This document discusses air and sea accidents. It notes that over 30 plane crashes occur each year, with human error being responsible for about 70% of aviation accidents. Some of the worst aviation disasters are described. The document also discusses common causes of shipping accidents like rough waves, storms, fires and collisions. Preventative measures for each type of accident are outlined, such as improved weather monitoring and forecasting to avoid storms, advanced firefighting systems on ships, and navigational technologies. However, it is noted that human error can still undermine even the best technologies.

1. M.BHARANIDHARAN
2021005011

2. AIR ACCIDENTS
 AIR ACCIDENTS-It creates a disaster where ever it
happens.
 More than 30 plane crash reports are seen in one year.
 It has now become the common accident for people
around the world.
 The matter was started in the year 1920.
 When the first air accident took place on December
14,1920.
 6 Passengers and 2 crew were killed.

3.  Africa is the only country which has only few air
accidents.
 Africa has only 3% of all world wide airline departures
and over 13% of all accidents.
 Every year the air crash takes place except few years.
 There were only 3 year left without air
crashes.[1921,1925,1932].

5. MAIN REASONS FOR AIR ACCIDENTS
 Human errors
 Mechanical Failures
 Weather
 Hijacking

6. HUMAN ERRORS:
 About 70% of accidents in aviation are attributed to
human error.
 Due to the pilots error a large number of accidents are
caused.
 Pilot fatigue has also been blamed for the crash.

7. MECHANICAL ERROS:
 Sometimes it has been listened that the engine stop
working or there is some failure in the plane.
 If these problems are identified while in a flight there
is no prevention and automatically leads to plane
crash.

8. WEATHER:
 Weather conditions can cause aircraft accidents.
 The most common variables playing a role in weather-
related accidents are wind, visibility and turbulence.
 It is better to cancel the flights before it takes off.This
will reduce the plane crash.

9. HIJACKING:
 An act of terrorism is, unanimously considered an act of
violence against civilization to attain ideological goals.
 In aviation four tactics can bring upon terrorist attacks:
1.Hijacking, referring to the forceful seizure of an
aircraft by individuals or a group of individuals.
2.Suicide attack on aircraft.
3.External weapons attacking the aircraft.
4.Explosive on aircraft.

10. WORST ACCIDENTS IN AIR TRAVEL HISTORY
 1. Tenerife Airport Disaster (1977)
 2. Japan Airlines Flight 123 (1985)
 3. Charkhi Dadri Mid-Air Collision (1996)
 4. Turkish Airlines Flight 981 (1974)
 5. American Airlines Flight 191 (1979)
 6. Air India Flight 855 (1978)
 7. Air India Express Flight 812 (2010)
 8. American Airlines Flight 587 (2001)
 9. Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (2014)
 10. China Airlines Flight 140 (1994)

11. SAFETY MEASURES
 Proper information
 No flights in snow
 No flights in lightning
 Proper engine work
 Fire control safety
 Good jet engines
 No stalling and delimitation
 Guiding people about plane equipments

12. SEA ACCIDENTS
 The term Marine incident is used to denote
undesirable marine events, i.e. marine accidents,
incidents and near missing events.
 The South China Sea had the most number of
shipping accidents over the last decade.
 Collisions and groundings are the major causes of
major causes of shipping accidents.

13. REASONS FOR SHIPPING ACCIDENTS:
1.Rough wave
2.Storms
3.Fire
4.Collision

14. ROUGH WAVE:
 These are the waves up to 100 feet tall are a
spontaneous natural phenomenon that cannot easily
be predicted.
 In 2005, the Grand Voyager of Iberojet Cruises was
smacked by a wave that knocked out propulsion and
communications systems and injured 20 passengers.

16. PREVENTIVE MEASURES:
 Ship windows are being strengthened.
 Scientists are studying the prevalence of rogue waves
across the ocean so that ships can be warned to avoid
high-risk areas.
 But the unpredictable nature of these waves can make
them difficult to forecast.

17. STORMS:
 Cruise lines carefully monitor storms. If a ship gets
caught in rough weather, the results can be deadly.
 In 1998, all 100 passengers on Windjammer Cruises’
Fantome disembarked safely in Belize, but the crew
(on company orders) attempted to sail the ship out of
the path of Hurricane Mitch.
 The storm changed course and obliterated the vessel,
killing all 31 crew.

19. PREVENTIVE MEAURES:
 Buoys and satellites keep crew informed of changing
weather.
 Modern weather surveillance is highly effective at
charting and predicting storm paths, allowing cruise
ships to easily avoid dangerous weather.
 Most common reason for failure: Human error.

20. FIRES:
 There were 72 fires aboard cruise ships over the last 20
years.
 In 2011, an engine room fire on the M.S. Nordlys killed
two passengers and injured an additional 16 people.
 Most common reason for failure is Mechanical
problems.

22. PREVENTIVE MEASURES:
 Firefighting teams.
 Miles of sprinkler piping.
 Smoke detectors throughout the ship.
 Fire shutters to contain any blaze.

23. COLLISIONS:
 When a ship collision occurs it has immeasurable
consequences.
 Unfortunately the possibilities of loss of life in such
cases are very high.
 The environmental impact is very negative especially if
any one of the vessels in the collision happens to carry
any chemicals or any other harmful material that
could be dangerous for marine life.

25. PREVENTIVE MEASURES:
 Radio communication and navigational aids that use
GPS and maritime charts to plot location and warn
crew of obstacles ahead.
 The technology is only as accurate as the charts that
the crew upload into the system and is effective only
when used properly.

26. THANK YOU