This document discusses the lack of free access to legal information in Africa and the work of AfricanLII to address this issue. It notes that without free access, citizens are disempowered and economic development is hindered. AfricanLII partners with legal information institutes in various African countries to make legislation and court decisions openly accessible online. While some successes have been achieved, challenges remain regarding sustainability and gaining widespread acceptance of the principle of free access to law.
Regulation in the place of digital and mobile platformShamseena Zubair
Due to the anonymous nature of the Internet, it is possible to engage into a variety of criminal activities with impunity and people with intelligence, have been grossly misusing this aspect of the Internet to perpetuate criminal activities in cyberspace. Also the numbers of users are increasing rapidly. India, unlike the oppressive regimes in China and Iran, does not closely monitor or censor Internet activity. Government of India promoting new technologies same time it’s also protecting from the new technological problems by its laws and regulations.
Privacy and data protection in the realm of Internet Governance by Santosh Si...Santosh Sigdel
Privacy and Data Protection are important elements to be considered within Internet Governance. This presentation international mechanism as well as Nepali provisions relating to privacy and data protection.
Could the internet transform legal services for people on low incomes? Innov...Andrés Vázquez
Digital exclusion is real but not entirely disabling.
It is the age of Aquarius: innovation is everywhere.
Law is national but technology is global: we can learn from other countries.
There is convergence - both in technologies and providers.
The future is interactive and mobile.
The internet opens the possibility of end to end provision from diagnosis to resolution.
The internet opens new opportunities for advancing skills
NGOs can have a leading role in development.
We need to re-engineer legal aid.
RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT 2005 ,FULL THEORY-MANPREET SINGH (B.COM)MANPREETSINGHPANESAR1
Right to information act 2005, all theory considered features ,merits ,demerits and functions etc.in briefly explained in this content . thanks for viewing this topic and do not forget to hit the like button ....
33rd TWNIC IP OPM: Legal cooperation to overcome jurisdictional and territori...APNIC
APNIC General Counsel Craig Ng discusses legal cooperation to overcome jurisdictional and territorial limits in cybercrime investigations at the 33rd TWNIC IP OPM in Taipei, Taiwan, on 5 December 2019.
RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT
RIGHT TO INFORMATION WHY?
Democracy requires an informed citizenry.
Transparency of information vital to its functioning.
To contain corruption
Re-define larger framework of Accountability, Democracy, Ethics and Rights.
Under-pins administrative reforms.
Enables Human Rights to be realized.
Harmonize conflicting interests.
RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT, 2005
The RTI bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha in December 2004.
It was passed by both Houses of the Parliament in may 2005.
The assent of the President was received on 15th June 2005 and act was notified in the Gazette of India on 21st June 2005.
The RTI act has been operational on 12th October 2005 after completion of 120 days from the date of Presidential assent.
SALIENT FEATURES OF THE ACT
Maximum Disclosures
Duty to Publish
Suo motu and web based disclosures
Duty to Furnish
PIO and Deemed PIO
Exemption – As per section 8 and 9 of the Act.
Covers Private Body & Third Party Information
Penalty for defiance.
Independent and Non-judicial appellate mechanism
Empowerment of citizens
DEFINITION OF “INFORMATION” {SECTION 2 (f) & 2(j) of RTI Act, 2005}
Obtaining information in the form of diskettes, floppies, tapes, video cassettes or in any other electronic mode or through printouts where such information is stored in a computer or in any other device.
What is a Public Authority?
“Public Authority" means any authority or body or institution of self- government established or constituted— (a)by or under the Constitution; (b)by any other law made by Parliament; (c)by any other law made by State Legislature; (d)by notification issued or order made by the appropriate Government, and includes any— (i) body owned, controlled or substantially financed; (ii) non-Government organization substantially financed, directly or indirectly by funds provided by the appropriate Government;
A public authority has to fulfill certain obligations as per RTI Act – 2005.
Regulation in the place of digital and mobile platformShamseena Zubair
Due to the anonymous nature of the Internet, it is possible to engage into a variety of criminal activities with impunity and people with intelligence, have been grossly misusing this aspect of the Internet to perpetuate criminal activities in cyberspace. Also the numbers of users are increasing rapidly. India, unlike the oppressive regimes in China and Iran, does not closely monitor or censor Internet activity. Government of India promoting new technologies same time it’s also protecting from the new technological problems by its laws and regulations.
Privacy and data protection in the realm of Internet Governance by Santosh Si...Santosh Sigdel
Privacy and Data Protection are important elements to be considered within Internet Governance. This presentation international mechanism as well as Nepali provisions relating to privacy and data protection.
Could the internet transform legal services for people on low incomes? Innov...Andrés Vázquez
Digital exclusion is real but not entirely disabling.
It is the age of Aquarius: innovation is everywhere.
Law is national but technology is global: we can learn from other countries.
There is convergence - both in technologies and providers.
The future is interactive and mobile.
The internet opens the possibility of end to end provision from diagnosis to resolution.
The internet opens new opportunities for advancing skills
NGOs can have a leading role in development.
We need to re-engineer legal aid.
RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT 2005 ,FULL THEORY-MANPREET SINGH (B.COM)MANPREETSINGHPANESAR1
Right to information act 2005, all theory considered features ,merits ,demerits and functions etc.in briefly explained in this content . thanks for viewing this topic and do not forget to hit the like button ....
33rd TWNIC IP OPM: Legal cooperation to overcome jurisdictional and territori...APNIC
APNIC General Counsel Craig Ng discusses legal cooperation to overcome jurisdictional and territorial limits in cybercrime investigations at the 33rd TWNIC IP OPM in Taipei, Taiwan, on 5 December 2019.
RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT
RIGHT TO INFORMATION WHY?
Democracy requires an informed citizenry.
Transparency of information vital to its functioning.
To contain corruption
Re-define larger framework of Accountability, Democracy, Ethics and Rights.
Under-pins administrative reforms.
Enables Human Rights to be realized.
Harmonize conflicting interests.
RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT, 2005
The RTI bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha in December 2004.
It was passed by both Houses of the Parliament in may 2005.
The assent of the President was received on 15th June 2005 and act was notified in the Gazette of India on 21st June 2005.
The RTI act has been operational on 12th October 2005 after completion of 120 days from the date of Presidential assent.
SALIENT FEATURES OF THE ACT
Maximum Disclosures
Duty to Publish
Suo motu and web based disclosures
Duty to Furnish
PIO and Deemed PIO
Exemption – As per section 8 and 9 of the Act.
Covers Private Body & Third Party Information
Penalty for defiance.
Independent and Non-judicial appellate mechanism
Empowerment of citizens
DEFINITION OF “INFORMATION” {SECTION 2 (f) & 2(j) of RTI Act, 2005}
Obtaining information in the form of diskettes, floppies, tapes, video cassettes or in any other electronic mode or through printouts where such information is stored in a computer or in any other device.
What is a Public Authority?
“Public Authority" means any authority or body or institution of self- government established or constituted— (a)by or under the Constitution; (b)by any other law made by Parliament; (c)by any other law made by State Legislature; (d)by notification issued or order made by the appropriate Government, and includes any— (i) body owned, controlled or substantially financed; (ii) non-Government organization substantially financed, directly or indirectly by funds provided by the appropriate Government;
A public authority has to fulfill certain obligations as per RTI Act – 2005.
Digital Marketing: The Science Behind Keyword SelectionAIS Media, Inc.
Enjoy AIS Media Inc's webinar, The Science Behind Keyword Selection.
Keywords are the driving force behind all effective internet searches. How you rank in Google has become critical to your company's online success.
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For over 35 years, functional programming has been a hot research topic. However in the last 5 years, driven by the need to build massively concurrent systems and to handle big-data, we have experienced a rapid adoption of functional programming concepts by diverse companies, ranging from tech start-ups to financial institutes.
These days, functional programming is at the heart of every, new generation programming technologies. Companies are employing functional programming to enable more effective, robust, and flexible software development. This has given birth to a very vibrant community of functional programmers, who are constantly exploring ways to bring functional programming concepts to the world of enterprise software development.
Functional Conf is designed to bring the growing community of functional programmers together under one roof. At Functional Conf:
participants can understand the fundamentals concepts behind functional programming,
they can learn how others are using functional programming to solve real world problems,
practitioners can meet peers and exchange their experience,
experts can share their expertise on practical usage and gotchas in functional programming concepts.
More details: http://functionalconf.com/ or https://confengine.com/functional-conf-2016
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Internet Governance and Open Source SoftwareSeaparo Phala
The presentations seeks to draw linkages between internet governance and open source software initiatives. It also highlights the role of internet rights and OSS in the digital economy.
The starting point to stop Land-grabbing by governments
and multinationals, which violates natural and traditional
systems and laws: the need for laws to protect land rights.
1-. In many countries the political arena pays little attention to the rights of farmers.
And yet, “giving away” the land is putting at risk the future of their countries. In the world there are already one billion hungry people. Do we need to increase the number?
2-. Few States have their own laws governing international investments in land, and legal avenues for redress under national law are limited.
And yet, the issues at stake are high:
- the consequences are serious for local populations and local farmers,
- It will eventually be clear that the financial efforts being made to bring hunger and poverty to an end will have been made in vain.
3-. Villagers could redress the issue through international human rights law, focusing on human rights, such as the right to food or to property.
Presently the RTI Act is facing many challenges. I have thoroughly studied the Act and practically seen the troubles happening with this Act while working in Central Information Commission. Here in this presentation I am raising some key issues in bullet points.
Presentation by Jorge Ortega González, Director General of Legal Advisory, Contracts and Agreements, Ministry of the Interior of Mexico, during the Seminar on Integrity in Lobbying at OECD Integrity Week 2014. Further information is available at http://www.oecd.org/cleangovbiz/oecd-integrity-week-2014.htm.
Legal Issues of Government Use of Social MediaDavid Menken
This presentation explores the legal issues relevant to government use of social media, most particularly first amendment and open meetings/document retention matters. It was given at the New York State Cyber Security Conference in Albany NY on June 2, 2015.
ASHWINI KUMAR UPADHYAY v/s Union of India.pptxshweeta209
transfer of the P.I.L filed by lawyer Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay in Delhi High Court to Supreme Court.
on the issue of UNIFORM MARRIAGE AGE of men and women.
Military Commissions details LtCol Thomas Jasper as Detailed Defense CounselThomas (Tom) Jasper
Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Notice of the Chief Defense Counsel's detailing of LtCol Thomas F. Jasper, Jr. USMC, as Detailed Defense Counsel for Abd Al Hadi Al-Iraqi on 6 August 2014 in the case of United States v. Hadi al Iraqi (10026)
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
Visit Now: https://www.tumblr.com/trademark-quick/751620857551634432/ensure-legal-protection-file-your-trademark-with?source=share
Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
Introduction-
The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
How to Obtain Permanent Residency in the NetherlandsBridgeWest.eu
You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
PRECEDENT AS A SOURCE OF LAW (SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Precedent, or stare decisis, is a cornerstone of common law systems where past judicial decisions guide future cases, ensuring consistency and predictability in the legal system. Binding precedents from higher courts must be followed by lower courts, while persuasive precedents may influence but are not obligatory. This principle promotes fairness and efficiency, allowing for the evolution of the law as higher courts can overrule outdated decisions. Despite criticisms of rigidity and complexity, precedent ensures similar cases are treated alike, balancing stability with flexibility in judicial decision-making.
Presentation at IFLA Congress in Cape Town on 18 August 2015
1. Free Access to Legal Information from
Africa
Mariya Badeva-Bright
Project Director, AfricanLII
2. Free and Open Access to
Law in Africa
• Sometimes non-existent, often sporadic,
rarely complete
• Lack of access:
o disempowers the citizens, as they do not have access to the very laws
they are meant to abide by
o frustrates legal research, hence negatively affecting the work of
private, public and NGO lawyers, government officials, judges, law
reform practitioners, academics and students of the law,
o impedes foreign and local investment and economic development as
investors prefer investment destinations that have open, effective and
transparent legal systems that for example, enforce contracts and
secure property rights, and
o defeats transparency in judicial and government business.
3. Real cases
• Adjudication is compromised and diminished in
the absence of credible law reporting, and could
jeopardize the credibility of dispensation of
justice
• Human rights remain unrealized
• Misinformed media and public
• Exposing practices that threaten the
independence of judges and judicial processes
• Enabling civil society and public participation in
the work of the Judiciary and Parliament (and
4. African Legal Information
Institute
• AfricanLII is an umbrella organization,
aiming to entrench free access to law on a
national level across Southern Africa and the
rest of the continent
• Contextualizing global standards set by the
international Free Access to Law Movement
• Partners and assists LIIs in Kenya, Lesotho,
Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, the
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa,
Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
5. Montreal Declaration on
Free Access to Law, 2002
• Public legal information from all countries and
international institutions is part of the common heritage
of humanity. Maximising access to this information
promotes justice and the rule of law;
• Public legal information is digital common property and
should be accessible to all on a non-profit basis and free
of charge;
• Organisations such as legal information institutes have
the right to publish public legal information and the
government bodies that create or control that information
should provide access to it so that it can be published by
other parties.
6. Successes
• Tens of thousands of documents of
judgments and legislation openly published
and available via the Internet
• Standards adopted to ensure
comprehensiveness and completeness of
access
• Partnerships between justice sector
stakeholders nationally and regionally
• Regional statement of support for free
access to law
7. Challenenges
• Technical: facilitating maximal access
• Strategic: ensuring sustainability
o sustained maintenance of the collections
o organizational sustainability
o financial sustainability
o widespread acceptance of the norm of free (and
open) access to law
8. Access to Legislation
• Sometimes non-existent, sporadic, rarely
complete
• If available: expensive to produce, maintain
and access
• Distribution often constrained by regulated
reproduction and rules on authority, but
more often by lack of funds to compile and
maintain
9. The Law State of Access
Lesotho No copyright over rules and decisions
of courts and administrative bodies
(s5(a) Copyright Order, 1989)
Crown copyright in legislation.
Sporadic free, not open,
access via LesothoLII; no
commercial access
Liberia No exclusions. Authority vested. Free, not open, access via
LiberLII; no commercial
access; no updates
Malawi Exclusion of written laws and decisions
of courts and administrative bodies (s
7(a) Copyright Act, CAP 49:03).
Authority vested
Incomplete free and open
access via MalawiLII; Up-
to-date and complete
collections sold by AG’s
office
Mozambique Excluded from the scope of copyright
are official texts of a legislative,
administrative or judicial nature. No
authority
Many commercial
services; incomplete free
and open access via
MozLei ( cost)
South Africa No copyright shall subsist in official
texts of a legislative, administrative or
legal nature, or in official
translations of such texts (S 12 (8)(a)
Copyright Act 98 of 1978). No authority
Recent free (but not open)
access to legislation;
numerous commercial
offerings
Seychelles Copyright subsists in all works of
Government. No exclusions. (s 8(1)(a)
Copyright Act, CAP 51). Authority
vested.
Free and open access to
legislation via SeyLII.
Private consolidation and
updates of a selection of
legislation undertaken.
Sierra
Leone
Excluded from the scope are any
official text of a legislative,
administrative or legal nature or any of
its official translations
Incomplete free and open
access via SierraLII. No
private or government
publication
Swaziland No exclusions. Crown copyright.
Authority vested
No access to legislation.
Some printed commercial
volumes available.
Uganda No exclusions. Authority vested. Free and open access via
ULII. Some commercial
access. Not up-to-date
Zambia Copyright shall not subsist in a Bill
introduced into Parliament or in an Act
Free and open access
available via ZambiaLII
10. Summary
• Access provided by private (commercial or
non-profit) entities
• Authorities do not always have the resources
to provide up-to-date and comprehensive
access to legislation
• Cost-recovery requirement for Government
stifles production and dissemination
• Free access is not always open
11. Principles of Access to
Legislation (Cormacain)
• All Acts are published simultaneously on the Internet and in print as
soon as possible after Royal Assent. It is important to ensure that an
accurate approved text is published and that all users have access
at the same time to the same text. (UK House of Commons,
Legislative Standards)
• Accessible legislation principles:
o Availability of law as enacted
o Availability of law as amended
o Law at a point in time
o Legislation in context
o Findability
14. The Kenya Model
• Comprehensive, updated collection of the law
• Funded by government
• Available as public domain (the raw text), and
Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike
(metadata and value-adds)
• Costs a lot to produce legislation
15. Replication?
• Work with government (authority) to build
capacity for providing basic digital access to
law
• Positioned as an essential public (at least
partially) government funded service
• Build value added free law services for the
profession and public, sustained by a non-
profit business model (create spaces for
users to contribute financially or in-kind, web
monetization strategies, etc.)
16. Role of Libraries
• Partnerships with
o Government Publications Department of the
University of Cape Town Library
o Institutional libraries – Constitutional court of South
Africa, Parliamentary library of Malawi, etc.
• Ideas?