Translucent concrete is a light-transmitting concrete made with fine concrete and optical fibers. It is manufactured by alternately layering concrete and fiber fabrics in a mold. Light is transmitted through the fibers embedded in the concrete. Translucent concrete can be used for building materials, subway stations, and ceilings to reduce lighting costs. However, it is more expensive than regular concrete due to the optical fibers. Self-healing cement is being developed that contains microcapsules of epoxy resin to automatically repair cracks. It also regulates heat using phase-change materials. This cement has advantages of reducing maintenance costs and increasing structure lifespan but ingredients make it more expensive. Carbon fiber is strong yet light material made of carbon strands thinner than

1. MODERN CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
 FROM :-AXAY SHARMA
ROLL NO:-16BCL008
(CIVIL 16 BATCH)
PDPU,GANDHINAGAR

2. TRANSLUCENT CONCRETE
INTRODUCTION:-
 Translucent concrete(also known as light-transmitting concrete) is a concrete based building material with light-transmissive
properties due to embedded light optical elements –usually optical fibres.
 Light is conducted through the stone from one end to the other. Therefore, the fibre have to go through the whole object.
 This results in a certain light pattern on the other surface, depending on the fibre structure.
MATERIALS USED FOR MAKING TRANSLUCENT CONCRETE:-
The 2 basic materials used for making translucent(transparent) concrete are:-
1)Fine concrete 2)Optical fibres
FINE CONCRETE:-consists of cement & fine aggregates such as sand.
OPTICAL FIBRE:-there are 3 kinds:-
1)Multimode graded-index fibre .
2)Multimode step index fibre .
3)Single-mode step-index fibres .
MANUFACTURING PROCESS:-
 The manufacturing process of translucent concrete is almost same as regular concrete.
 Small layers of the concrete are poured into the mould and on top of each layer, a layer of fibres is fused.
 Fabrics and concrete are alternatively inserted into moulds at intervals of approximately 2mm to 5mm.

3.  Light-transmitting concrete is produced by adding 4-5 percentage optical fibres by volume into the concrete mixture.
 The concrete mixture is made from fine materials and doesnot contain coarse aggregate.
 Thousands of strands of optical fibres are cast into concrete to transmit light.
 Smaller or thinner layers allow an increased amount of light to pass through the concrete.
ADVANTAGES/BENEFITS OF TRANSLUCENT CONCRETE:-
 The main advantage of transparent concrete is that it can transmit light. There it can be used to make green buildings.
 Since it can transmit light from natural as well as artificial sources ,the building can have fewer lights to meet its demand for lighting ,thus saving huge energy cost.
 This concrete can also be used in cold countries to transmit heat with sunlight,since it uses sunlight as source of light.
DISADVANTAGES/DRAWBACKS OF TRANSLUCENT CONCRETE:-
 The concrete is very costly because of optical fibres.
 Casting of transparent concrete block is difficult for the labour, so special skilled person is required.
APPLICATIONS OF TRANSLUCENT CONCRETE:-
 Transparent concrete blocks can be used as building material for external and internal wall.
 For increasing visibility in dark subway stations.
 The concrete can be used for ceilings of large administrative center building which reduce the lighting costs during dayhours.
 Illumunating speedbumps on roadways at night,also used in light sidewalks at night.
 Also used in partition walls.

4. APPLICATION BASED
IMAGES

5. ELECTRIFIED WOOD
INTRODUCTION:-
 The European-designed material incorporates a source of electricity directly into tables & chairs.
 If 2 metal layers are pressed between the wood of the furniture ,making it possible to pass an electric current through
the whole thing.
 The 12-volt power is fed to the metal layers via one connector ,and lamps,& other devices can be connected via the
other.
 No mention of whether or not this furniture will work with all electrical outlets ,but we are for any piece of furniture
that means we do not have to find a way to tie all our wires together.
APPLICATIONS:-
1)Used in furnitures,
2)Used at places where more light is required.

6. APPLICATION BASED
IMAGE:-

7. RICHLITE
INTRODUCTION:-
• Richlite is an extremely versatile,incredibly durable ,and highly sustainable material made from resin-infused paper.
• It is composed of approximately 65% recycled paper content and 35% phenolic resin, richlite colour comes from a combination of
the paper and the amber tone of the resin.
• Handmade from many layers of high quality custom craft paper,richlite`s surface texture comes from the natural variation in the way
fibres lay within the paper.
MATERIALS USED FOR MAKING RICHLITE:-
• It is made from:-
1)recycled paper 2)phenolic resin.
PROCESS OF MAKING RICHLITE:-
• Rolls of paper are saturated with a thermosetting resin before being cut to length & laid up by hand.
• Each sheet is carefully stacked, and the direction of the paper alternated,creating the ultimate balance and stability.
• The stacks are then pressed under even heat and pressure,which bonds the layers of paper together and cures the resin.
• Slowly cooled ,the cured panels produce a solid ,stable sheet of material .
• Richlite can be produced in many various sizes and thickness,from ¼”(6mm) to 3”(75mm) thick and sheet sizes up to
5`*12”(3660*1525mm).

8. MACHINE ROUGH VIEW

9. ADVANTAGES OF RICHLITE:-
• Unlike stone or a solid surface ,richlite works similar to a dense hardwood and can be easily milled,sanded,routed,and joined.
• It is water-resistant,heat and fire resistant.
• It is extraordinarily dense & durable,and has a natural appeal due to its paper construction.
DISADVANTAGES OF RICHLITE:-
• It is hard to glue.
• Under force can be scratched or gouged.
• Richlite countertops shouldnot be used as a cutting surface because richlite is a solid colour throughout, when scratches do occur,they can
be easily be buffed or sanded out.
APPLICATIONS:-
• A signature mottled appearance and warmth complement richlite`s range of interior & exterior applications like:-
1)furniture 2)retail displays 3)restaurant tables 4)worktops.
• Dense and durable ,yet easily tooled ,pleasing to the eye ,and with its smooth, natural aesthetic, richlite has become a choice material for a
wide range of architects, designers & industrial manufacturers.

10. APPLICATION
BASED PICTURES

11. FLEXICOMB:-
INTRODUCTION:-
• The material is made from thousands of closely packed polypropylene tube that will bend in the convex direction while remaining
rigid in the concave one.
• It is a very versatile due to some of its properties.
• It is a flexible honeycomb matrix ,which can be used to build lighting fixtures & sculptural installations.
PROPERTIES OF FLEXICOMB:-
• It is slinky & beehive.
• It is flexible & bouncy.
• This porous, translucent material transmits light effectively.
• It can be bent, sprung & compressed.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS:-
• Flexicomb is made by fusing thousands of closely packed polypropylene tubes on one end to form a flexible honeycomb
• The production of flexicomb begins with a set of tightly compressed cylinders.
• When the end of closely packed tubes are heated , they fuse into a matrix of hexagons.

12. FLEXICOMB APPLICATIONS:-
• Flexicomb is used to make lamps , desktop products , & furniture .
• It is also used in architectural installations.
APPLICATION BASED IMAGES:-

13. SELF-REPAIRING CEMENT:-
INTRODUCTION:-
• It may seem that most of the materials have been designed to replace concrete , but cement is itself still evolving .
• A new self-healing cement is currently being developed which has the ability to repair its own cracks.
• This cement is mixed with microcapsules that release a glue-like epoxy resin that will automatically repair any cracks that form in
the sidewalk or roadway.
• In addition this cement will have the ability to regulate heat. Phase-change materials that can absorb or release large amounts of
heat have also been included in the ingridients.
WORKING PROCEDURE:-
• Exposure to hydrocarbons initiates the self-healing response when & where it is needed.
• The self-healing matrix reacts to create a complete hydraulic seal across the annulus.
• The cement matrix remains active after the cement has set-for as long as there is cement in the annulus.

15. ADVANTAGES:-
• With the material used in it , buildings can control their own temperature and hence energy is saved.
• Money on repair work is also saved.
• Formation of crack will be healed in the initial stage itself thereby increasing the service life of the structure than expected life.
• Self-healing agents helps in repairing the places where humans find it difficult to reach for the maintenance of the structures .
Hence it reduces risking of human life in dangerous areas and also increases the durability of the structure.
DISADVANTAGES:-
• If the volume of self healing agents mixed becomes greater than 20%,the strength is reduced.
• Ingridients are much more costly then that used in conventional cement(almost of double cost).
APPLICATIONS:-
• In buildings where human reach is not safe.
• In buildings where one time investment is possible.

16. DAY WISE SELF REPAIRING
PROCEDURE

17. CARBON FIBRE:-
INTRODUCTION:-
• They are the fibres about 5-10 micrometers in dimeter and composed mostly of carbon atoms.
• It`s five times as strong as steel ,two times as strong as stiff,yet weighs about two-third less.
• Carbon fiber is made up of carbon strands that are thinner than human hair. The strands can be woven together , like cloth, and
then can be molded to any shape you might want.
• Carbon fibre is frequently supplied in the form of a continuous tow wound onto a reel. The tow is a bundle of thousands of
continuous individual carbon filaments held together & protected by an organic coating, or size, such as polyethylene oxide(PEO) or
polyvinyl alcohol(PVA).
PROCESS OF MAKING CARBON FIBRE:-
• To produce a carbon fibre , the carbon atoms are bounded together in crystals that are more or less aligned parallel to the long axis
of the fibre as a crystal alignment gives the fibre high strength-to-vo;ume ratio(making it strong for its size).
• Several thousand carbon fibres are bundled together to form a tow, which may be used by itself or woven into a fabric.

18. CHEMICAL MECHANISM TAKING PLACE DURING SYNTHESIS OF CF

19. • ADVANTAGES OF CF:-
1) High stiffness
2) High tensile strength
3)Low weight
4)High chemical resistance
5)High temperature tolerance
6)low thermal expansion.
DISADVANTAGE OF CARBON FIBRE:-
• They are relatively expensive when compared with similar fibres , such as glass fibres or plastic fibres.
APPLICATIONS OF CF:-
• Bridges are covered with the sheets of carbon fibre as a measure to increase resistance against
earthquakes.
• Several structural engineering applications utilize carbon fiber reinforced polymer because of its potential
construction benefits .
• They are also used in military and aerospace.

20. FEW IMAGES OF CF:-

21. BENDABLE CONCRETE:-
INTRODUCTION:-
• Traditional concrete is a very brittle material; any bucking or bending will cause it to a crack.
• A new type of fiber-reinforced bendable concrete bendable concrete might just be putting an end to that issue.
• This new concrete is around 500 times more resistant to cracking than regular concrete thanks to the tiny fibres , which
account for 2% of its make up.
• The fibers slide within the concrete when bending occurs , providing it with enough strength to prevent breakage.
WORKING MECHANISM:-
• Whenever the load increases beyond its limiting value the strong molecular bond formed between PVA fibres(polyvinyl
alcohol-fibres) are concrete during hydration prevents it from cracking.
• Different ingridients of ECC(engineered cementitious composite/bendable concrete) , work together , to share the applied
load.
ADVANTAGES:-
• It is more stronger ,more durable, and lasts longer than conventional concrete.
• It is more resistant to cracking.
• It does not emit that much amount of harmful gases as compared to conventional concrete.
• It reduces the cost of the project.

22. DISADVANTAGES:-
• It requires skilled labour for its construction.
• It needs special type of materials which can be difficult to find in some areas.
• Its quality depend upon the material used and the condition under which it is made.
APPLICATIONS:-
• It is used in the construction of the jointless bridges.
• In earthquake resistant structures.
• ECC overlays can be used over cracked concrete surfaces.

23. APPLICATION BASED IMAGES:-

24. TRANSPARENT ALUMINUM:-
INTRODUCTION:-
• Transparent aluminum , also known as aluminum oxynitride , is a transparent polycrystalline ceramic with a cubic spinel
crystal structure made of nitrogen , oxygen & aluminum.
• It is optically transparent in the near-ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions.
• It is 4 times harder than fused silica glass , 85% harder than sapphire & 15% harder than magnesium aliminate spinel.
PRODUCTION METHOD:-
• The fabricated ceramic material is subjected to heat treatment at elevated temperatures followed by the process of grinding.
• The material is then polished to obtain transparency.
• It losses transparency at around 2100 degree celcius.
• The processes of grinding & polishing mainly enhance the impact resistance and the resulting material is harder than
sapphire by 85% and magnesium aluminate spinel by 15%.

25. ADVANTAGES:-
• It has outstanding hardness & high strength.
• Available in wide variety of sizes , shape, & thicknesses.
• Total absence of birefringence.
DISADVANTAGES:-
• Not suitable in large panels, only suitable for small windows.
• Economically suitable only for longer run.
APPLICATIONS:-
• They are used in windows for laser communications and IR domes with different shapes that include
hemispherical and hyper-hemispherical domes.
• Translucent ceramics.
• Thermally conductive filler.

26. APPLICATION BASED IMAGES:-

27. LIQUID GRANITE:-
INTRODUCTION:-
• The material is made up of between 30-70% recycled material , mainly base products are from industry.
• Liquid granite consists of chips made from natural stone.
• It gives lovely & unique appearance ,and also offers UV Protection against fading and dulling .
• It has the ability to completely replace cement in concrete.
• Unlike concrete does not explode in high temperature.
ADVANTAGES:-
• It is light weight and has the same load bearing capacity as that of cement.
• Is made from recycled materials.
• It is fire resistant & can withstand temperatures of up to-1,100 degrees celcius.
• It is chemical resistant & scratch resistant.
DISADVANTAGES:-
• Is it costly.
• As unique colours are used in work , they cannot be replaced easily.

28. APPLICATIONS:-
• It provides a “green” alternative to natural stone without compromising on durability , quality or looks.
• It can be used to replace normal structural concrete & provide fire rated sections.
APPLICATION BASED IMAGES:-

29. SOLAR PANEL ROOFING TILES:-
INTRODUCTION:-
• The system consists of rigid solar panels attached to a roof mounted rack, spaced at least 100mm of the roof,
this makes them to stick.
• It transforms the sun`s energy into useable electricity to power the house.
• With all integrated powerwall battery , energy collected during the day is stored and made available at any time.
ADVANTAGES:-
• Works well in long run.
• Reduces electricity bill.
• Are durable.
DISADVANTAGES:-
• Cannot be used in places where there is not much time difference between sunrise & sunset.
• Cannot be used where there is high rainfall annually.

30. APPLICTIONS:-
• Used in areas having low rainfall & sunny weather.
• Used in working places where high electricity demand is present.
IMAGES OF SOLAR PANEL ROOFING TILES:-