The document summarizes traffic data collected from three intersections in Kajang, Bangi, and Sepakat. It provides traffic flow counts for vehicles like cars, lorries, motorcycles, and buses. It then calculates the passenger car unit and saturation flow for each phase at each intersection. Based on this, it determines the optimal green time split for each phase that would help control traffic flow at the intersections more efficiently.

1. KKKA 6424
INTELLIGENT URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM
Prof. Dr. Riza Atiq Abdullah O.K. Rahmat
ASSIGNMENT (1)
PREPARED BY:
1- HAIDER FARHAN P65405
2- MUSTAFA TALIB P60915
3-- SAHAR ABD ALI P65295

2. Introduction
Traffic lights
Traffic lights, also known as traffic signals, traffic lamps, signal
lights, robots and semaphores. Are signaling devices positioned at or near road
intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations to control competing flows of
traffic. Traffic lights were first installed in 1868 in London, United, now used in
almost every city of the world. Traffic lights alternate the right of way accorded to
road users by displaying lights of a standard color (red, yellow/amber, and green)
following a universal color code (and a precise sequence to enable comprehension by
those who are color blind).
In the typical sequence of color phases:
Illumination of the green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted, if
it is safe to do so
Illumination of the yellow/amber light denoting prepare to stop short of the
intersection, if it is safe to do so
Illumination of the red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding
Usually, the red light contains some orange in its hue, and the green light contains
some blue, said to be for the benefit of people with red-green color blindness

3. Single aspects
The simplest traffic light comprises either a single or a pair of colored aspects that
warns any user of the shared right of way of a possible conflict or danger.
Flashing Red: Treat as a stop sign. Also can signal the road is closed.
Flashing Yellow: Caution, crossing or road hazard ahead
Flashing Green: Varies among jurisdiction; can give permission to go straight as well
as make a left turn in front of opposing traffic (which is held by a steady red light), or
can indicate the end of a green cycle before the light changes to a solid yellow

4. Case study
Our team which consists of three engineers selected a series of intersection of
three, these three intersections are located on the road which link between Bangi
(UKM), Kajang, Sepakat, and the highway lead to KL as shown in the figure
below.

5. Each one of these intersections are consist of three legs (three phases) and all
phases have two lanes in each intersection.
As a work team after selecting these intersections we conducted the traffic
count survey for one hour for each intersection, and we found that the cycle time
of traffic light for each intersection is (120 seconds),(160 sec ),and (180 sec )
,respectively, and the all red for each approach ( 2 seconds ), and amber for each
approach ( 3 seconds ).

7. Intersection-1-
This is the first intersection linking Kajang, Babgi, and (UKM) as shown in the
figure below.

9. DATA OF INTERSECTION: 1
assenger Car Unit Data traffic for one hour
Traffic Flows in KAJANG UKM BANGI
15 Min
Phase -1- Phase -2- Phase -
3-
Cars/Van 755 846 361
Lori < 5 ton 42 118 37
Lori > 5 ton 13 4 5
Motorcycle 322 215 137
Bus 10 14 5
Mini Bus 12 17 10
so we need the table below
Bil Vehicle Passenger Car Unit
1 Car / van / jeep / mpv 1
2 Lorry < 5 ton 1.75
3 Lorry > 5 ton 2.25
4 Trailer 3
5 Mini Bus 2.5
6 Bus 2.75
7 Motorcycle 0.35

10. Phase Traffic Flows in 1 hour Total
Car Lorry<5 Lorry>5 Trail Mini Bus M/cycle (pcu/hr)
ton ton er Bus
1 755 42 13 0 12 10 322 1027
2 846 118 4 0 17 14 215 1216
3 361 37 5 0 10 5 137 524
PCU 1 1.75 2.25 3 2.5 2.75 0.35
UNIT
Phase Number of Saturation Saturation Actual Flow / Green
Lanes Flow per Flow Flows Saturation Time
Lane (pcu/hr) (pcu/hr) Flow Split
(pcu/hr) Ration
1 2 1800 3600 1027 0.33 0.44
2 2 1800 3600 1216 0.28 0.37
3 2 1800 3600 524 0.14 0.18
Total = 0.75 =Y

11. L= 3 *(2+3) = 15 sec
Cycle time (C0 ) = 1.5 L + 5 / 1- Y = 1.5*(15)+5 / 1-0.75=110 sec
Effective green time = 110 – 15 = 95 sec
Phase -1- green time =95* 0.44 =41.8 = 42 sec
Phase-2- green time =95*0.37 = 35.15 = 36 sec
Phase-3- green time =95*0.18 = 17.1 = 18 sec
Total of green time = 42+36+18 = 96 sec
Total of amber & all red time =3 * (2+3) = 15 sec
Cycle time = 96 + 15 = 111 sec

12. Intersection-2-
The second intersection links Kajang, UKM, and Sepakat as shown in the
figure below.

14. DATA OF INTERSECTION: 2
Traffic Flows in KAJANG Ukm SEPAKAT
15 Min
Phase-1- Phase-2- Phase-3-
Cars/Van 808 918 338
Lori < 5 ton 46 135 46
Lori > 5 ton 17 5 11
Motorcycle 351 238 117
Bus 11 14 1
Mini Bus 14 20 4
Bil Vehicle Passenger Car Unit
1 Car / van / jeep / mpv 1
2 Lorry < 5 ton 1.75
3 Lorry > 5 ton 2.25
4 Trailer 3
5 Mini Bus 2.5
6 Bus 2.75
7 Motorcycle 0.35

15. Phase Traffic Flows in 1 hour Total
Car Lorry<5to Lorry>5to Traile Mini Bus M/cycle (pcu/hr)
n n r Bus
1 808 46 17 0 14 11 351 1115
2 918 135 5 0 20 14 238 1336
3 338 46 11 0 4 1 117 498
PCU 1 1.75 2.25 3 2.5 2.75 0.35
UNIT
Phase Number of Saturation Saturation Actual Flow / Green Time
Lanes Flow per Lane Flow (pcu/hr) Flows Saturation Split
(pcu/hr) (pcu/hr) Flow Ration
1 2 1800 3600 1115 0.31 0.37
2 2 1800 3600 1336 0.37 0.45
3 2 1800 3600 498 0.14 0.17
Total = 0.82=Y

16. L = 3 * (2+3) = 15 sec
Cycle time (C0)=1.5L+5 /1-Y=1.5*15+5/1-0.82=155 sec
Effective green time = 155- 15 = 140 sec
Phase-1- green time =140* 0.37 =51.8 =52 sec
Phase-2- green time=140 *0.45 = 63 sec
Phase-3-green time=140 *0.17=23.8 = 24 sec
Total of green time = 52+63+24 = 139 sec
Total of amber & all red = 3*(2+3) =15 sec
Cycle time = 139 +15 = 154 sec

17. Intersection-3-
This is the third intersection which links Kajang, UKM, and the highway as
shown in the figure below.

19. DATA OF INTERSECTION: 3
Traffic Flows in 15 KAJANG Ukm HIGHWAY
Min
Phase-1- Phase-2- Phase-3-
Cars/Van 768 956 585
Lori < 5 ton 42 137 24
Lori > 5 ton 11 5 9
Motorcycle 333 258 34
Bus 11 14 3
Mini Bus 14 22 0
Bil Vehicle Passenger Car Unit
1 Car / van / jeep / mpv 1
2 Lorry < 5 ton 1.75
3 Lorry > 5 ton 2.25
4 Trailer 3
5 Mini Bus 2.5
6 Bus 2.75
7 Motorcycle 0.35

20. Phase Traffic Flows in 1 hour Total
Car Lorry<5to Lorry>5to Trailer Mini Bus M/cycle (pcu/hr)
n n Bus
1 768 42 11 0 16 12 333 1056
2 940 134 4 0 22 14 205 1348
3 585 24 9 0 0 3 34 667
PCU UNIT 1 1.75 2.25 3 2.5 2.75 0.35
Phase Number of Saturation Saturation Flow Actual Flows Flow / Green
Lanes Flow per Lane (pcu/hr) (pcu/hr) Saturation Time Split
(pcu/hr) Flow Ration
1 2 1800 3600 1056 0.29 0.34
2 2 1800 3600 1348 0.37 0.44
3 2 1800 3600 667 0.18 0.21
Total = 0.84 = Y

21. L = 3 * (2+3) = 15 sec
Cycle time (C0) = 1.5L+5/1-Y=1.5*15+5/1-0.84= 175
Effective green time =175 – 15 = 160 sec
Phase-1- green time = 160 * 0.34=54.4 = 55 sec
Phase-2- green time = 160 * 0.44 =70.4 = 71 sec
Phase-3- green time = 160 * 0.21 =33.6 = 34 sec
Total time green = 55 + 71 + 34 = 160 sec
Total of amber& all red =3 *(2+3) =15 sec
Cycle time = 160 + 15 = 175 sec

22. Summary of results for cycle time ( C₀ ) and effective green
time ( Ge)
Intersection Cycle time C₀ (sec ) Effective Green time Ge
(sec)
1 111 65
2 154 140
3 175 160

23. Calculation of cycle time:
After calculation of cycle time with Webster method, the
highest cycle time was for intersection 3 and it was equal
to175 seconds. So adjust all intersection using Cycle
Time 175 seconds.
Intersection 1: Phase Green time (sec )
Cycle time = 175 sec
Total of amber and all red time =
(3+2) x3=15 sec 1 71
Total green time = 175-15=160sec
2 60
Phase 1 green time = 160*
0.44=70.4sec =71 sec 3 29
Phase 2 green time =160
Total 160
*0.37=59.2sec=60sec
Phase 3 green time =
160*0.18=28.8sec=29sec

24. Intersection 2:
Cycle time = 175 sec
Total of amber and all red time = (3+2) Phase Green time (sec )
x3= 15sec
Total green time = 175-15 =160sec
Phase 1 green time
1 60
=160*0.37=59.2sec=60sec
Phase 2 green time =160*0.45= 72sec
2 72
Phase 3 green time = 160*0.17=27.2sec
=28sec
3 28
Total 160

25. Intersection 3:
Cycle time =175 sec
Phase Green time (sec )
Total of amber and all red
time = (3+2) x3=15 sec
Total green time = 175-15= 1 55
160 sec
Phase 1 green time = 55sec 2 71
Phase 2 green time = 71sec 3 34
Phase 3 green time = 34 sec
Total 160

26. Calculation of offset time :
Offset time : L/S - ( Qh+ loss)
Where
Q = Number of vehicles queued per lane,
vehicle.
h = Discharge Headway of queued vehicle
in seconds/vehicle.
Typical value of h is 2 seconds / vehicle.
S = Average Speed in meter in second
L = Distance between intersections in
meter
Loss1 = Loss Time associated with
vehicles starting from rest at the
first downstream signal (2 seconds can be
used as a default).

27. -1-offset1
S= 10 m/s
L1= 1600 m
Q1= 12 veh
h=2 sec per veh
loss =2 sec
Offset1 =1600/10-(12x2+2) =134sec
phase Green time 1 55 2 71 3 34 total
160
RELATIVE OFFSET= 134 , ABSOLUTE
OFFSET=134
2-offset2
S= 10 m/s
L2= 250m
Q2= 14veh
h=2 sec per veh
loss =2 sec
Offset 2 =250/10-(14x2+2) =-5sec
RELATIVE OFFSET =-5, ABSOLUTE OFFSET =129
3-Offset3= 0