The impact of new technologies on theatre and costumeGeorge Diamandis
This document discusses the impact of new technologies on theatre and costume design over time. It begins by looking at technological innovations in ancient Greek theatre like the deus ex machina machine. It then outlines major technological developments that revolutionized theatre, like the introduction of electricity which allowed for new lighting effects. The digital revolution is bringing virtual, augmented and mixed reality technologies to theatre. These technologies require directors and designers to reimagine how performances are staged. While theatre has always adapted technologies to serve artistic visions, the relationship is now reciprocal as new technologies also shape creative works. The future of how technology will impact audiences and performances remains unknown.
This document introduces the HEDA project, which aims to develop a methodology for teaching social and civic education in secondary schools through art forms like theater, film, and painting. It discusses definitions of key concepts like citizenship, human rights, and different art forms. The document outlines how the HEDA project will use experiential learning techniques derived from theater to help students develop skills like critical thinking around social issues in a way that sticks better than traditional civic education courses. It provides examples of how the HEDA method would be applied in classroom lessons focusing on topics like refugees and immigration.
This model aims to apply the principles of circular economy specifically in the artisanal sector, to enhance local assets giving them an added value that positions them as a tourist attraction in the communities with the direct action and commitment of young people.
The document summarizes the conflict over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam between Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan. Ethiopia wants to use the dam for hydroelectric power and development, but Egypt fears it will significantly reduce the downstream flow of the Nile River, which it relies on for over 90% of its water. Negotiations have failed to reach an agreement on how fast Ethiopia can fill the dam reservoir and how much water must be released. The countries and African Union are aiming to finalize a deal within two to three weeks to regulate dam operations and protect all countries' water and energy interests. The document provides background on each country's perspectives and interests in the conflict over the Blue Nile waters.
The impact of new technologies on theatre and costumeGeorge Diamandis
This document discusses the impact of new technologies on theatre and costume design over time. It begins by looking at technological innovations in ancient Greek theatre like the deus ex machina machine. It then outlines major technological developments that revolutionized theatre, like the introduction of electricity which allowed for new lighting effects. The digital revolution is bringing virtual, augmented and mixed reality technologies to theatre. These technologies require directors and designers to reimagine how performances are staged. While theatre has always adapted technologies to serve artistic visions, the relationship is now reciprocal as new technologies also shape creative works. The future of how technology will impact audiences and performances remains unknown.
This document introduces the HEDA project, which aims to develop a methodology for teaching social and civic education in secondary schools through art forms like theater, film, and painting. It discusses definitions of key concepts like citizenship, human rights, and different art forms. The document outlines how the HEDA project will use experiential learning techniques derived from theater to help students develop skills like critical thinking around social issues in a way that sticks better than traditional civic education courses. It provides examples of how the HEDA method would be applied in classroom lessons focusing on topics like refugees and immigration.
This model aims to apply the principles of circular economy specifically in the artisanal sector, to enhance local assets giving them an added value that positions them as a tourist attraction in the communities with the direct action and commitment of young people.
The document summarizes the conflict over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam between Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan. Ethiopia wants to use the dam for hydroelectric power and development, but Egypt fears it will significantly reduce the downstream flow of the Nile River, which it relies on for over 90% of its water. Negotiations have failed to reach an agreement on how fast Ethiopia can fill the dam reservoir and how much water must be released. The countries and African Union are aiming to finalize a deal within two to three weeks to regulate dam operations and protect all countries' water and energy interests. The document provides background on each country's perspectives and interests in the conflict over the Blue Nile waters.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
This document provides guidance on developing high-quality journalism standards. It emphasizes the importance of accuracy in reporting facts and details rather than opinions. Journalists should utilize multiple credible sources to provide balanced coverage and allow readers to form their own opinions. When writing pieces, reporters should avoid opinionated language and clearly separate facts from opinions using clear attribution for any quotes or statements. All stories should be written in a simple, easy to understand manner for a broad audience. Strong hypotheses are key to driving investigations and research, and should be questioned and tested against facts rather than seeking to only prove predetermined conclusions.
The Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba Portela is the oldest samba school in Rio de Janeiro, founded in 1923. It has won the top-tier Rio parade competition 22 times total, more than any other school. Some of Brazil's most famous samba composers have worked for the Portela school over the years. The school's symbol is an eagle displayed on its opening float in Rio's Carnival parades.
The document discusses the Apalpador, the mythical figure of the Galician Santa Claus. The Apalpador is a millennial character with an important presence in the mountainous eastern areas of Galicia during Christmas. He brings affection, fullness, humanity and love as he prepares to distribute gifts among children.
Maracatu is a cultural tradition from Pernambuco, Brazil that originated during the slave period between the 17th-18th centuries. It features a royal procession with a King and Queen accompanied by musicians, dancers, and figures like banner carriers and ladies of the court. The procession performs percussive music down streets during carnival season. While initially connected to Candomblé religion, Maracatu spread beyond Recife in the 1990s and is now performed around Brazil and other countries with elements of its traditional music and dance.
O documento descreve a dança Xaxado: uma dança popular brasileira originária do Nordeste, praticada originalmente pelos cangaceiros e que se tornou popular na década de 1920. O Xaxado consiste em uma fila indiana com versos cantados e movimentos laterais e de sapateado, simbolizando gestos de guerra. Posteriormente, as mulheres também passaram a participar da dança.
The document summarizes the Portuguese tradition of Folia de Reis, in which musicians, singers and dancers go from house to house announcing Jesus' birth and praising the homeowners. Unlike traditional kings, they seek donations rather than give gifts. Originating in Portugal and brought to Brazil, it features singing, dancing groups organized by a leader, requests to enter homes, solo and refrain music, and tributes in verse. Key figures include the Three Kings, the Master who organizes the group, singers, clowns, flag-bearers, and partymen who host the beginning and end.
Water puppetry is a traditional Vietnamese art form that developed with wet rice cultivation. Performances feature puppet figures interacting on water and tell stories through music and dance. Chèo is a popular Northern Vietnamese folk opera that originated in the 10th century and features singing, dancing, and acting. Xam singing is a folk music tradition of blind musicians in Northern Vietnam that uses string instruments to accompany poetic stories and legends. Chat vu van is a form of ritual folk singing that accompanies spirit mediumship ceremonies honoring Vietnamese goddesses. It uses instruments like moon-shaped lutes and drums and follows a structure of inviting spirits, telling their legends, praying, and seeing them off.
Email is the primary method of communication in most modern jobs. Employees spend about a quarter of their workday on email, so it is important to write emails professionally. Professional emails should use proper grammar, avoid texting shortcuts and slang, choose the right greeting and closing, and never use all capital letters. When writing emails, you should have a clear subject line, be aware of your audience, choose recipients carefully, make a good first impression in new emails, put the main request or action item first, minimize attachments, avoid overly emotional responses, and always proofread your email before sending. How you write emails can positively or negatively impact your reputation and career.
The document provides 10 guidelines for effective written business communications:
1. Choose the appropriate medium and style based on your audience and whether a face-to-face interaction would be better.
2. Understand your audience and use language and context they can understand.
3. Write professionally and avoid content you wouldn't feel comfortable sharing publicly.
4. Use active voice to clarify meaning and make your writing more dynamic.
5. Keep messages simple, concise, and get straight to the point.
6. Explain what's in it for the reader to motivate them.
7. Provide a clear call-to-action for the reader.
8. Thoroughly edit and proof
This document discusses nonverbal business communication. It notes that nearly 60% of communication is nonverbal and that nonverbal cues are often more trusted than words. It emphasizes being deliberate with nonverbal signals by dressing professionally, actively listening, controlling facial expressions through techniques like smiling, ensuring verbal and nonverbal messages are congruent, and maintaining eye contact during interactions. The document provides five simple ways to improve nonverbal communication including dressing for success, being fully engaged, controlling facial expressions, achieving congruence, and maintaining eye contact.
Oral communication is essential for business success, as 75% of business interactions are oral. Effective oral communication involves listening actively without interrupting, reflecting back to show understanding, thinking before speaking to avoid emotional responses, speaking clearly at a smooth pace, choosing words and tone appropriately, being genuine and humble, getting straight to the point concisely, and communicating simply and clearly. Mastering these oral communication guidelines is important for developing one's professional brand and career.
Business communication is the process of understanding and sharing meaning in a workplace through verbal, nonverbal, and written interactions to relay messages, promote products and services, share information, coordinate work, and accomplish business goals. Effective business communication carries out business operations and objectives using a variety of communication methods and is essential for today's job market as electronic communications continue to emerge.
Reflective practice could act as a compass for the journey, revealing pathways and obstacles on our way forward, alarming us for future danger and strengthening us on every step taken.
The document discusses waste management practices in Greece. It notes that in 2014, each Greek person generated 509 kg of waste per year, of which only 20% was recycled. It outlines the various types of household and commercial waste streams in Greece. The document then provides details on recycling rates of various materials like packaging, electronics, and batteries. It highlights several startups and organizations in Greece that are working on waste reduction and upcycling initiatives like turning discarded life jackets into bags to raise funds for refugee support.
La lixiviacion de sustancias quimicas en el agua embotellada operators_simpli...George Diamandis
Este documento describe los tipos de plásticos utilizados para embotellar agua, incluido PET y PC. Explica que los aditivos como plastificantes pueden migrar desde las botellas de plástico al agua. También identifica factores como la temperatura y el almacenamiento prolongado que pueden aumentar la lixiviación química. Por último, proporciona directrices básicas como almacenar el agua embotellada a temperatura ambiente y evitar la reutilización prolongada de botellas para minimizar la lix
El documento describe los diferentes tipos de agua embotellada y los análisis físico-químicos realizados para evaluar la calidad del agua. Se analizan parámetros organolépticos como color, olor y sabor, así como parámetros físico-químicos como pH, conductividad, dureza, residuo seco, sílice y presencia de iones. Los análisis incluyen titulaciones ácido-base, espectrofotometría y absorción atómica para determinar la presencia de cationes y
Este documento describe los procedimientos de muestreo de agua en una planta embotelladora. Explica que existen dos tipos de muestreo: del agua antes y después del embotellado. Detalla cómo organizar el muestreo en cada caso, incluyendo la selección del personal, materiales de muestreo, número y momento de las muestras, etiquetado, transporte y análisis. Además, proporciona información sobre la frecuencia de muestreo en función del volumen de producción.
Gestion del agua embotellada: del embotellado al consumoGeorge Diamandis
Este documento discute los tipos de plásticos y químicos que se encuentran comúnmente en botellas de agua embotellada y sus posibles efectos en la salud humana. Explica que sustancias como el bisfenol A, los ftalatos y otros disruptores endocrinos pueden migrar desde las botellas de plástico al agua y han demostrado causar efectos adversos como cáncer, problemas reproductivos y de desarrollo. También resume la legislación existente sobre los límites máximos de estas sustancias químic
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
This document provides guidance on developing high-quality journalism standards. It emphasizes the importance of accuracy in reporting facts and details rather than opinions. Journalists should utilize multiple credible sources to provide balanced coverage and allow readers to form their own opinions. When writing pieces, reporters should avoid opinionated language and clearly separate facts from opinions using clear attribution for any quotes or statements. All stories should be written in a simple, easy to understand manner for a broad audience. Strong hypotheses are key to driving investigations and research, and should be questioned and tested against facts rather than seeking to only prove predetermined conclusions.
The Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba Portela is the oldest samba school in Rio de Janeiro, founded in 1923. It has won the top-tier Rio parade competition 22 times total, more than any other school. Some of Brazil's most famous samba composers have worked for the Portela school over the years. The school's symbol is an eagle displayed on its opening float in Rio's Carnival parades.
The document discusses the Apalpador, the mythical figure of the Galician Santa Claus. The Apalpador is a millennial character with an important presence in the mountainous eastern areas of Galicia during Christmas. He brings affection, fullness, humanity and love as he prepares to distribute gifts among children.
Maracatu is a cultural tradition from Pernambuco, Brazil that originated during the slave period between the 17th-18th centuries. It features a royal procession with a King and Queen accompanied by musicians, dancers, and figures like banner carriers and ladies of the court. The procession performs percussive music down streets during carnival season. While initially connected to Candomblé religion, Maracatu spread beyond Recife in the 1990s and is now performed around Brazil and other countries with elements of its traditional music and dance.
O documento descreve a dança Xaxado: uma dança popular brasileira originária do Nordeste, praticada originalmente pelos cangaceiros e que se tornou popular na década de 1920. O Xaxado consiste em uma fila indiana com versos cantados e movimentos laterais e de sapateado, simbolizando gestos de guerra. Posteriormente, as mulheres também passaram a participar da dança.
The document summarizes the Portuguese tradition of Folia de Reis, in which musicians, singers and dancers go from house to house announcing Jesus' birth and praising the homeowners. Unlike traditional kings, they seek donations rather than give gifts. Originating in Portugal and brought to Brazil, it features singing, dancing groups organized by a leader, requests to enter homes, solo and refrain music, and tributes in verse. Key figures include the Three Kings, the Master who organizes the group, singers, clowns, flag-bearers, and partymen who host the beginning and end.
Water puppetry is a traditional Vietnamese art form that developed with wet rice cultivation. Performances feature puppet figures interacting on water and tell stories through music and dance. Chèo is a popular Northern Vietnamese folk opera that originated in the 10th century and features singing, dancing, and acting. Xam singing is a folk music tradition of blind musicians in Northern Vietnam that uses string instruments to accompany poetic stories and legends. Chat vu van is a form of ritual folk singing that accompanies spirit mediumship ceremonies honoring Vietnamese goddesses. It uses instruments like moon-shaped lutes and drums and follows a structure of inviting spirits, telling their legends, praying, and seeing them off.
Email is the primary method of communication in most modern jobs. Employees spend about a quarter of their workday on email, so it is important to write emails professionally. Professional emails should use proper grammar, avoid texting shortcuts and slang, choose the right greeting and closing, and never use all capital letters. When writing emails, you should have a clear subject line, be aware of your audience, choose recipients carefully, make a good first impression in new emails, put the main request or action item first, minimize attachments, avoid overly emotional responses, and always proofread your email before sending. How you write emails can positively or negatively impact your reputation and career.
The document provides 10 guidelines for effective written business communications:
1. Choose the appropriate medium and style based on your audience and whether a face-to-face interaction would be better.
2. Understand your audience and use language and context they can understand.
3. Write professionally and avoid content you wouldn't feel comfortable sharing publicly.
4. Use active voice to clarify meaning and make your writing more dynamic.
5. Keep messages simple, concise, and get straight to the point.
6. Explain what's in it for the reader to motivate them.
7. Provide a clear call-to-action for the reader.
8. Thoroughly edit and proof
This document discusses nonverbal business communication. It notes that nearly 60% of communication is nonverbal and that nonverbal cues are often more trusted than words. It emphasizes being deliberate with nonverbal signals by dressing professionally, actively listening, controlling facial expressions through techniques like smiling, ensuring verbal and nonverbal messages are congruent, and maintaining eye contact during interactions. The document provides five simple ways to improve nonverbal communication including dressing for success, being fully engaged, controlling facial expressions, achieving congruence, and maintaining eye contact.
Oral communication is essential for business success, as 75% of business interactions are oral. Effective oral communication involves listening actively without interrupting, reflecting back to show understanding, thinking before speaking to avoid emotional responses, speaking clearly at a smooth pace, choosing words and tone appropriately, being genuine and humble, getting straight to the point concisely, and communicating simply and clearly. Mastering these oral communication guidelines is important for developing one's professional brand and career.
Business communication is the process of understanding and sharing meaning in a workplace through verbal, nonverbal, and written interactions to relay messages, promote products and services, share information, coordinate work, and accomplish business goals. Effective business communication carries out business operations and objectives using a variety of communication methods and is essential for today's job market as electronic communications continue to emerge.
Reflective practice could act as a compass for the journey, revealing pathways and obstacles on our way forward, alarming us for future danger and strengthening us on every step taken.
The document discusses waste management practices in Greece. It notes that in 2014, each Greek person generated 509 kg of waste per year, of which only 20% was recycled. It outlines the various types of household and commercial waste streams in Greece. The document then provides details on recycling rates of various materials like packaging, electronics, and batteries. It highlights several startups and organizations in Greece that are working on waste reduction and upcycling initiatives like turning discarded life jackets into bags to raise funds for refugee support.
La lixiviacion de sustancias quimicas en el agua embotellada operators_simpli...George Diamandis
Este documento describe los tipos de plásticos utilizados para embotellar agua, incluido PET y PC. Explica que los aditivos como plastificantes pueden migrar desde las botellas de plástico al agua. También identifica factores como la temperatura y el almacenamiento prolongado que pueden aumentar la lixiviación química. Por último, proporciona directrices básicas como almacenar el agua embotellada a temperatura ambiente y evitar la reutilización prolongada de botellas para minimizar la lix
El documento describe los diferentes tipos de agua embotellada y los análisis físico-químicos realizados para evaluar la calidad del agua. Se analizan parámetros organolépticos como color, olor y sabor, así como parámetros físico-químicos como pH, conductividad, dureza, residuo seco, sílice y presencia de iones. Los análisis incluyen titulaciones ácido-base, espectrofotometría y absorción atómica para determinar la presencia de cationes y
Este documento describe los procedimientos de muestreo de agua en una planta embotelladora. Explica que existen dos tipos de muestreo: del agua antes y después del embotellado. Detalla cómo organizar el muestreo en cada caso, incluyendo la selección del personal, materiales de muestreo, número y momento de las muestras, etiquetado, transporte y análisis. Además, proporciona información sobre la frecuencia de muestreo en función del volumen de producción.
Gestion del agua embotellada: del embotellado al consumoGeorge Diamandis
Este documento discute los tipos de plásticos y químicos que se encuentran comúnmente en botellas de agua embotellada y sus posibles efectos en la salud humana. Explica que sustancias como el bisfenol A, los ftalatos y otros disruptores endocrinos pueden migrar desde las botellas de plástico al agua y han demostrado causar efectos adversos como cáncer, problemas reproductivos y de desarrollo. También resume la legislación existente sobre los límites máximos de estas sustancias químic
2. Na tem izobraževanju bomo obravnavali pogajalske veščine.
Veliko se pogajamo, veliko več, kot se zavedamo. Včasih gre gladko, včasih pa se zdi
težko. Čeprav je na voljo veliko nasvetov, kako se pogajati in »zmagati v pogajanjih«,
dejanska pogajanja navadno niso tako jasna in premočrtna, kot so opisana v knjigah.
Zakaj? Ker je pogajanje zapleten proces.
Lahko začnemo s splošnimi opredelitvami pogajanj, pogajalskih veščin in sporov, ker
je vse troje tesno povezano.
Pogajanje lahko opredelimo kot proces, v katerem dve stranki z različnimi interesi, ki
jih je treba uskladiti, poskušata doseči dogovor z raziskovanjem možnosti in
izmenjavo ponudb.
Pogajalska veščina je sposobnost za izmenjevanje zamisli ter iskanje ravnovesja in
združljivosti na organizacijski ter tudi na psihološki in odnosni ravni za uspešno
obvladovanje morebitnih sporov, ki izvirajo iz organizacijske in upravne dinamike.
In nazadnje, spor lahko opredelimo kot proces, za katerega so v nekem trenutku
značilna domnevna razhajanja v pogledih med dvema ali več strankami.
V splošnem je za spore med dvema ali več strankami značilno tekmovanje za dve vrsti
virov: na eni strani materialne vire (kot so denar, zemlja itd.) in na drugi simbolne vire
(kot so moč, identiteta, religija itd.).
Med sporom stranki vire doživljata kot redke in nezadostne, čeprav morda v resnici
niso omejeni ali neustrezni, a se v njunih očeh zdijo takšni.
3. Ko obravnavamo pogajanja, moramo poudariti, da gre za proces – zaporedje
dejavnosti, ki morda celo poteka po nekem vzorcu. Ne gre za enkraten dogodek,
temveč se odločitve sprejemajo spotoma. Prav tako pogajanja niso mehanična ali
deterministična – odločitve, ki jih sprejemajo pogajalci, vplivajo na način, kako se
doseže dogovor in kakšen je dogovor.
V tem procesu lahko prepoznamo štiri faze. Prva je priprava na pogajanja, med katero
se ljudje v več korakih pripravijo na pogajanja, na primer, poskušajo jasno opredeliti
pričakovane izide procesa, se seznaniti z nasprotno stranko in njenimi zahtevami ter
prepoznati morebitne kompromise in uvideti alternative. Druga faza je izmenjava
informacij, med katero stranki poskušata pridobiti informacije druga od druge, da bi
odkrili, kaj bi vsaka od njiju rada pridobila. Najboljši način za dosego tega cilja je
uporaba široko zastavljenih odprtih vprašanj, na katera ni mogoče odgovoriti s
kratkimi enozložnicami. Nato sledi faza barantanja, med katero poteka največ
interakcij med strankama ter posamezniki uporabljajo različne pogajalske sloge in
taktike, da bi utemeljili svoje razloge. Prav med barantanjem je tveganje za
neuspešna ali težavna pogajanja največje, ker je možnost, da komu popustijo živci ali
se ga poloti frustracija, takrat večja. Če želite uspešno barantati, se takoj na začetku
osredotočite na skupne interese in cilje, da razjasnite morebitne domneve. Pri
barantanju pomaga, če na vse udeležene gledamo kot na ljudi, ki rešujejo problem, ne
pa kot na nasprotnike. To utre pot za dodatna vprašanja, kar vse vpletene spodbudi k
poslušanju in iskanju načinov za dosego strinjanja. Sklepni fazi pogajanj sta dogovor
in zaveza: stranki se formalno zavežeta, da sprejemata izide dogovora.
4. Lahko se šteje, da je spor končan, ko se najde rešitev. V splošnem razlikujemo med
tremi vrstami rešitev sporov: vsiljene, distributivne in integrativne rešitve.
- O vsiljenih rešitvah govorimo, kadar stranki v sporu k sprejetju rešitve
prisili tretja stran. Tovrstne rešitve nikakor niso učinkovite!
- O distributivnih rešitvah govorimo, kadar se stranki v sporu odločita za
kompromis in si zaželeni izid (npr. zemljo) delita ali razdelita. V tem primeru se mora
vsaka stranka nečemu odreči!
- Zadnja vrsta so integrativne rešitve, ko sta obe stranki, zapleteni v spor,
zadovoljni z doseženo rešitvijo in se izboljša tudi kakovost njunih odnosov. V tem
primeru zmagata obe stranki! Zato tovrstnim rešitvam rečemo tudi rešitve »win-win«.
Seveda so najbolj zaželene integrativne rešitve sporov, a doseči takšno rešitev je za
stranki v sporu težavna naloga, ki zahteva ustvarjalnost ter razumevanje temeljnih
interesov, potreb in ciljev vsake stranke. Pozornost je treba preusmeriti od eksplicitnih
zahtev k implicitnim potrebam strank, da bi te lahko bile zadovoljene.
Včasih se zahteve strank zdijo nezdružljive, toda njuni temeljni interesi utegnejo biti
združljivi! V tem primeru gre v resnici le za različne predpostavke.
5. Premislimo o naslednjem primeru. Scenarij je tak: Sestri Katja in Ana
odideta v kuhinjo, ker si obe želita pomarančo. Ko odpreta hladilnik,
ugotovita, da je ostala le še ena pomaranča, in začneta se prepirati,
ker bi jo vsaka rada zase.
Kako bi lahko rešili spor med Katjo in Ano?
Da bi našli učinkovito rešitev, moramo najprej razlikovati med
eksplicitno zahtevo in implicitno motivacijo obeh strank. Katja in
Ana imata enako eksplicitno zahtevo: »Hočem pomarančo.« A vsako
od njiju motivirajo različni implicitni vzgibi; Katja reče: »Hočem
pomarančni sok,« Ana pa reče: »Lupino potrebujem za torto.« Obe
zahtevi sta 100-odstotno združljivi in za spor ni razloga!
Ta primer razkriva, da če se ustavimo pri eksplicitnih zahtevah,
tvegamo, da bomo dosegli le distributivno rešitev (npr. prerezali
pomarančno na dvoje), čeprav bi bila mogoča tudi integrativna
rešitev (Ana lahko uporabi lupino, Katja pa si iztisne sok).
6. Da bi dosegli integrativno rešitev spora, moramo
izboljšati komunikacijo med strankama; tako lahko
odkrijemo njune temeljne potrebe in bolj poglobljeno
analiziramo spor. Kadar obstajajo komunikacijske ovire,
utegne biti koristno in učinkovito najeti mediatorja.
Mediacija je opredeljena kot prizadevanje tretje strani,
da bi olajšala ustvarjalno reševanje problema z
neposredno komunikacijo in poglobljeno analizo spora.
Predpostavlja, da imata le sprti stranki potrebne
instrumente in orodja, da poiščeta integrativno rešitev
spora.
Mediatorjeva naloga ni predlagati rešitve, temveč
spodbujati pozitivne komunikacijske vzorce in zaupanje
med strankama.
7. Glede na dve razsežnosti – skrb za vsebino (ki je povezana z asertivnostjo) in
skrb za odnose (ki je povezana s kooperativnostjo) – razlikujemo več vrst
pogajalskih slogov. Vsak od njih lahko sega od nizke do visoke stopnje – od
neasertivnega do asertivnega in od nekooperativnega do kooperativnega.
Na podlagi teh razsežnosti ločimo pet pogajalskih slogov: izmikanje,
prilagajanje, kompromis, tekmovanje in sodelovanje.
- Za izmikanje je značilna nizka stopnja skrbi za odnose in tudi skrbi
za vsebino. V tem pogajalskem slogu »ti izgubiš, jaz izgubim«.
- Za prilagajanje je značilna visoka stopnja skrbi za odnose in nizka
stopnja skrbi za vsebino. V tem pogajalskem slogu »ti zmagaš, jaz izgubim«.
- Za kompromis je značilna srednja stopnja skrbi za odnose in tudi
skrbi za vsebino. V tem pogajalskem slogu »ti nekaj pridobiš in nekaj
izgubiš, jaz nekaj pridobim in nekaj izgubim«.
- Za tekmovanje je značilna nizka stopnja skrbi za odnose in visoka
stopnja skrbi za vsebino. V tem pogajalskem slogu »ti izgubiš, jaz zmagam«.
- Za sodelovanje je značilna visoka stopnja skrbi za odnose in tudi
skrbi za vsebino. V tem pogajalskem slogu »ti zmagaš, jaz zmagam«.
8. Pogajanja so mešanica tekmovanja in
sodelovanja. Nekateri vidiki procesa sprožijo
tekmovalno interakcijo, drugi pa zahtevajo
sodelovanje, če naj bi prišlo do dogovora. Prav
zato so pogajanja neke vrste interakcija z
»mešanimi motivi«; med njihovim potekom
vlada tekmovalnost, ker vsak pogajalec drugega
dojema kot oviro na poti do uresničitve svojega
cilja, hkrati pa je potrebno sodelovanje, ker brez
pomoči drugega nobeden ne bo dosegel nič.
Upravljanje te mešanice tekmovalnosti in
kooperativnosti je lahko velik izziv.
9. Poznamo pet pogajalskih slogov.
Izmikanje je pogosto ustrezno, kadar:
• je zadeva obrobna;
• je odnos nepomemben;
• je časa malo in odločitev ni nujna;
• imate malo moči, a še vedno želite onemogočiti nasprotno stran.
Pogosto pa je neustrezno, kadar:
• sta odnos in tudi zadeva za vas pomembna;
• se rutinsko uporablja za večino zadev;
• pusti za seboj dolgotrajna negativna čustva;
• bi imeli drugi korist od skrbnejšega ravnanja.
Prilagajanje je pogosto ustrezno, kadar:
• vam v resnici ni veliko mar za zadevo;
• nimate moči, a ne želite onemogočiti druge strani;
• se zavedate, da nimate prav.
Pogosto pa je neustrezno, kadar:
• boste verjetno gojili zamero;
• se rutinsko uporablja za doseganje sprejetosti (z njim povezani izidi
vključujejo depresijo in pomanjkanje samospoštovanja);
• so drugi pripravljeni na sodelovanje in bodo imeli občutek, da vam
vsiljujejo rešitev, če se takoj prilagodite.
10. Kompromis je pogosto ustrezen, kadar:
• je sodelovanje pomembno, a so čas ali sredstva omejeni;
• je vsakršna rešitev, pa čeprav morda ne najboljša, boljša od popolnega pat položaja;
• bi bilo prizadevanja za sodelovanje mogoče napačno razumeti kot vsiljevanje.
Pogosto pa je neustrezen, kadar:
• je bistvenega pomena najti najustvarjalnejšo rešitev;
• ne bi mogli živeti s posledicami.
Tekmovanje je pogosto ustrezno, kadar:
• grozi, da bodo nastopile izredne razmere;
• veste, da imate prav, in se vam to zdi pomembnejše od ohranjanja odnosa;
• je zadeva obrobna in drugim v resnici ni mar, kaj se bo zgodilo.
Pogosto pa je neustrezno, kadar:
• niste še niti poskusili sodelovati;
• je sodelovanje z drugimi pomembno;
• se rutinsko uporablja za večino zadev;
• po nepotrebnem zmanjšuje samospoštovanje druge strani.
Sodelovanje je pogosto ustrezno, kadar:
• sta pomembna zadeva in tudi odnos;
• je sodelovanje pomembno;
• je pomembna ustvarjalna rešitev;
• obstaja utemeljeno upanje, da bo mogoče obravnavati vse pomisleke.
Pogosto pa je neustrezno, kadar:
• je časa malo;
• so zadeve nepomembne;
• ste preobremenjeni;
• so cilji nasprotne strani zagotovo napačni.
11. V tej točki razprave lahko zdaj spregovorimo o veščinah,
ki so potrebne za uspešna pogajanja. Vključujejo:
- jezik;
- psihološko analizo;
- kulturno občutljivost;
- mojstrsko obvladovanje postopkov;
- poznavanje ozadja;
- samonadzor;
- potrpežljivost;
- sposobnost mediacije;
- občutek za čas;
- verodostojnost;
- taktično vizijo.
12. Nazadnje še nasvet pogajalcem – »vnaprejšnji« povzetek:
• Bodite pragmatični – pogajanja so mučna.
Pogajanja so – tako kot politika – umetnost mogočega.
• Nikoli ne pozabite, da so pogajanja vedno
dvosmerna cesta.
Tudi druga stran lahko sprejema odločitve!
• Bodite vedoželjni in zahtevni.
Vedno sprašujte »Zakaj?« in »Kaj če?« in »Ali lahko
najdemo še boljšo rešitev od te?«
• Napišite nov scenarij.
Med procesom bodite samozavestni, a pripravljeni tudi
improvizirati.
• Druge obravnavajte s spoštovanjem.
To je edino zlato pravilo.