The Hundred Years' War was a 116-year conflict between England and France over territory from 1337 to 1453. The English initially had success using longbows, powerful weapons that could pierce armor. Over time, technological innovations like lighter cannons and iron cannonballs helped the French gain advantages. The war led to massive losses of life in northern France and the decline of feudal systems as commoners played greater roles in battle.
The Hundred Years' War began as a dispute over succession to the French throne between the English and French royal families. Over time, it evolved into a war over territory in France that had been contested between the nations since William the Conqueror. Craft guilds organized tradespeople and regulated prices, quality, and training to protect their members and profession. As trade grew in the Middle Ages, it increased prosperity but also weakened feudal systems by creating new social classes not tied to nobility and allowing mobility based on wealth.
This document provides information about the "GTA Mamaia Vice" mod for GTA Vice City, including a description of the mod, system requirements, installation instructions, frequently asked questions, included vehicles and weapons that replace the original GTA content with Romanian elements, and credits for the mod creators. The mod aims to introduce Romanian cars, buildings, weapons and other items to make the game setting resemble modern-day Romania. It includes over 100 vehicles and other assets replaced with Romanian versions.
The Hundred Years' War began as a dispute over succession to the French throne between the English and French royal families. Over time, it evolved into a war over territory in France that had been contested between the two powers for centuries. Craft guilds organized tradespeople and established standards for quality, prices and training apprentices. Growing trade in medieval Europe led to more goods, travel, towns, wealth outside the nobility, and social mobility based on money rather than birth. This weakened the rigid feudal structure and the power of the Catholic Church, which faced new questioning of its doctrines, wealth and authority in the 14th-15th centuries. Peasant revolts in France and England responded to attempts to rollback wages and impose new
The Catholic Church maintained power in medieval Europe through:
1) Political alliances with powerful rulers and intimidation of commoners with their wealth.
2) Owning one-third of European land and prohibiting clergy from marrying to prevent the inheritance of their lands.
3) Threatening excommunication for those who disobeyed Church teachings and collecting a tithe (10% tax) from members.
The document provides an overview of the essential oils industry in El Salvador. It discusses the country's production of Peru Balsam historically and more recently. It describes the commercial distillation of essential oils beginning in the 1960s-1970s and the founding of Nobs Hidrodifusion in 1986, which remains the main producer of essential oils in El Salvador. A range of oils produced includes vetiver, cascarilla, lemongrass, and others. Raw materials include vetiver roots and cascarilla bark.
The Hundred Years' War was a 116-year conflict between England and France over territory from 1337 to 1453. The English initially had success using longbows, powerful weapons that could pierce armor. Over time, technological innovations like lighter cannons and iron cannonballs helped the French gain advantages. The war led to massive losses of life in northern France and the decline of feudal systems as commoners played greater roles in battle.
The Hundred Years' War began as a dispute over succession to the French throne between the English and French royal families. Over time, it evolved into a war over territory in France that had been contested between the nations since William the Conqueror. Craft guilds organized tradespeople and regulated prices, quality, and training to protect their members and profession. As trade grew in the Middle Ages, it increased prosperity but also weakened feudal systems by creating new social classes not tied to nobility and allowing mobility based on wealth.
This document provides information about the "GTA Mamaia Vice" mod for GTA Vice City, including a description of the mod, system requirements, installation instructions, frequently asked questions, included vehicles and weapons that replace the original GTA content with Romanian elements, and credits for the mod creators. The mod aims to introduce Romanian cars, buildings, weapons and other items to make the game setting resemble modern-day Romania. It includes over 100 vehicles and other assets replaced with Romanian versions.
The Hundred Years' War began as a dispute over succession to the French throne between the English and French royal families. Over time, it evolved into a war over territory in France that had been contested between the two powers for centuries. Craft guilds organized tradespeople and established standards for quality, prices and training apprentices. Growing trade in medieval Europe led to more goods, travel, towns, wealth outside the nobility, and social mobility based on money rather than birth. This weakened the rigid feudal structure and the power of the Catholic Church, which faced new questioning of its doctrines, wealth and authority in the 14th-15th centuries. Peasant revolts in France and England responded to attempts to rollback wages and impose new
The Catholic Church maintained power in medieval Europe through:
1) Political alliances with powerful rulers and intimidation of commoners with their wealth.
2) Owning one-third of European land and prohibiting clergy from marrying to prevent the inheritance of their lands.
3) Threatening excommunication for those who disobeyed Church teachings and collecting a tithe (10% tax) from members.
The document provides an overview of the essential oils industry in El Salvador. It discusses the country's production of Peru Balsam historically and more recently. It describes the commercial distillation of essential oils beginning in the 1960s-1970s and the founding of Nobs Hidrodifusion in 1986, which remains the main producer of essential oils in El Salvador. A range of oils produced includes vetiver, cascarilla, lemongrass, and others. Raw materials include vetiver roots and cascarilla bark.
La música ha estado presente en las sociedades humanas desde la prehistoria, cuando se utilizaban instrumentos como flautas de hueso. En el mundo antiguo, la música era importante en las culturas griega y romana, donde se desarrollaron géneros musicales y se usaban instrumentos como la lira y la flauta. La música tenía un papel central en las ceremonias religiosas y eventos públicos del mundo antiguo.
1. Trade increased after the Crusades as Western Europeans traded goods from Asia along the Mediterranean Sea and traded European resources.
2. This growth of trade and the need for permanent places to trade led to the emergence of towns with merchants, craftspeople, and specialized workers like bakers and tailors.
3. Craft guilds then emerged to set standards, control prices, and regulate membership for craftspeople, taking on many of the functions of trade between towns.
The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century led to significant social, economic, and political changes in late medieval Europe. As millions died, leaving their wealth and possessions behind, surviving workers were able to demand higher wages. This weakened the feudal system as serfs gained the ability to leave manors in search of better pay. Social unrest increased as some groups were blamed for spreading the plague, and empty villages disrupted traditional structures.
The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century led to significant social, economic, and political changes in late medieval Europe. As millions died, leaving their wealth and possessions behind, surviving workers were able to demand higher wages. This weakened the feudal system as serfs gained the ability to leave manors in search of better pay. Social unrest increased as some groups were blamed for spreading the plague, and empty villages disrupted traditional structures.
The document discusses the roles that geography and history played in the birth of the Renaissance in Italy. Geographically, Italy's location in Europe and along the Mediterranean Sea facilitated trade with other regions, exposing Italy to ideas from places like the Arab world. This helped generate wealth that funded artistic works. Historically, Italy was home to ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, whose artistic and intellectual works inspired Renaissance artists and scholars to revive classical ideas and forms. They looked to Roman ruins and artifacts for inspiration and moved away from strictly religious themes in art. The region's historical figures were also seen as models of human potential and reason.
Feudalism was weakened by several factors: 1) Increased trade and the growth of towns led to a new middle class. 2) Modern warfare made soldiers more important than nobles. 3) The Black Death led to labor shortages, higher wages, and nobles having to pay workers more. People also grew increasingly dissatisfied with feudalism as it broke down and provided less protection, work, and higher taxes while nobles faced fewer taxes. As a result, peasants revolted across Europe in the 14th century, burning manors and killing lords in an effort to improve their conditions.
La música ha estado presente en las sociedades humanas desde la prehistoria, cuando se utilizaban instrumentos como flautas de hueso. En el mundo antiguo, la música era importante en las culturas griega y romana, donde se desarrollaron géneros musicales y se usaban instrumentos como la lira y la flauta. La música tenía un papel central en las ceremonias religiosas y eventos públicos del mundo antiguo.
1. Trade increased after the Crusades as Western Europeans traded goods from Asia along the Mediterranean Sea and traded European resources.
2. This growth of trade and the need for permanent places to trade led to the emergence of towns with merchants, craftspeople, and specialized workers like bakers and tailors.
3. Craft guilds then emerged to set standards, control prices, and regulate membership for craftspeople, taking on many of the functions of trade between towns.
The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century led to significant social, economic, and political changes in late medieval Europe. As millions died, leaving their wealth and possessions behind, surviving workers were able to demand higher wages. This weakened the feudal system as serfs gained the ability to leave manors in search of better pay. Social unrest increased as some groups were blamed for spreading the plague, and empty villages disrupted traditional structures.
The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century led to significant social, economic, and political changes in late medieval Europe. As millions died, leaving their wealth and possessions behind, surviving workers were able to demand higher wages. This weakened the feudal system as serfs gained the ability to leave manors in search of better pay. Social unrest increased as some groups were blamed for spreading the plague, and empty villages disrupted traditional structures.
The document discusses the roles that geography and history played in the birth of the Renaissance in Italy. Geographically, Italy's location in Europe and along the Mediterranean Sea facilitated trade with other regions, exposing Italy to ideas from places like the Arab world. This helped generate wealth that funded artistic works. Historically, Italy was home to ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, whose artistic and intellectual works inspired Renaissance artists and scholars to revive classical ideas and forms. They looked to Roman ruins and artifacts for inspiration and moved away from strictly religious themes in art. The region's historical figures were also seen as models of human potential and reason.
Feudalism was weakened by several factors: 1) Increased trade and the growth of towns led to a new middle class. 2) Modern warfare made soldiers more important than nobles. 3) The Black Death led to labor shortages, higher wages, and nobles having to pay workers more. People also grew increasingly dissatisfied with feudalism as it broke down and provided less protection, work, and higher taxes while nobles faced fewer taxes. As a result, peasants revolted across Europe in the 14th century, burning manors and killing lords in an effort to improve their conditions.