2. INTRODUCTION
One of the best known social cognition models. It is
A health behavior change and psychological model.
Originally, the model was designed to predict
behavioral response to the treatment received by
acutely or chronically ill patients, but in more recent
years the model has been used to predict more general
health behaviors.
3. HISTORY
The HBM was first developed in the 1950s by social
psychologists Hochbaum, Rosenstock and Kegels working
in the U.S. Public Health Services.
The model was developed in response to the failure of a
free tuberculosis (TB) health screening program.
The HBM has been further developed by Rosenstock and
Becker in the 1970s and 80s.
Subsequent amendments to the model were made as late as
1988, to accommodate evolving evidence generated within
the health community about the role that knowledge and
perceptions play in personal responsibility.
4. History Conti……
Further developments allow the HBM to predict more
general health behaviors. Since then, the HBM has
been adapted to explore a variety of long- and short-
term health behaviors, including sexual risk behaviors
and the transmission of HIV/AIDS.
5.
6. 1. Perceived susceptibility
An individual's assessment of their risk of
getting the condition.
The greater the risk is of getting a certain
medical condition, the more a person will
engage in behaviors to decrease the risk.
That's why people get vaccinations to
prevent disease, brush their teeth to prevent
gum disease, and workout to stay healthy
7. 2. Perceived severity
An individual's assessment of the seriousness of the
condition, and its potential consequences.
For example, getting the flu seems like a fairly minor
thing for most people, just bed rest for a few days and
you're all better. However, for people who can't afford
to take a few days off work, or for people who already
have an underlying medical condition, getting the flu
could be a very serious thing. Individual differences
influence the perceived severity and vary greatly
between people.
8. 3. Perceived barriers
An individual's assessment of the influences that
facilitate or discourage adoption of the promoted
behavior.
Perceived barriers are someone's own thoughts about
the obstacles in the way of adopting a new behavior,
and also the consequences of continuing an old
behavior. The perceived barriers are the most
influential construct because they determine if
someone will adopt a new behavior or not, depending
on if the benefits of the behavior outweigh the
consequences.
9. 4. Perceived benefits
An individual's assessment of the positive
consequences of adopting the behavior.
It's why people eat fruits and vegetables,
use sunscreen, or get health screenings.
Perceived benefits are opinion based, not
everyone adopts the same behaviors. You
only adopt behaviors that you think will
decrease the chance of getting a disease
that you think you are more susceptible to.
10. 5. Cues to Action
Strategies to activate "readiness“
Provide how-to information,
promote awareness, reminders.
14. Strengths
Common-sense constructs easy for non-
psychologists to assimilate and apply.
Has focused research attention on
modifiable psychological prerequisites of
behaviour.
Makes testable predictions: Large threats
might be offset by perceived costs; small
threats by large benefits etc.
15. Limitations
Common-sense framework simplifies health-related
representational processes.
Theoretical components broadly defined therefore
different operationalisations may not be strictly
comparable.
Lack of specification of a causal ordering.
Neglects social factors.
Cannot make testable predictions via counterfactuals.
May be responsible for "blaming the victim" for his/her
illness when factors are beyond the individual's control.
16.
17. Concept youth 1 youth 2
1. Perceived Youth believe they can get Youth believe they may
Susceptibility STIs or HIV or create a have been exposed to STIs
pregnancy. or HIV.
2. Perceived Severity Youth believe that the Youth believe the
consequences of getting consequences of having
STIs or HIV or creating a STIs or HIV without
pregnancy are significant knowledge or treatment are
enough to try to avoid. significant enough to try to
avoid.
3. Perceived Benefits Youth believe that the Youth believe that the
recommended action of recommended action of
using condoms would getting tested for STIs and
protect them from getting HIV would benefit them —
STIs or HIV or creating a possibly by allowing them
pregnancy. to get early treatment or
preventing them from
infecting others.
18. Youth identify their personal barriers to using Youth identify their personal
4.
condoms (i.e., condoms limit the feeling or barriers to getting tested (i.e.,
Perceived they are too embarrassed to talk to their getting to the clinic or being
partner about it) and explore ways to seen at the clinic by someone
Barriers
eliminate or reduce these barriers (i.e., teach they know) and explore ways
them to put lubricant inside the condom to to eliminate or reduce these
increase sensation for the male and have barriers (i.e., brainstorm
them practice condom communication skills transportation and disguise
to decrease their embarrassment level). options).
Youth receive reminder cues for action in the Youth receive reminder cues for action in
5. Cues to the form of incentives (such as a key
form of incentives (such as pencils with the chain that says, "Got sex? Get tested!")
Action printed message "no glove, no love") or or reminder messages (such as posters
reminder messages (such as messages in that say, "25% of sexually active teens
contract an STI. Are you one of them?
the school newsletter). Find out now").
Youth confident in using a condom correctly Youth receive guidance (such
6. Self-
in all circumstances. as information on where to get
Efficacy tested) or training (such as
practice in making an
appointment).
19.
20. INTRODUCTION
Given by Edelmen And Mandle in 2002
The Biopsychosocial-Spiritual Model of
health takes a holistic approach rather than
a medical approach to promoting health
and addressing illness and pain.
In this approach, spirituality and religion
are important beyond the treatment of an
individual with a specific, diagnosed
medical condition
21. Key Components
Holistic health includes not only treating or curing
specific symptoms, but also supports promoting the
overall health and well-being of individuals, families
and communities. Spirituality and religion have a
role to play in this aspect of holistic health by
supporting actions that enhance physical and mental
health. For example, many traditions address caring
for the body, avoiding behaviors that debase body
and spirit, or support healthy diet choices. Holistic
health and mental health approaches can also offer
opportunities to promote spiritual well-being.
22. Key Components
Holistic health recognizes that for some individuals and
families, the experience of illness and pain may relate to
spiritual concerns and that those concerns may manifest as
physical or emotional symptoms
Holistic health approaches address not only curing or
treating a specific physical ailment, but also ensure
that support and comfort are provided to the individual
and his or her family and community. Thus, holistic care
would address the care and support of families who have a
child or other member who is seriously or chronically ill or
has a disability. It would address the pain of the bereaved.
Part of that support can include spiritual and religious
resources.
23.
24.
25. Holistic Nursing
Florence Nightingale, who believed in care that
focused on unity, wellness, and the interrelationship of
human beings and their environment, is considered to
be one of the first holistic nurses.
Holistic nursing is defined as “all nursing practice that
has healing the whole person as its goal” (American
Holistic Nurses’ Association, 1998)
26. Holistic Nursing
Holistic nursing is a specialty practice that draws on
nursing knowledge, theories, expertise and intuition
to guide nurses in becoming therapeutic partners with
people in their care. This practice recognizes the
totality of the human being - the interconnectedness
of body, mind, emotion, spirit, social/cultural,
relationship, context, and environment.
The holistic nurse is an instrument of healing and a
facilitator in the healing process. Holistic nurses honor
each individual's subjective experience about health,
health beliefs, and values.
27. Holistic Nursing
The practice of holistic nursing requires nurses to
integrate self-care, self-responsibility, spirituality, and
reflection in their lives. This may lead the nurse to
greater awareness of the interconnectedness with self,
others, nature, and spirit. This awareness may further
enhance the nurses understanding of all individuals
and their relationships to the human and global
community, and permits nurses to use this awareness
to facilitate the healing process.
28.
29. INTRODUCTION
Halbert L. Dunn (M.D., Ph.D.) in the late 1950s
He stressed that the definition of health should be a
positive one instead of health meaning the “absence of
disease.”
According to Dr Dunn, It is “an integrated method of
functioning which is oriented toward maximizing the
potential of which the individual is capable, within the
environment where he is functioning”
30. High Level Wellness involves:
Direction in progress forward and upwards
towards a higher potential of functioning;
An open-ended and ever-expanding
tomorrow with its challenge to live at a fuller
potential;
The integration of the whole being of the
total individual—body, mind, and spirit—
in the functioning process.
31. Eight Points of High Level Wellness:
1. Willingness to face inconsistencies in our thinking.
2. Willingness to hear and examine the other fellow's
viewpoints with an open mind.
3. Willingness to encourage freedom of expression of those
around us.
4. Willingness to adjust our own views.
5. Willingness to make time for unhurried contacts with
others when such relationships are essential.
6. Willingness and determination to give credit and
recognition to others when it is due them.
7. Eagerness and determination to serve others as
opportunities arise.
8. Willingness to give freedom to those we love.
32. In 370 B.C., Hippocrates alluded to wellness, when he
stated the following:
“All parts of the body which have a function, if used in
moderation and exercised in labors
to which each is accustomed, become healthy and well
developed and age slowly. But if
unused and left idle, they become liable to disease,
defective in growth and age quickly.”
33.
34. Healthy Nurse
A Healthy Nurse is a nurse who takes care of his or her
personal health, safety, and wellness and lives life to their
fullest capacity – physically, mentally, spiritually, and
professionally. A Healthy Nurse is a better role model,
educator, and advocate – personally, for the family, for the
community, for the work environment, and for the patient.
Nurses are 3.1 million strong and the most trusted
profession, and have the power to make a difference! By
choosing nutritious foods and an active lifestyle, managing
stress, living tobacco-free, getting preventive
immunizations and screenings, and choosing protective
measures such as wearing sunscreen and bicycle helmets,
nurses can set an example on how to BE healthy.
35.
36. A study guided by the Health Belief Model of the predictors of
breast cancer screening of women ages 40 and older.
Abstract
In late 1987, a total of 852 Rhode Island women ages 40 and older were interviewed by
telephone (78 percent response rate) to measure their use of breast cancer screening and
to investigate potential predictors of use. Predictors included the women's
socioeconomic status, use of medical care, a provider's reported recommendations for
screening, and the women's health beliefs about breast cancer and mammography. The
Health Belief Model guided the construction of the interview questions and data
analysis. Logistic regression was used to identify leading independent predictors of
breast cancer screening according to contemporary recommendations: reporting that a
medical provider had ever recommended a screening mammogram (odds ratio [OR] =
18.77), having received gynecological care in the previous year (OR = 4.92), having a
regular source of gynecological care (OR = 2.63), having ever had a diagnostic
mammogram (OR = 2.32), and perceiving mammography as safe enough to have annually
(OR = 1.93). The findings suggest that programs intended to increase the use of breast
cancer screening should include "inreach" and "outreach" elements; inreach to patients
with established patient-provider relationships, by assuring that physicians recommend
screening to all eligible patients, and outreach to all eligible women, by helping them
overcome barriers to effective primary care, and by promoting mammography,
emphasizing its effectiveness and safety. The findings also suggest that
socioeconomically disadvantaged women, who are less likely to be screened than other
women, should become special targets of inreach and outreach interventions.
