Dell had a competitive advantage through its build-to-order working capital policy. It kept low levels of inventory, only 10-20% compared to competitors' 50-70%, by building PCs based on customer orders. This allowed Dell to avoid obsolete inventory, use less capital and space for storage, quickly adapt to changing technology, and gain an advantage with new innovations. Dell's low inventory levels resulted in high turnover and fewer inventory days, lowering its cash conversion cycle.
This document presents a case study on Dell and its business model. It summarizes Dell's history starting as a small PC company in 1984 and adopting a build-to-order model. It analyzes how Dell's low inventory model saved it significant capital compared to competitors. The document also examines how Dell funded its growth internally in the mid-1990s through increasing asset efficiency, reducing liabilities, and decreasing short-term investments. Finally, it provides a forecast for Dell's performance in 1997.
Primus Automation produces factory automation products and services. Avantjet, a jet aircraft manufacturer, wants to acquire an automation system from Primus to cut costs. Avantjet is constrained by its capital-intensive nature and CEO's order to avoid capital expenditures. Primus offers the system through a lease, which could be a capital lease or operating lease. An operating lease provides tax benefits for Avantjet and allows Primus to renew or resell the equipment. Based on net present value calculations for both companies, Primus recommends a 3-year operating lease under Option 3.
Working Capital Gap Explained using examples from Dell and Amazon. What is it? How do you manage it? How do you measure it? How do you improve cash flow? Why is Amazon so unique? These are some of the questions that are answered here.
Dell was founded in 1984 on a direct business model that sells computer systems directly to customers. This eliminates retailers and allows Dell to build each system to order based on customer specifications. Dell also introduces new technology faster than competitors. Dell grew rapidly in the 1980s-1990s and became the largest PC seller. It introduced online sales in 1996. Dell's configure-to-order and just-in-time manufacturing approaches minimize inventory costs. Dell gains benefits like cash flow, reduced costs, strong customer relationships, and demand forecasting from its direct model. It drives innovation through customer feedback.
Michael Dell started Dell Computer in 1984 out of his dorm room at the University of Texas with $1000. Dell pioneered a direct sales model where it built computers to customer specifications and shipped directly to consumers without retailers. This allowed Dell to eliminate inventory costs and quickly introduce new technologies. By 2001, Dell became the largest PC maker in the world, but has faced challenges recently from the decline in PC sales as tablets and smartphones increased in popularity. In response, Dell went private in a $24 billion deal in 2013 to restructure away from its reliance on PCs.
Dell had a competitive advantage through its build-to-order working capital policy. It kept low levels of inventory, only 10-20% compared to competitors' 50-70%, by building PCs based on customer orders. This allowed Dell to avoid obsolete inventory, use less capital and space for storage, quickly adapt to changing technology, and gain an advantage with new innovations. Dell's low inventory levels resulted in high turnover and fewer inventory days, lowering its cash conversion cycle.
This document presents a case study on Dell and its business model. It summarizes Dell's history starting as a small PC company in 1984 and adopting a build-to-order model. It analyzes how Dell's low inventory model saved it significant capital compared to competitors. The document also examines how Dell funded its growth internally in the mid-1990s through increasing asset efficiency, reducing liabilities, and decreasing short-term investments. Finally, it provides a forecast for Dell's performance in 1997.
Primus Automation produces factory automation products and services. Avantjet, a jet aircraft manufacturer, wants to acquire an automation system from Primus to cut costs. Avantjet is constrained by its capital-intensive nature and CEO's order to avoid capital expenditures. Primus offers the system through a lease, which could be a capital lease or operating lease. An operating lease provides tax benefits for Avantjet and allows Primus to renew or resell the equipment. Based on net present value calculations for both companies, Primus recommends a 3-year operating lease under Option 3.
Working Capital Gap Explained using examples from Dell and Amazon. What is it? How do you manage it? How do you measure it? How do you improve cash flow? Why is Amazon so unique? These are some of the questions that are answered here.
Dell was founded in 1984 on a direct business model that sells computer systems directly to customers. This eliminates retailers and allows Dell to build each system to order based on customer specifications. Dell also introduces new technology faster than competitors. Dell grew rapidly in the 1980s-1990s and became the largest PC seller. It introduced online sales in 1996. Dell's configure-to-order and just-in-time manufacturing approaches minimize inventory costs. Dell gains benefits like cash flow, reduced costs, strong customer relationships, and demand forecasting from its direct model. It drives innovation through customer feedback.
Michael Dell started Dell Computer in 1984 out of his dorm room at the University of Texas with $1000. Dell pioneered a direct sales model where it built computers to customer specifications and shipped directly to consumers without retailers. This allowed Dell to eliminate inventory costs and quickly introduce new technologies. By 2001, Dell became the largest PC maker in the world, but has faced challenges recently from the decline in PC sales as tablets and smartphones increased in popularity. In response, Dell went private in a $24 billion deal in 2013 to restructure away from its reliance on PCs.
Rodney Chu of Sierra Capital is negotiating the purchase of a 60% equity stake in Arcadian Microarray Technologies for $40 million. Simon has several tasks to help value Arcadian and determine a fair purchase price. Using a constant growth valuation with a 5% rate, Simon values Arcadian at $31 million from Arcadian's view and $22 million from Sierra's view, a difference of $9 million. Simon recommends Sierra use this approach and buy the 60% stake for $22 million.
Dell's direct sales model allowed it to achieve several strategic advantages over competitors. By eliminating resellers, Dell reduced costs and was able to pass on savings to customers. Dell also maintained very low inventory levels and collaborated closely with suppliers to achieve just-in-time manufacturing. This allowed Dell to quickly customize products for customers and respond rapidly to problems. Dell's build-to-order and mass customization approach positioned it for success as the PC industry grew rapidly in the 1990s.
Dell Computer Corporation exemplifies the principles of a Zero Time organization through its extraordinary growth and success. Dell eliminated middlemen through its build-to-order strategy where customers order PCs directly from Dell. This strategy allowed Dell to understand customer needs directly and adapt quickly to changes. Dell also practiced just-in-time manufacturing with minimal inventory. Coordination and constant change are core management principles at Dell to prevent suboptimization and respond rapidly to a changing environment.
This document provides information about Group IV and Dell Inc. It discusses Dell's history, mission statement, future plans, SWOT analysis, products, competitors, international markets, planning/strategic factors, organizational design, delegation of authority, diversity/inclusion, and cultures/values. The key points are that Dell was founded by Michael Dell in 1984 and has become a large multinational technology company, with strengths in its supply chain and brand but weaknesses in potential product recalls. It has diversified its product line and expanded globally.
This document discusses DNA microarrays, which allow researchers to analyze the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. It begins with definitions and history, then describes how a microarray works by hybridizing fluorescent-labeled samples to DNA probes on a chip. Applications include drug discovery, disease diagnosis, and gene expression profiling. Advantages are high throughput and ability to study many genes, while limitations include high costs and complex data analysis. In conclusion, DNA microarrays provide a powerful tool for comparing gene expression on a genomic scale.
Co-operative banks are part of India's banking system and operate according to cooperative principles of self-help and mutual assistance. They mobilize deposits and supply credit to support housing loans and other needs. While their aim is to provide affordable credit to members over profits, co-operative banks still rely on funding from governments, the RBI, NABARD and other banks due to limitations around self-sufficiency and infrastructure weaknesses.
http://panama-repossessed-properties.com/how-about-offshore-banking/
How About Offshore Banking
Individuals may have a variety of reasons why they wish to bank offshore from their original homeland. So how about offshore banking for you? If you are retiring in a tropical paradise you may wish to bank offshore where you live. You may notice that the local currency, such as the Colombian peso, is rising in value versus the US dollar and want to bank your assets where they will grow instead of decrease in value. Or perhaps, setting up a business in a growing economy in Latin American or Asia appeals to you. Some nations have favorable tax laws and it may simply be a matter of looking for a legal tax haven in which to bank your hard earned dollars, pounds, Yen, or Euro. Or an offshore jurisdiction with a degree of privacy associated with bank accounts may be your goal. If you think that what you own is no one else’s business you may want to continue reading How about Offshore Banking.
Offshore Banking for Asset Privacy
In an increasingly international world many live or retire, do business, and do their banking offshore from their nation of origin. Reasons vary from person to person and are many. Individuals bank assets away from their country of origin to avoid being the target of frivolous lawsuits. They place their hard earned assets in tax advantaged offshore jurisdictions to legally protect what they worked so hard to earn. Many choose jurisdictions where corporate and banking laws shield the individual from unnecessary intrusions into their private lives. Many choose offshore to protect the privacy of their assets. Is this costly? Not really. If you deal with a reputable advisor you will find that there are many banking opportunities in many jurisdictions. You simply need to consider what your needs are and pick the most advantageous jurisdiction and bank.
Modern Offshore Banking
Having a bank account in foreign countries does not mean that you need to fly down to Panama every month to deposit your social security check or take out living expenses. As much as a trip to a place like Panama City might be enjoyable it is typically not necessary. A modern offshore bank will allow you to send and receive funds worldwide (SWIFT/BIC). You can carry a debit card which allows you to take money from a cash machine anywhere in the world. A well chosen bank will have an account manager who speaks your language and can help you with any details via email, a phone call, or Skype. If banking offshore and using your debit card as you travel the world appeals to you please continue reading our primer for offshore banking. Remember that you do not need to live where you bank. Pick the best jurisdiction for doing business, the best for living, and the best for travel. And pick the most advantageous for banking offshore.
A bank account in an offshore jurisdiction is often a very private.
Repo rate is the rate at which banks borrow from the RBI to meet loan demand, currently at 7.75%. If RBI raises repo rate, it becomes more expensive for banks to borrow; lowering repo rate makes it cheaper. Reverse repo rate is the rate at which RBI borrows from banks, currently at 6.75%. RBI uses reverse repo to control excess money in banks. SLR requires banks invest a portion of deposits in government securities to restrict lending. CRR requires banks keep a portion of deposits as cash with RBI to ensure risk-free funds and allow RBI to control liquidity and inflation. Current CRR is 4%.
Offshore banking was formally introduced to the Philippines in 1976 through the promulgation of Presidential Decree No. 1034 and 1035, which established the regulatory framework for offshore banking units (OBUs) and foreign currency deposit units (FCDUs). The Central Bank of the Philippines had previously issued related circulars in 1970 and 1972 to allow foreign currency deposits. OBUs are branches, subsidiaries, or affiliates of foreign banking corporations authorized to conduct offshore banking business involving foreign currency transactions with external sources. OBUs can lend and borrow in any currency except Philippine pesos, with interest rates as high as 20%.
This document provides an overview of banks in India. It discusses the concept and history of banking, the role and functions of the Reserve Bank of India as the central bank, different types of banks in India including public sector, private sector and foreign banks, the market structure and top banks. It also describes the services provided by banks, payment facilities like debit/credit cards, growth trends in the banking sector and some key benchmarks.
Industri Intercon Internasional sedang mempertimbangkan untuk memperluas kapasitas produksinya dengan membangun pabrik baru di Korea, Brazil, Perancis atau Jerman. Peter Davis harus memilih lokasi yang tepat dengan mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor seperti kondisi ekonomi, nilai tukar mata uang, dan peraturan pajak di masing-masing negara."
The document discusses various monetary policy tools used by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and their impact on the Indian economy. It explains that RBI uses tools like the cash reserve ratio (CRR), statutory liquidity ratio (SLR), and repo rate to control money supply and fight inflation/deflation. Raising CRR or SLR reduces money available for bank lending, increases interest rates, and slows economic growth. Lowering them has the opposite effects. Similarly, raising the repo rate increases business loan costs, reduces spending and growth, while lowering repo rate stimulates growth. In conclusion, RBI periodically uses these tools to manage liquidity and influence economic activity across sectors and the nation as a whole.
The document discusses the dominance of multinational corporations (MNCs) in India from the 1960s to the 1990s and the government's efforts to regulate foreign investment and control MNCs. It notes that MNCs controlled over half the assets in India's large industrial sector in the 1960s and 1970s. The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) of 1973 aimed to reduce foreign ownership of companies to 40% or less. However, many companies did not fully implement FERA. Reforms in the 1990s gradually relaxed restrictions on foreign investment under FERA and eventually led to its replacement by the more liberal Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) of 1999.
Cooperative and commercial banks in indiaNirav Shah
Commercial banks provide services like deposits, loans, and investments to large businesses while cooperative banks are owned by their members who are both customers and owners. Recent trends in cooperative banks show that many are facing issues with minimum capital requirements and license cancellations, while commercial banks are adopting new technologies and pursuing financial inclusion. Both bank types play important roles in India's economic development through capital formation, banking services to various sectors, and expanding access to more customers.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to valuation of securities, including time value of money, simple vs compound interest, future and present value calculations for single amounts, annuities, and growing annuities. It also discusses bond valuation terminology, risks associated with bonds such as interest rate risk and default risk, and accrued interest calculations. The document uses examples throughout to illustrate various time value of money and bond valuation concepts.
This document provides an overview of the history of bank nationalization in India. It discusses how banks failed in the years following independence due to weak capitalization and lending primarily to secure borrowers. The objectives of nationalizing banks in 1969 were to promote social welfare, control private monopolies, expand banking access, reduce regional imbalances, and prioritize lending to key sectors. Fourteen large commercial banks were initially nationalized. This led to expanded branch networks, increased deposits and lending, and greater orientation toward priority sectors. However, nationalization also resulted in some inefficiencies over time due to political interference.
The document discusses various methods for valuing different types of securities like bonds, preference shares, and equity shares. It explains concepts like book value, market value, and intrinsic value. It provides formulas for calculating the present value of redeemable and irredeemable bonds and preference shares based on interest/dividend payments and redemption value. Methods for valuing equity shares include the dividend capitalization method using models for finite periods, constant dividend growth, and variable dividend growth as well as the earnings capitalization method.
Pendidikan inklusif merupakan sistem pendidikan yang
memberikan akses kepada semua peserta didik yang
memiliki kelainan, bakat istimewa,maupun potensi tertentu
untuk mengikuti pendidikan maupun pembelajaran dalam
satu lingkungan pendidikan yang sama dengan peserta didik
umumlainya
Rodney Chu of Sierra Capital is negotiating the purchase of a 60% equity stake in Arcadian Microarray Technologies for $40 million. Simon has several tasks to help value Arcadian and determine a fair purchase price. Using a constant growth valuation with a 5% rate, Simon values Arcadian at $31 million from Arcadian's view and $22 million from Sierra's view, a difference of $9 million. Simon recommends Sierra use this approach and buy the 60% stake for $22 million.
Dell's direct sales model allowed it to achieve several strategic advantages over competitors. By eliminating resellers, Dell reduced costs and was able to pass on savings to customers. Dell also maintained very low inventory levels and collaborated closely with suppliers to achieve just-in-time manufacturing. This allowed Dell to quickly customize products for customers and respond rapidly to problems. Dell's build-to-order and mass customization approach positioned it for success as the PC industry grew rapidly in the 1990s.
Dell Computer Corporation exemplifies the principles of a Zero Time organization through its extraordinary growth and success. Dell eliminated middlemen through its build-to-order strategy where customers order PCs directly from Dell. This strategy allowed Dell to understand customer needs directly and adapt quickly to changes. Dell also practiced just-in-time manufacturing with minimal inventory. Coordination and constant change are core management principles at Dell to prevent suboptimization and respond rapidly to a changing environment.
This document provides information about Group IV and Dell Inc. It discusses Dell's history, mission statement, future plans, SWOT analysis, products, competitors, international markets, planning/strategic factors, organizational design, delegation of authority, diversity/inclusion, and cultures/values. The key points are that Dell was founded by Michael Dell in 1984 and has become a large multinational technology company, with strengths in its supply chain and brand but weaknesses in potential product recalls. It has diversified its product line and expanded globally.
This document discusses DNA microarrays, which allow researchers to analyze the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. It begins with definitions and history, then describes how a microarray works by hybridizing fluorescent-labeled samples to DNA probes on a chip. Applications include drug discovery, disease diagnosis, and gene expression profiling. Advantages are high throughput and ability to study many genes, while limitations include high costs and complex data analysis. In conclusion, DNA microarrays provide a powerful tool for comparing gene expression on a genomic scale.
Co-operative banks are part of India's banking system and operate according to cooperative principles of self-help and mutual assistance. They mobilize deposits and supply credit to support housing loans and other needs. While their aim is to provide affordable credit to members over profits, co-operative banks still rely on funding from governments, the RBI, NABARD and other banks due to limitations around self-sufficiency and infrastructure weaknesses.
http://panama-repossessed-properties.com/how-about-offshore-banking/
How About Offshore Banking
Individuals may have a variety of reasons why they wish to bank offshore from their original homeland. So how about offshore banking for you? If you are retiring in a tropical paradise you may wish to bank offshore where you live. You may notice that the local currency, such as the Colombian peso, is rising in value versus the US dollar and want to bank your assets where they will grow instead of decrease in value. Or perhaps, setting up a business in a growing economy in Latin American or Asia appeals to you. Some nations have favorable tax laws and it may simply be a matter of looking for a legal tax haven in which to bank your hard earned dollars, pounds, Yen, or Euro. Or an offshore jurisdiction with a degree of privacy associated with bank accounts may be your goal. If you think that what you own is no one else’s business you may want to continue reading How about Offshore Banking.
Offshore Banking for Asset Privacy
In an increasingly international world many live or retire, do business, and do their banking offshore from their nation of origin. Reasons vary from person to person and are many. Individuals bank assets away from their country of origin to avoid being the target of frivolous lawsuits. They place their hard earned assets in tax advantaged offshore jurisdictions to legally protect what they worked so hard to earn. Many choose jurisdictions where corporate and banking laws shield the individual from unnecessary intrusions into their private lives. Many choose offshore to protect the privacy of their assets. Is this costly? Not really. If you deal with a reputable advisor you will find that there are many banking opportunities in many jurisdictions. You simply need to consider what your needs are and pick the most advantageous jurisdiction and bank.
Modern Offshore Banking
Having a bank account in foreign countries does not mean that you need to fly down to Panama every month to deposit your social security check or take out living expenses. As much as a trip to a place like Panama City might be enjoyable it is typically not necessary. A modern offshore bank will allow you to send and receive funds worldwide (SWIFT/BIC). You can carry a debit card which allows you to take money from a cash machine anywhere in the world. A well chosen bank will have an account manager who speaks your language and can help you with any details via email, a phone call, or Skype. If banking offshore and using your debit card as you travel the world appeals to you please continue reading our primer for offshore banking. Remember that you do not need to live where you bank. Pick the best jurisdiction for doing business, the best for living, and the best for travel. And pick the most advantageous for banking offshore.
A bank account in an offshore jurisdiction is often a very private.
Repo rate is the rate at which banks borrow from the RBI to meet loan demand, currently at 7.75%. If RBI raises repo rate, it becomes more expensive for banks to borrow; lowering repo rate makes it cheaper. Reverse repo rate is the rate at which RBI borrows from banks, currently at 6.75%. RBI uses reverse repo to control excess money in banks. SLR requires banks invest a portion of deposits in government securities to restrict lending. CRR requires banks keep a portion of deposits as cash with RBI to ensure risk-free funds and allow RBI to control liquidity and inflation. Current CRR is 4%.
Offshore banking was formally introduced to the Philippines in 1976 through the promulgation of Presidential Decree No. 1034 and 1035, which established the regulatory framework for offshore banking units (OBUs) and foreign currency deposit units (FCDUs). The Central Bank of the Philippines had previously issued related circulars in 1970 and 1972 to allow foreign currency deposits. OBUs are branches, subsidiaries, or affiliates of foreign banking corporations authorized to conduct offshore banking business involving foreign currency transactions with external sources. OBUs can lend and borrow in any currency except Philippine pesos, with interest rates as high as 20%.
This document provides an overview of banks in India. It discusses the concept and history of banking, the role and functions of the Reserve Bank of India as the central bank, different types of banks in India including public sector, private sector and foreign banks, the market structure and top banks. It also describes the services provided by banks, payment facilities like debit/credit cards, growth trends in the banking sector and some key benchmarks.
Industri Intercon Internasional sedang mempertimbangkan untuk memperluas kapasitas produksinya dengan membangun pabrik baru di Korea, Brazil, Perancis atau Jerman. Peter Davis harus memilih lokasi yang tepat dengan mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor seperti kondisi ekonomi, nilai tukar mata uang, dan peraturan pajak di masing-masing negara."
The document discusses various monetary policy tools used by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and their impact on the Indian economy. It explains that RBI uses tools like the cash reserve ratio (CRR), statutory liquidity ratio (SLR), and repo rate to control money supply and fight inflation/deflation. Raising CRR or SLR reduces money available for bank lending, increases interest rates, and slows economic growth. Lowering them has the opposite effects. Similarly, raising the repo rate increases business loan costs, reduces spending and growth, while lowering repo rate stimulates growth. In conclusion, RBI periodically uses these tools to manage liquidity and influence economic activity across sectors and the nation as a whole.
The document discusses the dominance of multinational corporations (MNCs) in India from the 1960s to the 1990s and the government's efforts to regulate foreign investment and control MNCs. It notes that MNCs controlled over half the assets in India's large industrial sector in the 1960s and 1970s. The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) of 1973 aimed to reduce foreign ownership of companies to 40% or less. However, many companies did not fully implement FERA. Reforms in the 1990s gradually relaxed restrictions on foreign investment under FERA and eventually led to its replacement by the more liberal Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) of 1999.
Cooperative and commercial banks in indiaNirav Shah
Commercial banks provide services like deposits, loans, and investments to large businesses while cooperative banks are owned by their members who are both customers and owners. Recent trends in cooperative banks show that many are facing issues with minimum capital requirements and license cancellations, while commercial banks are adopting new technologies and pursuing financial inclusion. Both bank types play important roles in India's economic development through capital formation, banking services to various sectors, and expanding access to more customers.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to valuation of securities, including time value of money, simple vs compound interest, future and present value calculations for single amounts, annuities, and growing annuities. It also discusses bond valuation terminology, risks associated with bonds such as interest rate risk and default risk, and accrued interest calculations. The document uses examples throughout to illustrate various time value of money and bond valuation concepts.
This document provides an overview of the history of bank nationalization in India. It discusses how banks failed in the years following independence due to weak capitalization and lending primarily to secure borrowers. The objectives of nationalizing banks in 1969 were to promote social welfare, control private monopolies, expand banking access, reduce regional imbalances, and prioritize lending to key sectors. Fourteen large commercial banks were initially nationalized. This led to expanded branch networks, increased deposits and lending, and greater orientation toward priority sectors. However, nationalization also resulted in some inefficiencies over time due to political interference.
The document discusses various methods for valuing different types of securities like bonds, preference shares, and equity shares. It explains concepts like book value, market value, and intrinsic value. It provides formulas for calculating the present value of redeemable and irredeemable bonds and preference shares based on interest/dividend payments and redemption value. Methods for valuing equity shares include the dividend capitalization method using models for finite periods, constant dividend growth, and variable dividend growth as well as the earnings capitalization method.
Pendidikan inklusif merupakan sistem pendidikan yang
memberikan akses kepada semua peserta didik yang
memiliki kelainan, bakat istimewa,maupun potensi tertentu
untuk mengikuti pendidikan maupun pembelajaran dalam
satu lingkungan pendidikan yang sama dengan peserta didik
umumlainya
Panduan untuk memilih mata pelajaran pilihan yang akan dilaksanakan di jenjang SMK, yang mana sebagian besar sudah melakasanakan kurikulum merdeka. mata pelajaran pilihan bisa dipilih dari konsentrasi yang ada di sekolah, atau bisa juga memilih matqa pelajaran diluar konsentrasi keahlian yang dimiliki, dengan catatan sarana dan prasarana tersedia untuk melaksanakan pembelajaran.
Materi ini membahas tentang defenisi dan Usia Anak di Indonesia serta hubungannya dengan risiko terpapar kekerasan. Dalam modul ini, akan diuraikan berbagai bentuk kekerasan yang dapat dialami anak-anak, seperti kekerasan fisik, emosional, seksual, dan penelantaran.
1. Dell’s Working Capital
KELOMPOK 3 :
RORO HETTY ROHMANINGRUM
ILHAM SUGIRI
HAMZAH KARIM AMRULLAH
ARIE TINO YULISTYO
KHAERUL ALIF PRATOMO
2. Dell Computer Corp.
Dell Computer Corporation memproduksi, menjual, dan service PC.
Perusahaan memasarkan secara langsung kepada pelanggan dan
membangun komputer setelah menerima pesanan pelanggan.
Model build-to-order memungkinkan Dell untuk memiliki investasi
jauh lebih kecil dalam modal kerja dibandingkan pesaingnya.
Hal ini juga memungkinkan Dell untuk menikmati lebih lengkap
manfaat dari penurunan harga komponen dan untuk
memperkenalkan produk baru lebih cepat.
Dell telah berkembang dengan cepat dan pertumbuhan finansial
secara internal oleh penggunaan yang efisien dari modal kerja dan
profitabilitas.
3. Days Supply of Inventory (DSI)
1993 1994 1995
Dell Computer 55 33 32
Apple Computer 52 85 54
Compaq Computer 72 60 73
IBM 64 57 48
Proses manufaktur build-to-order Dell menghasilkan saldo persediaan
barang jadi rendah. Pada pertengahan 1990-an Dell work-in-proses
(WIP) dan persediaan barang jadi sebagai persentase dari total
persediaan berkisar antara 10% sampai 20%. Ini sangat kontras
dengan para pemimpin industri, seperti Compaq, Apple dan IBM, yang
WIP dan persediaan barang jadi biasanya berkisar antara 50% sampai
70% dari total persediaan, tidak termasuk persediaan yang dimiliki oleh
reseller mereka.
4. 4
Dell’s Growth vs Industry
Calendar Year Dell Industry
1991 63% 2%
1992 126% 7%
1993 43% 15%
1994 21% 37%
1995 52% 31%
Pada tahun 1990, Dell hanya 1% dari pangsa pasar PC di AS.
6. Profit & Loss
Fiscal Year 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992
Sales $5,296 $3,475 $2,873 $2,014 $890
COGS 4,229 2,737 2,440 1,565 608
Gross Margin 1,067 738 433 449 282
Operating Expenses 690 489 472 310 215
Operating Income 377 249 (39) 139 67
Financing & Other Income 6 (36) 0 4 7
Income Taxes 111 64 (3) 41 23
Net Profit 272 149 (36) 102 51
7. RUMUSAN MASALAH
1. Bagaimana kebijakan Dell’s Working Capital sehingga
memiliki keunggulan kompetitif?
2. Bagaimana Dell mendanai pertumbuhan 52% pada
tahun 1996?
8. Kebijakan Dell’s Working Capital sehingga
memiliki keunggulan kompetitif
• Dell memiliki kebijakan bekerja dengan persediaan rendah dan digunakan
untuk melakukan pembelian persediaan berdasarkan atas perintah
penjualan yang diterima. Hal ini menyebabkan berikut keuntungan:
Tidak ada barang usang.
Cacat pada produsen bahan baku yang mudah ditanggulangi.
teknologi baru dapat dengan mudah diatur/dimasukkan ke dalam sistem
sebelum dipasarkan. Jadi Dell memiliki keuntungan penggerak pertama untuk
menjadi sejajar dengan masuknya teknologi terbaru.
Perputaran persediaan tinggi dan lama penyimpanan persediaan rendah. Hal ini
mengakibatkan siklus konversi kas rendah.
• Dari Tabel, Dell memiliki DSI selama 32 hari sedangkan rata-rata kompetisi
adalah:
DSI rata2 = (54 + 73 + 48) / 3 = 58 hari
• DSI untuk tahun ini diberikan oleh:
DSI = 365 * rata Persediaan / COGS
• Dari exhibit 4, HPP untuk Dell untuk 1995 adalah $ 2.737 dan DSI adalah
32 hari. Oleh karena itu persediaan rata2 keluar untuk $ 239mn, yang
hampir $ 200mn kurang dari rata-rata persaingan $ 436mn untuk jumlah
yang sama dari HPP.
9. Dell mendanai pertumbuhan 52% pada
tahun 1996
• kinerja Dell pada tahun 1996 dibandingkan dengan tahun 1995, Penjualan
tumbuh dari $ 3475 ke $ 5296 melaporkan pertumbuhan 52,4%. Namun, total
aset pada tahun 1995 adalah $ 1594 yaitu 46% dari penjualan dan aktiva
operasi yang total aset kurang jangka pendek investasi yaitu $ 1110 yaitu
sekitar 32% dari penjualan. Jadi ketika penjualan tumbuh sebesar 52%, aset
operasi perlu tumbuh dalam proporsi yang sama. Dengan demikian, aset
beroperasi pada tahun 1996
Aset operasi tahun 1996 = 32% x $ 5296 = $ 1694
• Dengan demikian aset operasi harus meningkat $ 584 untuk memenuhi biaya,
yang akan dana tambahan yang harus Dell telah diperoleh. Jika kita melihat
sumber dana, kewajiban kurang hutang telah meningkat sebesar $ 500 dan
laba operasional diproyeksikan 4,3% dari proyeksi peningkatan penjualan
memberikan tambahan $ 230. Dengan demikian perusahaan dapat membuat
dana yang cukup melalui sumber-sumber internal. Kenaikan kewajiban lancar
adalah $ 939- $ 752 = $ 187. Kenaikan aktiva lancar adalah $ 1957 $ 1470 = $
487.