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PROJECT
  ON
    AIR
POLLLUTION
   AMAN AGGARWAL
  G.L.T Saraswati Bal Mandir,
        Nehru Nagar-110065
                  Class :IX-C
                  Roll No. : 7
Air pollution from
World War II production
WHAT IS AIR
           POLLUTION
   Air pollution is the introduction of
    chemicals , particulate matter , or
    biological materials that cause
    harm or discomfort to humans or
    other living organisms, or cause
    damage to the natural environment
    or built environment , into the
    atmosphere .
AIR POLLUTION
• The atmosphere is a complex dynamic
  natural gaseous system that is essential to
  support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric
  ozone depletion due to air pollution has
  long been recognized as a threat to
  human health as well as to the Earth's
  ecosystems.
• Indoor air pollution and urban air quality
  are listed as two of the world's worst
  pollution problems in the 2008
  Blacksmith Institute World's Worst
  Polluted Places report.
POLLUTANTS
   A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the
    environment is known as an air pollutant. Pollutants can be in
    the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In
    addition, they may be natural or man-made.2
   Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary. Usually,
    primary pollutants are directly emitted from a process, such as
    ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a
    motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from
    factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly.
    Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or
    interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is
    ground level ozone — one of the many secondary pollutants
    that make up photochemical smog. Some pollutants may be
    both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted
    directly and formed from other primary pollutants.
AIR POLLUTANT IMAGE
flue gas desulfurization
PRIMARY POLLUTANTS
Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include:
Sulfur oxides (SOx) - especially sulphur dioxide, a chemical
compound with the formula SO2. SO2 is produced by
volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and
petroleum often contain sulphur compounds, their combustion
generates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO2, usually in
the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and
thus acid rain.[2] This is one of the causes for concern over
the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as power
sources.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - especially nitrogen dioxide are
emitted from high temperature combustion. Can be seen as
the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities.
Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula
NO2. It is one of the several nitrogen oxides. This reddish-
brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. NO2 is
one of the most prominent air pollutants.
Contd…
Carbon monoxide - is a colourless, odorless, non-irritating but very
poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such
as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of
carbon monoxide.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) - a colourless, odorless, non-toxic
greenhouse gas associated with ocean acidification, emitted from
sources such as combustion, cement production, and respiration
Volatile organic compounds - VOCs are an important outdoor air
pollutant. In this field they are often divided into the separate
categories of methane (CH4) and non-methane (NMVOCs).
Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes
to enhanced global warming. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also
significant greenhouse gases via their role in creating ozone and in
prolonging the life of methane in the atmosphere, although the effect
varies depending on local air quality. Within the NMVOCs, the
aromatic compounds benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected
carcinogens and may lead to leukemia through prolonged exposure.
1,3-butadiene is another dangerous compound which is often
associated with industrial uses.
Contd…
   Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are
    organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at
    ordinary, room-temperature conditions. Their high vapor
    pressure results from a low boiling point, which causes
    large numbers of molecules to evaporate or sublimate from
    the liquid or solid form of the compound and enter the
    surrounding air. An example is formaldehyde, with a boiling
    point of –19 °C (–2 °F), slowly exiting paint and getting
    into the air.
   Many VOCs are dangerous to human health or cause harm
    to the environment. VOCs are numerous, varied, and
    ubiquitous. They include both man-made and naturally
    occurring chemical compounds. VOCs play an important
    role in communication between plants. 1 Anthropogenic
    VOCs are regulated by law, especially indoors, where
    concentrations are the highest. VOCs are typically not
    acutely toxic, but instead have compounding long-term
    health effects. Because the concentrations are usually low
    and the symptoms slow to develop, research into VOCs and
    their effects is difficult.
Contd…
   Particulates – also known as particulate matter (PM), suspended
    particulate matter (SPM), fine particles, and soot – are tiny
    subdivisions of solid matter suspended in a gas or liquid. In contrast,
    aerosol refers to particles and/or liquid droplets and the gas together.
    Sources of particulate matter can be man made or natural. Air pollution
    and water pollution can take the form of solid particulate matter, or be
    dissolved.1 Salt is an example of a dissolved contaminant in water, while
    sand is generally a solid particulate.
   To improve water quality, solid particulates can be removed by
    water filters or settling, and is referred to as insoluble particulate matter.
    Dissolved contaminants in water are often collected by distilling, allowing
    the water to evaporate and the contaminants to return to particle form
    and precipitate.
   Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes,
    dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray.
    Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles,
    power plants and various industrial processes also generate significant
    amounts of particulates. Coal combustion in developing countries is the
    primary method for heating homes and supplying energy. Averaged over
    the globe, anthropogenic aerosols—those made by human activities—
    currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in
    our atmosphere.2 Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked
    to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and
    lung cancer.
Schematic drawing, causes and
    effects of air pollution
Persistent free Radicals
   Radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms,
    molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons on an open shell
    configuration. Free radicals may have positive, negative, or
    zero charge. With some exceptions, the unpaired electrons
    cause radicals to be highly chemically reactive.
   Radicals, if allowed to run free in the body, are believed to
    be involved in degenerative diseases, senescence (the
    aging process), and cancers.
   Free radicals play an important role in combustion,
    atmospheric chemistry, polymerization, plasma chemistry,
    biochemistry, and many other chemical processes. In
    chemical biology, superoxide and nitric oxide regulate many
    processes, such as controlling vascular tone. Such radicals
    can even be messengers in a phenomenon dubbed
    redox signaling. A radical may be trapped within a
    solvent cage or be otherwise bound.
                               
Secondary pollutants include :
   Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and
    compounds in photochemical smog. Smog is a kind of air
    pollution; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of smoke and fog.
    Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an
    area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern
    smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and
    industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by
    ultraviolet light from the sun to form secondary pollutants that
    also combine with the primary emissions to form
    photochemical smog.
   Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone
    (O3) is a key constituent of the troposphere. It is also an
    important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere
    commonly known as the Ozone layer. Photochemical and
    chemical reactions involving it drive many of the chemical
    processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night.
    At abnormally high concentrations brought about by human
    activities (largely the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a
    pollutant, and a constituent of smog.
   Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) - similarly formed from NOx and
    VOCs.
Minor air pollutants include:
   Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are
    organic compounds that are resistant to
    environmental degradation through
    chemical, biological, and photolytic
    processes. Because of this, they have been
    observed to persist in the environment, to
    be capable of long-range transport,
    bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue,
    biomagnify in food chains, and to have
    potential significant impacts on human
    health and the environment.
Sources
   Sources of air pollution refer to the various
    locations, activities or factors which are
    responsible for the releasing of pollutants
    into the atmosphere. These sources can
    be classified into two major categories
    which are:
   Anthropogenic sources (human
    activity) mostly related to burning
    different kinds of fuel
Dust storm approaching Stratford,
             Texas
Power Station
   A power station (also referred to as a
    generating station, power plant, or
    powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the
    generation of electric energy.123
   At the center of nearly all power stations is a
    generator, a rotating machine that converts
    mechanical energy into electrical energy by
    creating relative motion between a magnetic field
    and a conductor. The energy source harnessed to
    turn the generator varies widely. It depends
    chiefly on which fuels are easily available and on
    the types of technology that the power company
    has access to.
Contd…
   The world's first
    power station was
    built by Sigmund
    Schuckert in the
    Bavaria town of
    Ettal and went into
    operation in 18784.
    The station
    consisted of 24
    dynamo electric
    generators which
    were driven by a
    steam engine. It
    was used to
    illuminate a grotto
    in the gardens of
    Linderhof Palace.
Indore Air Quality (IAQ)
   A lack of ventilation indoors concentrates air pollution where
    people often spend the majority of their time. Radon (Rn) gas, a
    carcinogen, is exuded from the Earth in certain locations and
    trapped inside houses. Building materials including carpeting and
    plywood emit formaldehyde (H2CO) gas. Paint and solvents give
    off volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as they dry. Lead paint can
    degenerate into dust and be inhaled. Intentional air pollution is
    introduced with the use of air fresheners, incense, and other
    scented items. Controlled wood fires in stoves and fireplaces can
    add significant amounts of smoke particulates into the air, inside
    and out.13 Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused by using
    pesticides and other chemical sprays indoors without proper
    ventilation.
   Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and fatalities are often caused
    by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal
    indoors. Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning can result even from
    poorly adjusted pilot lights. Traps are built into all domestic
    plumbing to keep sewer gas, hydrogen sulfide, out of interiors.
    Clothing emits tetrachloroethylene, or other dry cleaning fluids,
    for days after dry cleaning.
Contd…
   Though its use has now been banned in many countries, the extensive use
    of asbestos in industrial and domestic environments in the past has left a
    potentially very dangerous material in many localities. Asbestosis is a
    chronic inflammatory medical condition affecting the tissue of the lungs. It
    occurs after long-term, heavy exposure to asbestos from asbestos-
    containing materials in structures. Sufferers have severe dyspnea
    (shortness of breath) and are at an increased risk regarding several
    different types of lung cancer. As clear explanations are not always
    stressed in non-technical literature, care should be taken to distinguish
    between several forms of relevant diseases. According to the
    World Health Organisation (WHO), these may defined as; asbestosis, lung
    cancer, and Peritoneal Mesothelioma (generally a very rare form of cancer,
    when more widespread it is almost always associated with prolonged
    exposure to asbestos).
   Biological sources of air pollution are also found indoors, as gases and
    airborne particulates. Pets produce dander, people produce dust from
    minute skin flakes and decomposed hair, dust mites in bedding, carpeting
    and furniture produce enzymes and micrometre-sized fecal droppings,
    inhabitants emit methane, mold forms in walls and generates mycotoxins
    and spores, air conditioning systems can incubate Legionnaires' disease
    and mold, and houseplants, soil and surrounding gardens can produce
    pollen, dust, and mold. Indoors, the lack of air circulation allows these
    airborne pollutants to accumulate more than they would otherwise occur in
    nature.
Health effects
   The World Health Organization states that 2.4 million people die
    each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution, with
    1.5 million of these deaths attributable to indoor air pollution. 14 "
    Epidemiological studies suggest that more than 500,000
    Americans die each year from cardiopulmonary disease linked to
    breathing fine particle air pollution. . ."15 A study by the
    University of Birmingham has shown a strong correlation between
    pneumonia related deaths and air pollution from motor vehicles.
    16 Worldwide more deaths per year are linked to air pollution than
    to automobile accidents.[] Published in 2005 suggests that
    310,000 Europeans die from air pollution annually.[] Causes of
    deaths include aggravated asthma, emphysema, lung and heart
    diseases, and respiratory allergies.[] The US EPA estimates that a
    proposed set of changes in diesel engine technology (Tier 2) could
    result in 12,000 fewer premature mortalities, 15,000 fewer
    heart attacks, 6,000 fewer emergency room visits by children with
    asthma, and 8,900 fewer respiratory-related hospital admissions
    each year in the United States.[] Air pollution is also emerging as
    a risk factor for stroke, particularly in developing countries where
    pollutant levels are highest.17
Effect of cystic fibrosis
   A study from around the years of 1999 to 2000, by the
    University of Washington, showed that patients near and
    around particulate matter air pollution had an increased risk of
    pulmonary exacerbations and decrease in lung function.23
    Patients were examined before the study for amounts of
    specific pollutants like Pseudomonas aeruginosa or
    Burkholderia cenocepacia as well as their socioeconomic
    standing. Participants involved in the study were located in the
    United States in close proximity to an
    Environmental Protection Agency.[] During the time of the
    study 117 deaths were associated with air pollution. Many
    patients in the study lived in or near large metropolitan areas
    in order to be close to medical help. These same patients had
    higher level of pollutants found in their system because of
    more emissions in larger cities. As cystic fibrosis patients
    already suffer from decreased lung function, everyday
    pollutants such as smoke, emissions from automobiles,
    tobacco smoke and improper use of indoor heating devices
    could further compromise lung function.24
EFFECTS OF COPD
   Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also known
    as chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), chronic
    obstructive airway disease (COAD), chronic airflow
    limitation (CAL) and chronic obstructive respiratory disease
    (CORD), is the co-occurrence of chronic bronchitis and
    emphysema, a pair of commonly co-existing diseases of the lungs
    in which the airways become narrowed.1 This leads to a limitation
    of the flow of air to and from the lungs, causing
    shortness of breath (dyspnea). In clinical practice, COPD is
    defined by its characteristically low airflow on lung function tests.2
    In contrast to asthma, this limitation is poorly reversible and
    usually gets progressively worse over time. In England, an
    estimated 842,100 of 50 million people have a diagnosis of COPD.
    3
   COPD is caused by noxious particles or gas, most commonly from
    tobacco smoking, which triggers an abnormal
    inflammatory response in the lung.4
   The diagnosis of COPD requires lung function tests. Important
    management strategies are smoking cessation, vaccinations,
    rehabilitation, and drug therapy (often using inhalers). Some
    patients go on to require long-term oxygen therapy or
    lung transplantation.
Air Pollution
   Studies in many countries have found people who
    live in large cities have a higher rate of COPD
    compared to people who live in rural areas.27
    Urban air pollution may be a contributing factor for
    COPD, as it is thought to slow the normal growth of
    the lungs, although the long-term research needed
    to confirm the link has not been done. Studies of
    the industrial waste gas and COPD/asthma-
    aggravating compound, sulfur dioxide, and the
    inverse relation to the presence of the blue lichen
    Xanthoria (usually found abundantly in the
    countryside, but never in towns or cities) have been
    seen to suggest combustive industrial processes do
    not aid COPD sufferers. In many
    developing countries, indoor air pollution from
    cooking fire smoke (often using biomass fuels such
    as wood and animal dung) is a common cause of
    COPD, especially in women.
Genetics
   Some factor in addition to heavy smoke exposure is
    required for a person to develop COPD. This factor
    is probably a genetic susceptibility. COPD is more
    common among relatives of COPD patients who
    smoke than unrelated smokers.29 The genetic
    differences that make some peoples' lungs
    susceptible to the effects of tobacco smoke are
    mostly unknown. Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency is a
    genetic condition that is responsible for about 2%
    of cases of COPD. In this condition, the body does
    not make enough of a protein, alpha 1-antitrypsin.
    Alpha 1-antitrypsin protects the lungs from damage
    caused by protease enzymes, such as elastase and
    trypsin, that can be released as a result of an
    inflammatory response to tobacco smoke.
Effect of children
   Cities around the world with high exposure to air pollutants
    have the possibility of children living within them to develop
    asthma, pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections as
    well as a low initial birth rate. Protective measures to ensure
    the youths' health are being taken in cities such as New Delhi,
    India where buses now use compressed natural gas to help
    eliminate the “pea-soup” smog.28 Research by the
    World Health Organization shows there is the greatest
    concentration of particulate matter particles in countries with
    low economic world power and high poverty and population
    rates. Examples of these countries include Egypt, Sudan,
    Mongolia, and Indonesia. In the United States, the
    Clean Air Act was passed in 1970, however in 2002 at least 146
    million Americans were living in non-attainment areas—regions
    in which the concentration of certain air pollutants exceeded
    federal standards.29 Those pollutants are known as the
    criteria pollutants, and include ozone, particulate matter, sulfur
    dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead. Because
    children are outdoors more and have higher minute ventilation
    they are more susceptible to the dangers of air pollution.
Control Devices
   The following items are commonly used as
    pollution control devices by industry or
    transportation devices. They can either destroy
    contaminants or remove them from an exhaust
    stream before it is emitted into the atmosphere.
   Particulate scrubbersWet scrubber is a form of
    pollution control technology. The term describes a
    variety of devices that use pollutants from a
    furnace flue gas or from other gas streams. In a
    wet scrubber, the polluted gas stream is brought
    into contact with the scrubbing liquid, by spraying
    it with the liquid, by forcing it through a pool of
    liquid, or by some other contact method, so as to
    remove the pollutants.
Legal Regulations
   In general, there are two types of
    air quality standards. The first class
    of standards (such as the U.S.
    National Ambient Air Quality
    Standards and E.U. Air Quality
    Directive) set maximum
    atmospheric concentrations for
    specific pollutants. Environmental
    agencies enact regulations which
    are intended to result in attainment
    of these target levels. The second
    class (such as the North American
    Air Quality Index) take the form of
    a scale with various thresholds,
    which is used to communicate to
    the public the relative risk of
    outdoor activity. The scale may or
    may not distinguish between
    different pollutants.
Governing Urban Air Pollution
   In Europe, Council Directive 96/62/EC on ambient air
    quality assessment and management provides a common
    strategy against which member states can “set objectives
    for ambient air quality in order to avoid, prevent or reduce
    harmful effects on human health and the environment . . .
    and improve air quality where it is unsatisfactory”.35
   On 25 July 2008 in the case Dieter Janecek v Freistaat
    Bayern CURIA, the European Court of Justice ruled that
    under this directive35 citizens have the right to require
    national authorities to implement a short term action plan
    that aims to maintain or achieve compliance to air quality
    limit values.36
   This important case law appears to confirm the role of the
    EC as centralised regulator to European nation-states as
    regards air pollution control. It places a supranational legal
    obligation on the UK to protect its citizens from dangerous
    levels of air pollution, furthermore superseding national
    interests with those of the citizen.
AIR POLLUTION IMAGES
THANK YOU.

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Air pollution

  • 1. PROJECT ON AIR POLLLUTION AMAN AGGARWAL G.L.T Saraswati Bal Mandir, Nehru Nagar-110065 Class :IX-C Roll No. : 7
  • 2. Air pollution from World War II production
  • 3. WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION  Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals , particulate matter , or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment , into the atmosphere .
  • 4. AIR POLLUTION • The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. • Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.
  • 5. POLLUTANTS  A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment is known as an air pollutant. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made.2  Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone — one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.
  • 6. AIR POLLUTANT IMAGE flue gas desulfurization
  • 7. PRIMARY POLLUTANTS Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include: Sulfur oxides (SOx) - especially sulphur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulphur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain.[2] This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as power sources. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion. Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NO2. It is one of the several nitrogen oxides. This reddish- brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. NO2 is one of the most prominent air pollutants.
  • 8. Contd… Carbon monoxide - is a colourless, odorless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide (CO2) - a colourless, odorless, non-toxic greenhouse gas associated with ocean acidification, emitted from sources such as combustion, cement production, and respiration Volatile organic compounds - VOCs are an important outdoor air pollutant. In this field they are often divided into the separate categories of methane (CH4) and non-methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced global warming. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also significant greenhouse gases via their role in creating ozone and in prolonging the life of methane in the atmosphere, although the effect varies depending on local air quality. Within the NMVOCs, the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukemia through prolonged exposure. 1,3-butadiene is another dangerous compound which is often associated with industrial uses.
  • 9. Contd…  Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at ordinary, room-temperature conditions. Their high vapor pressure results from a low boiling point, which causes large numbers of molecules to evaporate or sublimate from the liquid or solid form of the compound and enter the surrounding air. An example is formaldehyde, with a boiling point of –19 °C (–2 °F), slowly exiting paint and getting into the air.  Many VOCs are dangerous to human health or cause harm to the environment. VOCs are numerous, varied, and ubiquitous. They include both man-made and naturally occurring chemical compounds. VOCs play an important role in communication between plants. 1 Anthropogenic VOCs are regulated by law, especially indoors, where concentrations are the highest. VOCs are typically not acutely toxic, but instead have compounding long-term health effects. Because the concentrations are usually low and the symptoms slow to develop, research into VOCs and their effects is difficult.
  • 10. Contd…  Particulates – also known as particulate matter (PM), suspended particulate matter (SPM), fine particles, and soot – are tiny subdivisions of solid matter suspended in a gas or liquid. In contrast, aerosol refers to particles and/or liquid droplets and the gas together. Sources of particulate matter can be man made or natural. Air pollution and water pollution can take the form of solid particulate matter, or be dissolved.1 Salt is an example of a dissolved contaminant in water, while sand is generally a solid particulate.  To improve water quality, solid particulates can be removed by water filters or settling, and is referred to as insoluble particulate matter. Dissolved contaminants in water are often collected by distilling, allowing the water to evaporate and the contaminants to return to particle form and precipitate.  Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial processes also generate significant amounts of particulates. Coal combustion in developing countries is the primary method for heating homes and supplying energy. Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic aerosols—those made by human activities— currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in our atmosphere.2 Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.
  • 11. Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air pollution
  • 12. Persistent free Radicals  Radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons on an open shell configuration. Free radicals may have positive, negative, or zero charge. With some exceptions, the unpaired electrons cause radicals to be highly chemically reactive.  Radicals, if allowed to run free in the body, are believed to be involved in degenerative diseases, senescence (the aging process), and cancers.  Free radicals play an important role in combustion, atmospheric chemistry, polymerization, plasma chemistry, biochemistry, and many other chemical processes. In chemical biology, superoxide and nitric oxide regulate many processes, such as controlling vascular tone. Such radicals can even be messengers in a phenomenon dubbed redox signaling. A radical may be trapped within a solvent cage or be otherwise bound. 
  • 13. Secondary pollutants include :  Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet light from the sun to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog.  Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of the troposphere. It is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer. Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night. At abnormally high concentrations brought about by human activities (largely the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a pollutant, and a constituent of smog.  Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) - similarly formed from NOx and VOCs.
  • 14. Minor air pollutants include:  Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. Because of this, they have been observed to persist in the environment, to be capable of long-range transport, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains, and to have potential significant impacts on human health and the environment.
  • 15. Sources  Sources of air pollution refer to the various locations, activities or factors which are responsible for the releasing of pollutants into the atmosphere. These sources can be classified into two major categories which are:  Anthropogenic sources (human activity) mostly related to burning different kinds of fuel
  • 16. Dust storm approaching Stratford, Texas
  • 17. Power Station  A power station (also referred to as a generating station, power plant, or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the generation of electric energy.123  At the center of nearly all power stations is a generator, a rotating machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by creating relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. It depends chiefly on which fuels are easily available and on the types of technology that the power company has access to.
  • 18. Contd…  The world's first power station was built by Sigmund Schuckert in the Bavaria town of Ettal and went into operation in 18784. The station consisted of 24 dynamo electric generators which were driven by a steam engine. It was used to illuminate a grotto in the gardens of Linderhof Palace.
  • 19. Indore Air Quality (IAQ)  A lack of ventilation indoors concentrates air pollution where people often spend the majority of their time. Radon (Rn) gas, a carcinogen, is exuded from the Earth in certain locations and trapped inside houses. Building materials including carpeting and plywood emit formaldehyde (H2CO) gas. Paint and solvents give off volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as they dry. Lead paint can degenerate into dust and be inhaled. Intentional air pollution is introduced with the use of air fresheners, incense, and other scented items. Controlled wood fires in stoves and fireplaces can add significant amounts of smoke particulates into the air, inside and out.13 Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused by using pesticides and other chemical sprays indoors without proper ventilation.  Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors. Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning can result even from poorly adjusted pilot lights. Traps are built into all domestic plumbing to keep sewer gas, hydrogen sulfide, out of interiors. Clothing emits tetrachloroethylene, or other dry cleaning fluids, for days after dry cleaning.
  • 20. Contd…  Though its use has now been banned in many countries, the extensive use of asbestos in industrial and domestic environments in the past has left a potentially very dangerous material in many localities. Asbestosis is a chronic inflammatory medical condition affecting the tissue of the lungs. It occurs after long-term, heavy exposure to asbestos from asbestos- containing materials in structures. Sufferers have severe dyspnea (shortness of breath) and are at an increased risk regarding several different types of lung cancer. As clear explanations are not always stressed in non-technical literature, care should be taken to distinguish between several forms of relevant diseases. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), these may defined as; asbestosis, lung cancer, and Peritoneal Mesothelioma (generally a very rare form of cancer, when more widespread it is almost always associated with prolonged exposure to asbestos).  Biological sources of air pollution are also found indoors, as gases and airborne particulates. Pets produce dander, people produce dust from minute skin flakes and decomposed hair, dust mites in bedding, carpeting and furniture produce enzymes and micrometre-sized fecal droppings, inhabitants emit methane, mold forms in walls and generates mycotoxins and spores, air conditioning systems can incubate Legionnaires' disease and mold, and houseplants, soil and surrounding gardens can produce pollen, dust, and mold. Indoors, the lack of air circulation allows these airborne pollutants to accumulate more than they would otherwise occur in nature.
  • 21. Health effects  The World Health Organization states that 2.4 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution, with 1.5 million of these deaths attributable to indoor air pollution. 14 " Epidemiological studies suggest that more than 500,000 Americans die each year from cardiopulmonary disease linked to breathing fine particle air pollution. . ."15 A study by the University of Birmingham has shown a strong correlation between pneumonia related deaths and air pollution from motor vehicles. 16 Worldwide more deaths per year are linked to air pollution than to automobile accidents.[] Published in 2005 suggests that 310,000 Europeans die from air pollution annually.[] Causes of deaths include aggravated asthma, emphysema, lung and heart diseases, and respiratory allergies.[] The US EPA estimates that a proposed set of changes in diesel engine technology (Tier 2) could result in 12,000 fewer premature mortalities, 15,000 fewer heart attacks, 6,000 fewer emergency room visits by children with asthma, and 8,900 fewer respiratory-related hospital admissions each year in the United States.[] Air pollution is also emerging as a risk factor for stroke, particularly in developing countries where pollutant levels are highest.17
  • 22. Effect of cystic fibrosis  A study from around the years of 1999 to 2000, by the University of Washington, showed that patients near and around particulate matter air pollution had an increased risk of pulmonary exacerbations and decrease in lung function.23 Patients were examined before the study for amounts of specific pollutants like Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Burkholderia cenocepacia as well as their socioeconomic standing. Participants involved in the study were located in the United States in close proximity to an Environmental Protection Agency.[] During the time of the study 117 deaths were associated with air pollution. Many patients in the study lived in or near large metropolitan areas in order to be close to medical help. These same patients had higher level of pollutants found in their system because of more emissions in larger cities. As cystic fibrosis patients already suffer from decreased lung function, everyday pollutants such as smoke, emissions from automobiles, tobacco smoke and improper use of indoor heating devices could further compromise lung function.24
  • 23. EFFECTS OF COPD  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), chronic airflow limitation (CAL) and chronic obstructive respiratory disease (CORD), is the co-occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of commonly co-existing diseases of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed.1 This leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from the lungs, causing shortness of breath (dyspnea). In clinical practice, COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow on lung function tests.2 In contrast to asthma, this limitation is poorly reversible and usually gets progressively worse over time. In England, an estimated 842,100 of 50 million people have a diagnosis of COPD. 3  COPD is caused by noxious particles or gas, most commonly from tobacco smoking, which triggers an abnormal inflammatory response in the lung.4  The diagnosis of COPD requires lung function tests. Important management strategies are smoking cessation, vaccinations, rehabilitation, and drug therapy (often using inhalers). Some patients go on to require long-term oxygen therapy or lung transplantation.
  • 24. Air Pollution  Studies in many countries have found people who live in large cities have a higher rate of COPD compared to people who live in rural areas.27 Urban air pollution may be a contributing factor for COPD, as it is thought to slow the normal growth of the lungs, although the long-term research needed to confirm the link has not been done. Studies of the industrial waste gas and COPD/asthma- aggravating compound, sulfur dioxide, and the inverse relation to the presence of the blue lichen Xanthoria (usually found abundantly in the countryside, but never in towns or cities) have been seen to suggest combustive industrial processes do not aid COPD sufferers. In many developing countries, indoor air pollution from cooking fire smoke (often using biomass fuels such as wood and animal dung) is a common cause of COPD, especially in women.
  • 25. Genetics  Some factor in addition to heavy smoke exposure is required for a person to develop COPD. This factor is probably a genetic susceptibility. COPD is more common among relatives of COPD patients who smoke than unrelated smokers.29 The genetic differences that make some peoples' lungs susceptible to the effects of tobacco smoke are mostly unknown. Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency is a genetic condition that is responsible for about 2% of cases of COPD. In this condition, the body does not make enough of a protein, alpha 1-antitrypsin. Alpha 1-antitrypsin protects the lungs from damage caused by protease enzymes, such as elastase and trypsin, that can be released as a result of an inflammatory response to tobacco smoke.
  • 26. Effect of children  Cities around the world with high exposure to air pollutants have the possibility of children living within them to develop asthma, pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections as well as a low initial birth rate. Protective measures to ensure the youths' health are being taken in cities such as New Delhi, India where buses now use compressed natural gas to help eliminate the “pea-soup” smog.28 Research by the World Health Organization shows there is the greatest concentration of particulate matter particles in countries with low economic world power and high poverty and population rates. Examples of these countries include Egypt, Sudan, Mongolia, and Indonesia. In the United States, the Clean Air Act was passed in 1970, however in 2002 at least 146 million Americans were living in non-attainment areas—regions in which the concentration of certain air pollutants exceeded federal standards.29 Those pollutants are known as the criteria pollutants, and include ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead. Because children are outdoors more and have higher minute ventilation they are more susceptible to the dangers of air pollution.
  • 27. Control Devices  The following items are commonly used as pollution control devices by industry or transportation devices. They can either destroy contaminants or remove them from an exhaust stream before it is emitted into the atmosphere.  Particulate scrubbersWet scrubber is a form of pollution control technology. The term describes a variety of devices that use pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from other gas streams. In a wet scrubber, the polluted gas stream is brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid, by spraying it with the liquid, by forcing it through a pool of liquid, or by some other contact method, so as to remove the pollutants.
  • 28. Legal Regulations  In general, there are two types of air quality standards. The first class of standards (such as the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards and E.U. Air Quality Directive) set maximum atmospheric concentrations for specific pollutants. Environmental agencies enact regulations which are intended to result in attainment of these target levels. The second class (such as the North American Air Quality Index) take the form of a scale with various thresholds, which is used to communicate to the public the relative risk of outdoor activity. The scale may or may not distinguish between different pollutants.
  • 29. Governing Urban Air Pollution  In Europe, Council Directive 96/62/EC on ambient air quality assessment and management provides a common strategy against which member states can “set objectives for ambient air quality in order to avoid, prevent or reduce harmful effects on human health and the environment . . . and improve air quality where it is unsatisfactory”.35  On 25 July 2008 in the case Dieter Janecek v Freistaat Bayern CURIA, the European Court of Justice ruled that under this directive35 citizens have the right to require national authorities to implement a short term action plan that aims to maintain or achieve compliance to air quality limit values.36  This important case law appears to confirm the role of the EC as centralised regulator to European nation-states as regards air pollution control. It places a supranational legal obligation on the UK to protect its citizens from dangerous levels of air pollution, furthermore superseding national interests with those of the citizen.