SonarQube provides several benefits: it increases sustainability and productivity by reducing complexity and code duplication; ensures code quality by detecting errors; and allows for consistency, business scaling, and enhancing developer skills through feedback. Potential alternatives to SonarQube include JSHint for JavaScript and Coverity for static code analysis. SonarLint is beneficial as it highlights issues and fixes in real-time as code is edited to save time versus full builds. The key components of SonarQube's architecture are the Sonar scanner, source code, Sonar analyzer plugin, and underlying database.