 9am to 5.30pm,
Monday to Friday. Additional hours may be required to meet deadlines, which could include
evenings and weekends.
It is possible to be self-employed and work from home. Part-time and flexible hours may be
available. It is usual to work in an open-plan office environment. A limited amount of travelling
may be required.
Salary and other benefits
These figures are only a guide, as actual rates of pay may vary, depending on the employer and
where people live.
• Starting salaries may be around 30,000 LKR a month
• With experience, web developers may earn about 100,000 LKR.
19. Skills and Personal Qualities
A web developer should:
• Have skills in software programming and graphics
• Have creativity and imagination
• Be adaptable and able to pick up new techniques
• Have good interpersonal and communication skills
• Be able to work on their own or in a team
• Be able to work to tight deadlines
• Be thorough and precise in their work
• Be able to multi-task
• Be aware of international web standards and protocols.
Interests
It is important to be interested in:
• keeping up to date with advances in computer technology and how this affects the
business environment
• the internet
• Troubleshooting and problem solving.