Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD is a mental health condition that is generally classified as an anxiety disorder. It is often caused by a
traumatic events or emotional trauma in one's life that leads to terrifying flashbacks, nightmares and extreme anxiety. The main cause of this disorder
is the conscious and subconscious fear–memories that have developed. In essence the 'fight or flight" response that we all have is severely damaged,
even when not in a stressful or dangerous situation those suffering from PTSD may feel stressed and in danger. The symptoms of PTSD, while
generally not life threatening, can be very distressing and have serious effects on a person's health and well–being. There are three classes of symptoms
related to PTSD, re–experiencing symptoms, avoidance symptoms, and hyperarousal symptoms. The re–experiencing symptoms are generally
flashbacks, bad dreams and frightening thoughts. These symptoms are produced from the persons own thoughts and can be triggered by anything
reminding them of the experience. The second classification of symptoms are called the avoidance symptoms and they include staying away from
places and other objects that remind the person of the experience, as well as feeling strong guilt, depression, worry, emotional numbness, and a loss of
interest in the world around you. The final classification, hyperarousal symptoms, includes being easily startled, feeling tense, having angry outbursts,
and insomnia. These symptoms are
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Essay
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been the focus of considerable attention, and some controversy, since it was formally recognised in 1980
by the American Psychiatric Association. This essay will discuss the history of this relatively new diagnosis and its place within the DSM–IV–TR,
whilst three perspectives of pathological reaction to trauma, namely, socio–cultural, psychological and biological factors will also be compared. In
conclusion this essay will discuss how the three perspectives contrast and contribute to our understanding of PTSD. PTSD is a common anxiety
disorder in Australia with a twelve month prevalence of 3.3% (McLennan 1997, p.18), and in its more serious forms, it is a chronic and disabling
psychiatric disorder...show more content...
174). Untreated, PTSD symptoms can last a lifetime, impairing health, damaging relationships and preventing people achieving their potential.
However, prospects for recovery are good when treated correctly (Kinchin 2005, p. 199). According to Foa (2008, p.26), PTSD is seen to be a
'multi–faceted disorder' that poses a number of significant notional and practical challenges with regard to achieving an accurate assessment.
Several strategies may be adopted by primary health care providers to assist patients with both acute and chronic forms of PTSD and various
scales exist to measure severity and frequency of PTSD symptoms. Because not every traumatised person develops PTSD, researchers are still
trying to understand what causes, and increases, the risk of developing PTSD. So far, most of our knowledge of PTSD comes from war survivors,
people who lived through concentration camps, and victims of combat from WWII, Korean and Vietnam wars (Bootzin & Ross 1988, p.176). Based
on research to date it is believed that PTSD is caused by a combination of several factors including social, biological and psychological and each help
contribute to our understanding of the disorder. Socio–cultural FactorsAccording to Parson (1994, p.158) race, sex, ethnicity and

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay
Social Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after
three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post–traumatic stress (PTS) and
politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is
"a true disorder." The literature regarding this topic can be divided, albeit roughly, into two principal positions. One position, also the most popular,
assumes that PTSD is a timeless disorder that existed before its official identification with the mental health community. PTS with the social context
of social groups gives a "positive shift" away from illusory "vacuums" (Tajfel, 1974.); within this context PTS in not solely related to an interaction
between an individual and a specific event. Some social memberships are more likely to experience potentially traumatic events while others have
factors such as politics, military, and social buffers that play a mediating role in the impact of traumatic stress. There is also evidence that shows a
correlation between group–level factors, and available social support can protect against PTS. PTSD has recently shifted to the sociopolitical landscape
of war rather than being universally understood to have the capabilities to affect individuals not directly exposed to wartime environments.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder "PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous
event" (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a
psychological condition of combat veterans who were "shocked" by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general
public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH). In 1980, PTSD was recognized as a disorder with
specific symptoms that could be reliably diagnosed and was added to the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders. PTSD is associated with changes in brain function and structure and these changes provide clues to the origins, treatment, and
prevention of PTSD. Some cases may be delayed, with only subtle symptoms showing up initially and more severe symptoms emerging months after
the traumatic event. The event only needs to be traumatic to that person, it can be exposure to war, fire, car accident, abuse, natural disaster,
witnessing a traumatic event, or loss of a loved one. Although most people who go through trauma will not get PTSD, the are more likely to develop
PTSD if they were directly exposed to the trauma as a victim or a witness, were seriously hurt during the event, went through a trauma that was
long–lasting or very severe, believed that they were in danger, believed

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay
Studies involving military members is ever increasing among researchers. Post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental illnesses military
members are diagnosed with are closely studied to gain better knowledge on how these diagnoses develop and how these diagnoses can be treated
through counseling services and medication (Owens et al. 2014). Substance use is increasing amongst military members and many studies have
conducted research on this topic. Military families endure different stressors than a typical family encounters. For example: deployments and separation
from their families, constantly moving from one duty station to another every two to four years, work related stress, trainings, marriage, divorce,
children, living...show more content...
This research could be beneficial to finding a solution to decreasing or stopping unnecessary substance use amongst military spouses by offering
counseling services or other support groups/systems to help them cope with the stress that is involved with being a military spouse. Theory This study
will utilize the ABC–X Model by Ruben Hill developed in 1958. "The ABC–X formula focuses primarily on pre–crisis variables of families: A (the
crisis–precipitating event/stressor) interacting with B (the family's crisis–meeting resources) interacting with C (the definition the family makes of the
event) produces X (the crisis) (https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm–binaries/38638_Chapter4.pdf). Crisis–precipitating factors (the A) that
can occur within the military would include last minute deployments, back and forth change in PCS orders, finding out the military spouse will be
gone to training for a month to six weeks without much prior notice. The A part of the model has to be viewed as problematic. The adjustment to the
family structure, as in losing the patriarch or matriarch of the family for an extended period of time during a deployment, can be viewed as
problematic especially for families who are new to the military life. The family could also lose their military member entirely during the deployment,
or the military member could sustain life changing injuries while overseas. The different resources (the B) would be based on each individual family.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay
Countless studies are available that study the post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its effects on the populations in society – primarily concerning
those involved in conflict – specifically the male soldiers and civilians in these areas of conflict. The three studies talked about in this paper specifically
focus on these points: 1) Identification of traumatic stress symptoms under conflict and the numerous variations between individuals which develop
said symptoms. 2) The observation of variations/levels of trauma experienced with previous trauma experienced pre–deployment. 3) Subsequent effects
of assessment and treatment of the levels of PTSD that can be alluded to observations of risk factors in past studies. This paper strives to...show more
content...
The Impact of Antecedent Trauma Exposure and Mental Health Symptoms In Searle et al.'s (2017) journal article, it was found that individuals–
specifically soldiers of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) – with results being that "deployment trauma and PTSD and depressive symptoms at
post–deployment were stronger for personnel with greater antecedent trauma" (2017 p. 1). Direct associations were also made between antecedent
trauma and post–deployment mental health problems, as well as being associated with more obvious antecedent mental health problems. This directly
correlates with Greene et al.'s study stated previously. Conclusions can be made from this study. Particularly, the conclusion that the presence of
antecedent, non–deployment traumas are an existence, and may not necessarily correlate with the trauma due to deployment. Thus, the assessment and
monitoring of such mental health before deployment is key. From this, several qualities can be gained, including but not limited to: improved mental
health capabilities, improved military capability, and improved personal well being. In essence, the inclusion of a "screening" on possible soldiers
pre–deployment would aid significantly, as outlying problems are capable of being pinpointed and thus treated if necessary, which thus correlates with
Creech et al.'s study (2017).
PTSD Predict Outcome In Trauma–Informed Treatment In Creech et al.'s (2017) study, it was found that the

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay
Post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects 7.7 million American adults and can also occur during childhood. PTSD is an anxiety disorder that
stems from a recent emotional threat such as a natural, disaster, war, and car accidents. PTSD usually occurs from an injury or coming close death. A
person who has experienced a past traumatic event has a heightened chance of being diagnosed with PTSD after a current trauma. PTSD can also be
determined by looking at one's genes, different emotions, and current or past family setting. Normally, when a person without PTSD goes through a
traumatic event the body releases stress hormones, which in time returns back to normal; However, a person with PTSD releases stress hormones that
do not return...show more content...
Research shows that many brain and hormonal changes may occur as a result of early, prolonged trauma, and contribute to troubles with learning,
memory, and regulating emotions. Combined with a disruptive, abusive home environment, these brain and hormonal changes may contribute to
severe behavioral difficulties ("Post–Traumatic" 1). If someone has a loved one or friend who is struggling or may be on the brink of developing
PTSD there are two important key factors that can provide more help in determining if the person has it or not. These factors are called risk and
resilience factors and they are able to determine who is more likely to develop PTSD and provide different actions that can be used to reduce the risk
of developing PTSD. Some risk factors include living through a dangerous event and trauma, history of mental illness, witnessing the death of a person,
the feeling of horror, helplessness, extreme fear, and having little to no social support from family and friends. Some resilience factors include
seeking support, support groups, coping strategies, feeling good about one's own actions in face of danger, and being able to act and respond
effectively despite felling fear ( What is Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder 4). These factors are very important and can act as a guide to help anyone
who has PTSD and any family or friend who has

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Today we are here to figure out why is it that past events are the triggers that cause Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder is
an anxiety disorder that some people get after seeing or undergoing a dangerous event. There are various symptoms that begin to show or actions
that can give a clear answer whether one may be diagnosed with this disorder. One of the many problems is that no age range is safe from suffering
PTSD. One must ask themselves what set of events happened at that time to cause this disaster to occur and how did these events change the lives of
these occupants' forever. By the end of this paper, we will have our results and understanding why this affects many people. We can also figure out if
there...show more content...
Luckily, I didn't get injured and my car had minor damage. To get to the point, this accident didn't cause me a massive amount of stress when I am
driving. What it did was constantly make me look at my rear view mirror when I stopped the car at a red light. It makes me remember how fast the
other guy was going and as you know objects can be farther or closer then they appear. Telling us that the car can be close but look far or vice–versa
and to me it'll feel as though the car is right behind me. An instant accident can cause years of damage psychologically. In the same way, military
combat also known as shell shock can cause the same affect to the soldiers that protect our country with their lives. Military combat is a strenuous
twenty–four hour job, which requires one to constantly be aware of their surroundings and of any threat that appears. There have been many wars in
this life time and many military veterans have returned from war back into normal civilization and cannot function in their lives. Military.com states
that, "About 30 percent of the men and women who have spent time in war zones experience PTSD." The soldiers that return from combat
experience flashbacks and their lives feels as though they are still at war. For example, the show "Criminal Minds" had an episode with a war veteran
that worked as a plumber and while on

Post–traumatic stress disorder is a psychological disorder portrayed by symptoms of recurrent stressп»їп»ї episodes generated by life–threatening
events. Such symptoms include, but are not limited to, flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance, irritability, and insomnia. Moreover, these symptoms
interfere with daily life activities п»їп»їin an unfavorable way, while also causing distress. A biological susceptibility is, in part, responsible for some
of the risk in the development of PTSD. Psychological reasoning behind the disorder includes a strong and stressful traumatic event, neuroticism and
low extraversion personalities, and negative cognition before the trauma among others. Being a woman, living in urban areas, having a low education,
receiving low income, and even belonging to a minority race or ethnicity can increase you sociocultural risk of developing PTSD. The disorder is
generally treated with psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, or cognitive therapy along with medication. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in
Biopsychosocial Perspective Approximately twenty–five to thirty percent of those who have experienced a traumatic event will proceed to develop
post–traumatic stress disorder (Fry, 2016). Those who have experienced a traumatic event and developed PTSD continue reliving it to an extent in
which it interferes with their lives. The symptoms of the disorder affect the person's life by interfering with daily activities and personal relationships
with friends and family. There is

There are hundreds of different kinds of psychiatric disorders listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM–IV).
One of them is called Post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Based on the research, post–traumatic disorder usually occurs following the experience or
witnessing of life–threatening events such as military combat, natural disasters, terrorist incidents, serious accidents, or violent personal assaults like
rape (Harvard Women's Health Watch, 2005). The purpose of this paper is to discuss therisk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnostic
criteria and tests, treatment, prognosis and future research and approaches to treat this psychiatric illness of post–traumatic stress...show more content...
5). In contrast, a post–traumatic stress disorder person's system would seem to be oversensitive. Source says the amygdala may look to be over
reactive in PTSD, but it posts a question upon if the amygdala is already over reactive in itself or it could naturally be over reactive responding to
trauma (Harvard Women's Health Watch, 2005). With the help of imaging techniques and its imaging studies, it shows that the hippocampus and the
anterior cingulated cortex found to be smaller in PTSD. The two areas of the brain which help maintain the amygdala in check seem to have trouble
functioning properly in people with PSTD (Harvard Women's Health Watch, 2005). Another thought that involves the pathophysiology of PTSD is the
role of basal catecholamines. However, the subject is controversial (Miller, 2000). There has been a hypothesis made that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
corticotrophin–releasing hormone (CRH) concentrations increase in people with PTSD from a study comparing combat veterans and normal
volunteers (Miller, 2000). As with any disorder of the brain, the complexities of PTSD are extensive and require a lot of integrating components.
Therefore, the pathophysiology of PTSD is unclear.
Clinical Manifestation Post–traumatic stress disorder falls into three general categories of symptoms: Intrusion,

"Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes," (Feldman, 2009, p.5). There are many different views of psychological studies.
However, they all share the basic foundation. They analyze memories, emotions, perceptions, thoughts, and reasoning processes, as well as the body's
functioning and what maintains these. In addition, each field of psychology strives to improve lives. Understanding behavior and mental processes aids
in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses (Feldman, 2009, p.5). There is a vast array of recognized mental illnesses. This paper will reflect on
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; the causes of it, the features and associated features, the major psychological perspectives on PTSD, the...show more
content...
Some personally experienced traumatic events are physical or sexual assault, natural or manmade disasters, physical or mental torture, or being
diagnosed with a life threatening disease. With children it involves physical or sexual abuse. In addition, some traumatic events personally viewed
are the serious physical injury or violent death of another person, whether caused by war, disaster, accident, or physical assault; or the unexpected
sight of a body part or a deceased person. Further, some of the traumatic events a person hears or reads about are a sudden or violent death, a severe
injury, or the physical attack of a relative or someone close (APA, 2000, pp.463–464).
Furthermore, there are a number of features involved with PTSD. These may appear within three months of the traumatic event, or months to years
later, and may last a short time, or very long time. On the other hand, they may go away only to return when a person becomes distressed or suffers
another traumatic experience. Re–experiencing the traumatic event can come in many forms. The most common forms are having continuous, vivid
mental pictures of the traumatic event, or continual upsetting dreams concerning the traumatic event. Occasionally a person may become disassociated
momentarily or possibly for several days. All these events are referred to as "flashbacks". They generally occur when a person has severe distress or
high arousal. This extreme psychological distress

Introduction: Posttraumatic stress disorder is no longer just associated with veterans of war, but it has seen an increase in cases where women have
been raped or sexually abused, or in children who have witnessed or been the victims of violence. The mental health care provider may use animal
therapy as a supplement to medications and therapy, or may use it on its own. Post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that is
triggered by a traumatic event. The person suffering from PTSD may have experienced this firsthand or have witnessed it. Symptoms include reliving
the event, avoiding situations that remind you of the event, negative changes in beliefs and feelings, and hyperarousal. Reliving the event includes
having bad memories, nightmares, and flashbacks. The trauma the person with PTSD experienced might cause them change the way they view
themselves and others. Hyperarousal is the tendency to be on the lookout for danger or the constant feeling of jitters. Animal therapy involves the use
of an animal to promote the maintenance or improvement of human emotional, physical, or cognitive function. Animal therapy may be used in a group
or individual setting. While dogs and horses are used most often, many other animals can be used. Quality of life is defined by the CDC as "an
individual's or group's perceived physical and mental health over time." Quality of life includes subjective evaluations of both positive and negative

Introduction
"There are currently over 400,000 Veterans in treatment for PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) and it is estimated that with the Iraq and
Afghanistan wars there is an additional 33% increase in our returning soldiers." Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has become a severe issue for
veterans returning from overseas. One of the most effective, yet unused resources given to veterans to help them cope with their disorder is
specially trained dogs. These dogs help veterans with everyday life and keep them company, giving them a sense of tranquility and security.
However, these dogs are extremely expensive, making it hard for veterans to obtain them. My research proposal will investigate several grey areas of
these dogs. Are these dogs really the most effective way to treat PTSD? Why are these dogs not utilized as much as if they are proven to work the
best? My project will also touch on if there is a less expensive way to train the dogs. This project will prove that dogs really are the best way to treat
this disorder, find an answer as to why these dogs are not utilized more, and try to find a cheaper way to train these dogs.
Background
There are several organizations that train and sell these dogs privately to veterans suffering from
Hannah 2
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. "It costs PPH $20,000 to fully train a service dog that will be placed with a wounded warrior." This means that these
dogs retail for upwards of

Essay on Abstract Post-traumatic Stress
Post –Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)Melissa DiMichele
Psychology 100
June 10, 2011
Abstract
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder also known as PTSD is an emotional condition that can develop following a terrifying or traumatic event.
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder also known as PTSD is an emotional condition that can develop following a traumatic or terrifying event. PTSD has
only been recognized as a diagnosis since 1980. This emotional disorder was brought to public attention after soldiers would return home and often
referred to as "shell shock or combat fatigue".
This Disorder can occur at any age and affects approximately eight percent of the adult population....show more content...
First, 2000). Some people may even try to block out part of the events that occurred all together. A similar disorder in symptoms is known as Acute
Stress Disorder. The difference between these two diagnoses is that acute stress disorder only last two days to four weeks and requires less symptoms
to make a diagnosis.
Research has indicated that people who have experienced and extreme amount of stress or traumatic event sometimes have a smaller hippocampus
region of the brain in adults with chronic PTSD and early childhood trauma. This is the part of the brain that is responsible for memory. The reduction
in size may be caused by a combination of the environment and genetics (NARSAD.com). People who are diagnosed with this disorder are more
likely to have trouble with relationships, smoke cigarettes, abuse drugs and or alcohol use. If PTSD is left untreated it can have devastating lasting
effects.
PTSD is not easily treated. Sometimes people can not only suffer mentally but have physical impairments from the event as well. This can make it hard
for them to obtain the treatment they need. A combination of medications andpsychotherapy is usually recommended and is the most effect form of
treatment for PTSD. The earlier a person seeks treatment for this disorder the better the outcome will be. The medications are used to help people cope
with their emotions while the psychotherapy will help

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Essay
Post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a relatively new diagnosis that was associated with survivors of war when it was first introduced. Its
diagnosis was met largely with skepticism and dismissal by the public of the validity of the illness. PTSD was only widely accepted when it was
included as a diagnosis in 1980 in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–III) of the American Psychiatric
Association. PTSD is a complex mental disorder that develops in response to exposure to a severe traumatic event that stems a cluster of symptoms.
Being afflicted with the disorder is debilitating, disrupting an individual's ability to function and perform the most basic tasks. Who gets PTSD?...show
more content...
Several different factors can contribute to how a person responds to a traumatic stressor and scientist and theoreticians have found other factors can
determine individuals who are more likely to develop PTSD when exposed to a catastrophic event. These factors can include their past exposure to
trauma, their mental health history, their families' history of psychological problem, age, gender, biological makeup, social network, as well
accessibility to mental health treatment facilities. An individual with a strong social support before and after the traumatic event is likely to have a
positive adjustment after the trauma than an individual who has a poor connection and attachment with their social circle. Some studies on heritability
of the disorder shows a small hereditary component that predisposes a person to the disorder contributes to increase their probability of exposure to
trauma. "For example a hereditary deficit in problem–solving capacity may contribute to higher levels of exposure to potentially traumatic stressors
and lower levels of resources to promote recovery following exposure" (Reyes, Elhai, & Ford, p. 259). Resilience Resilience is the ability for the
individual to cope with the disorder and recover from exposure to traumatic events. Many factors such as strong connection and support from one's own
social domain (family and friends), individual's

Among those who served in the Vietnam War, 84.8% of those diagnosed Post
–Traumatic Stress Disorder still show moderate impairment of symptoms,
even 30 plus years after the war (Glover 2014). As of today, the Unites States has 2.8 million veterans who served in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, of
those it is estimated that 11 to 20% currently suffer from Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder. As of 2013, a total of 12,632 veterans of the Afghanistan and
Iraq wars are currently diagnosed with Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (Glover 2014). Of course it is to be taken into account that these numbers are
based on those who admit to experiencing symptoms and seek treatment. Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder statistics are exceedingly difficult to gauge
among veterans. According to the following source, "it is possible to have undiagnosed PTSD for 30 years and not realize it" (Veterans and PTSD).
Symptoms may not be diagnosed anywhere from 1 year after service to a lifetime. Also, it must be taken into account that after retiring many veterans
may lose touch and not receive treatment for symptoms or further affiliate with the military. In the 1980s, regarding PTSD in Vietnam veterans, it was
found that 15%–30% of veterans reported having PTSD; however, in 2003 a new study found that four out of five reported symptoms. In regards to
treatment there are good treatment options available for those who have been diagnosed as Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder. When first diagnosed, it
may be

Post–traumatic stress disorder also known as PTSD. Post–traumatic stress disorder is developed from a scary, dangerous or shocking events. For
example, a soldier exposed to a near death experience or a scary event overseas could cause that person to be diagnose with PTSD. Also another
example, could be someone in Miami experiencing a category 5 hurricane and have everything taken away from them. Research on OEF/OIF
Veterans suggests that 10% to 18% of OEF/OIF troops are likely to have PTSD after they return. In addition to PTSD service members are also at a
higher risk of developing other mental health issues. Post–traumatic stress disorder is very real and life threating in some cases. What risks increase
your chances of getting PTSD? Risks could range from just being a lower ranked service member, a brain injury, family problems or poor social
support. So if you are in the military and you deploy a lot you have a greater chance of getting PTSD. If you have very little family support while
you're gone could also increase your chances. I can relate to this because out of 7 years in the military, I have deployed 4 times not including TDY's. I
think what helps me the most is my strong family support. Without them I 'm not sure how I could have made it through some of those deployments.
Post–traumatic stress disorder also known as PTSD. Post–traumatic stress disorder is developed from a scary, dangerous or shocking events. It doesn't
matter how old you're are who you

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Introduction Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD is a mental disorder that most people associate with military men and women. This illness has
many different symptoms and causes. Anyone can be diagnosed and suffer from this disorder no matter what age, race, or gender. To be diagnosed with
suffering from PTSD, one must have suffered from a traumatic or life threatening event such as death, severe injury, or sexual abuse. Such event
renders the victim helpless with intense fear. This must include one or more of the following symptoms for over a month like repetitive stressful
memories, nightmares, flashbacks, avoids certain situations, negative moods, sleep disturbances, or some distress or impairment for more than a
month. PTSD has expanded

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Essay
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be a very serious and debilitating condition that occurs after a person has been exposed to a terrifying event
or ordeal in which grave physical danger happened or was threatened. The kinds of traumatic events triggering PTSD in people include violent personal
assaults (rape, mugging), natural disasters (hurricanes, tornadoes), man–made disasters (bombings), accidents or military combat. People who suffer
from PTSD often relive the experience through nightmares and flashbacks, have difficulty sleeping, and feel detached or estranged, and these
symptoms can be severe enough and last long enough to significantly impair a person's daily life. PTSD is a complicated...show more content...
Rates of PTSD are much higher in post–conflict settings such as Algeria (37%), Cambodia (28%), Ethiopia (16%), and Gaza (18%)(de Jong et al.,
2001).
The first stressor criterion specifies that a person has been exposed to a catastrophic event involving actual or threatened death or injury. The second
criterion, or intrusive recollection, includes symptoms that are distinctive and easily identified of PTSD. These emotions manifest in daytime fantasies,
traumatic nightmares, and psychotic reenactments know as flashbacks. The third criteria, avoidant/numbing, consists of symptoms that reflect
behavioral, cognitive, or emotional strategies the PTSD patients use in an attempt to reduce the likelihood that they will expose themselves to
trauma–related stimuli. The fourth criteria, hyper–arousal, most closely resembles those seen in panic and generalized anxiety disorders. While
symptoms such as insomnia and irritability are generic anxiety symptoms, hyper–vigilance and startle are more characteristic of PTSD. The fifth
criteria, duration, specifies how long symptoms must persist in order to qualify for a PTSD diagnosis. The last criteria, functional significance, specify
that the survivor must experience significant social, occupational, or other distress as a result of these symptoms. Since 1980, there has been a great
deal of attention devoted

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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