This document discusses police reform efforts in Bangladesh and challenges to legitimacy. It provides context on Bangladesh's history under British colonial rule and subsequent politicization of the police. Attempts at reform through community policing programs have seen some success but face challenges adapting Western models locally and achieving long-term change without broader structural reforms. The recommendations are to enhance police legitimacy and accountability through citizen networks and institutional incentives that reinforce community policing over time.
Sindh.Police by Capt. (R) Parvez Ahmed Chandio, PSPParvez Chandio
To apprise the reader about the history of policing, causes of its failure in service delivery and various attempts made to reform the police. To share an implementable operational plan for improving service delivery by addressing the loopholes through IT interventions at district SSP office level in Lasbellah, Hyderabad and Ghotki Districts in Sindh Province of Pakistan
This document discusses the history and evolution of policing from ancient times to modern day. It covers how policing developed in ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, and medieval England. Key events in the development of modern policing in the UK are highlighted, such as the formation of the Metropolitan Police in 1829 and establishment of various policing organizations over time. The document also summarizes various topics related to modern policing, including community policing, occupational stressors, criminal profiling, counterterrorism, and international cross-border cooperation.
Reformation in criminal law needs for concentration.Akhtar Samim
The document discusses reforms needed in the criminal justice system in India to improve conviction rates and public trust. It notes that conviction rates in India are around 46% compared to over 90% in other countries. This is due to several factors like insufficient evidence collection during investigations, inexperienced investigating officers, lack of coordination between police and prosecutors, and delays in the justice system. The document proposes several administrative and statutory reforms like establishing specialized investigation agencies, mandatory prosecutor guidance during investigations, combined training for police and prosecutors, speedier trials for serious crimes, and improved implementation of forensic sciences to strengthen the criminal justice system.
This document discusses several cases of police misconduct and ethical issues faced by police. It summarizes a case where San Francisco police officers falsified evidence in a drug raid that led to an elderly woman being shot and killed. It also discusses a case where officers were accused of committing perjury in drug bust reports. The document examines the tension between police loyalty and whistleblowing when officers witness wrongdoing by other officers.
111620151American Policing and Court Systems-SSantosConleyha
11/16/2015
1
American Policing and Court
Systems
-Slides and data in this outline are from Siegel
(2015); Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2007); and
modified by Manning (2007, & 2015).
The Criminal Justice System overview
• The Process of Justice
– From initial contact, through post-release
• Crime committed - investigation
• Police make arrest based on probable cause
• Booking (custody) fingerprinting and investigation
• Grand jury hands down its indictment
• Arraignment: formal charges & rights read to defendant
• Bail or detention
• Plea bargaining
• Trial process/adjudication
• Sentencing/disposition
• Appeals
• Correctional treatment
• Release
• Post release/aftercare. if early release on parole.
England’s Policing History
• 1829, Sir Robert Peels created the
Metropolitan Constabulary in London.
– So successful all counties were required to have
them by 1856.
– Police officers must have a perfect command of
temper.
– Critics said these agencies were created to control
the poor.
11/16/2015
2
American Policing History
• Colonial America
– Used system like England's
• America’s first uniformed police
– Boston in 1838 and New York in 1844
• Progressive Era – lead by T. Roosevelt
– 1895—tried to reform police by removing them from
politics.
• Today more than 20,000 separate agencies in US
– 708,022 sworn officers
Federal Law Enforcement
• First Federal police force 1790
– US Coast Guard.
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
– Investigate domestic terrorism, white collar crime,
organized crime, public corruption.
– Named FBI in 1935 under J. Edger Hoover
– Chief investigative branch of Depart of Justice.
• Captured Baby Face Nelson, Pretty Boy Floyd.
– Image tarnished
• 1960s wire tapping, opening mail
• 1993 handling of WACO TX Branch Davidians.
Federal Policing cont’d
• Drug Enforcement Administration DEA
• Immigration and Naturalization Service
– INS largest group of federal police.
– Now called ICE:
• US Immigration and Customs Enforcement
• United States Marshall Service
– Witness protection, federal court security
• Treasury Department: Secret Service
11/16/2015
3
Department of
Homeland Security
• Five divisions created after 911:
– Border and Transportation Security
– Emergency Preparedness & Response
• Make sure were prepared and able to recover from
terrorism
– Science and Technology
– Information Analysis and Infrastructure
– Management
State, County and Municipal Law
Enforcement
• State Police
– 1st was Texas Ranger 1835
– Today only Hawaii without state police
• Highway Patrol
• County Police (Sheriff’s Department)
– Tax assessment & collection, court duty, run jails,
serve court orders, oversee public buildings, highways,
bridges and parks.
• City Police
– 24 hour service not the norm in small town
– New York City has over 72,000 officers operating at a
cost of about $2.5 trillion
Special Purpose Policing
and Private Police
• Special Purpose Police ...
11/16/2015
1
American Policing and Court
Systems
-Slides and data in this outline are from Siegel
(2015); Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2007); and
modified by Manning (2007, & 2015).
The Criminal Justice System overview
• The Process of Justice
– From initial contact, through post-release
• Crime committed - investigation
• Police make arrest based on probable cause
• Booking (custody) fingerprinting and investigation
• Grand jury hands down its indictment
• Arraignment: formal charges & rights read to defendant
• Bail or detention
• Plea bargaining
• Trial process/adjudication
• Sentencing/disposition
• Appeals
• Correctional treatment
• Release
• Post release/aftercare. if early release on parole.
England’s Policing History
• 1829, Sir Robert Peels created the
Metropolitan Constabulary in London.
– So successful all counties were required to have
them by 1856.
– Police officers must have a perfect command of
temper.
– Critics said these agencies were created to control
the poor.
11/16/2015
2
American Policing History
• Colonial America
– Used system like England's
• America’s first uniformed police
– Boston in 1838 and New York in 1844
• Progressive Era – lead by T. Roosevelt
– 1895—tried to reform police by removing them from
politics.
• Today more than 20,000 separate agencies in US
– 708,022 sworn officers
Federal Law Enforcement
• First Federal police force 1790
– US Coast Guard.
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
– Investigate domestic terrorism, white collar crime,
organized crime, public corruption.
– Named FBI in 1935 under J. Edger Hoover
– Chief investigative branch of Depart of Justice.
• Captured Baby Face Nelson, Pretty Boy Floyd.
– Image tarnished
• 1960s wire tapping, opening mail
• 1993 handling of WACO TX Branch Davidians.
Federal Policing cont’d
• Drug Enforcement Administration DEA
• Immigration and Naturalization Service
– INS largest group of federal police.
– Now called ICE:
• US Immigration and Customs Enforcement
• United States Marshall Service
– Witness protection, federal court security
• Treasury Department: Secret Service
11/16/2015
3
Department of
Homeland Security
• Five divisions created after 911:
– Border and Transportation Security
– Emergency Preparedness & Response
• Make sure were prepared and able to recover from
terrorism
– Science and Technology
– Information Analysis and Infrastructure
– Management
State, County and Municipal Law
Enforcement
• State Police
– 1st was Texas Ranger 1835
– Today only Hawaii without state police
• Highway Patrol
• County Police (Sheriff’s Department)
– Tax assessment & collection, court duty, run jails,
serve court orders, oversee public buildings, highways,
bridges and parks.
• City Police
– 24 hour service not the norm in small town
– New York City has over 72,000 officers operating at a
cost of about $2.5 trillion
Special Purpose Policing
and Private Police
• Special Purpose Police ...
This document discusses police reform efforts in Bangladesh and challenges to legitimacy. It provides context on Bangladesh's history under British colonial rule and subsequent politicization of the police. Attempts at reform through community policing programs have seen some success but face challenges adapting Western models locally and achieving long-term change without broader structural reforms. The recommendations are to enhance police legitimacy and accountability through citizen networks and institutional incentives that reinforce community policing over time.
Sindh.Police by Capt. (R) Parvez Ahmed Chandio, PSPParvez Chandio
To apprise the reader about the history of policing, causes of its failure in service delivery and various attempts made to reform the police. To share an implementable operational plan for improving service delivery by addressing the loopholes through IT interventions at district SSP office level in Lasbellah, Hyderabad and Ghotki Districts in Sindh Province of Pakistan
This document discusses the history and evolution of policing from ancient times to modern day. It covers how policing developed in ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, and medieval England. Key events in the development of modern policing in the UK are highlighted, such as the formation of the Metropolitan Police in 1829 and establishment of various policing organizations over time. The document also summarizes various topics related to modern policing, including community policing, occupational stressors, criminal profiling, counterterrorism, and international cross-border cooperation.
Reformation in criminal law needs for concentration.Akhtar Samim
The document discusses reforms needed in the criminal justice system in India to improve conviction rates and public trust. It notes that conviction rates in India are around 46% compared to over 90% in other countries. This is due to several factors like insufficient evidence collection during investigations, inexperienced investigating officers, lack of coordination between police and prosecutors, and delays in the justice system. The document proposes several administrative and statutory reforms like establishing specialized investigation agencies, mandatory prosecutor guidance during investigations, combined training for police and prosecutors, speedier trials for serious crimes, and improved implementation of forensic sciences to strengthen the criminal justice system.
This document discusses several cases of police misconduct and ethical issues faced by police. It summarizes a case where San Francisco police officers falsified evidence in a drug raid that led to an elderly woman being shot and killed. It also discusses a case where officers were accused of committing perjury in drug bust reports. The document examines the tension between police loyalty and whistleblowing when officers witness wrongdoing by other officers.
111620151American Policing and Court Systems-SSantosConleyha
11/16/2015
1
American Policing and Court
Systems
-Slides and data in this outline are from Siegel
(2015); Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2007); and
modified by Manning (2007, & 2015).
The Criminal Justice System overview
• The Process of Justice
– From initial contact, through post-release
• Crime committed - investigation
• Police make arrest based on probable cause
• Booking (custody) fingerprinting and investigation
• Grand jury hands down its indictment
• Arraignment: formal charges & rights read to defendant
• Bail or detention
• Plea bargaining
• Trial process/adjudication
• Sentencing/disposition
• Appeals
• Correctional treatment
• Release
• Post release/aftercare. if early release on parole.
England’s Policing History
• 1829, Sir Robert Peels created the
Metropolitan Constabulary in London.
– So successful all counties were required to have
them by 1856.
– Police officers must have a perfect command of
temper.
– Critics said these agencies were created to control
the poor.
11/16/2015
2
American Policing History
• Colonial America
– Used system like England's
• America’s first uniformed police
– Boston in 1838 and New York in 1844
• Progressive Era – lead by T. Roosevelt
– 1895—tried to reform police by removing them from
politics.
• Today more than 20,000 separate agencies in US
– 708,022 sworn officers
Federal Law Enforcement
• First Federal police force 1790
– US Coast Guard.
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
– Investigate domestic terrorism, white collar crime,
organized crime, public corruption.
– Named FBI in 1935 under J. Edger Hoover
– Chief investigative branch of Depart of Justice.
• Captured Baby Face Nelson, Pretty Boy Floyd.
– Image tarnished
• 1960s wire tapping, opening mail
• 1993 handling of WACO TX Branch Davidians.
Federal Policing cont’d
• Drug Enforcement Administration DEA
• Immigration and Naturalization Service
– INS largest group of federal police.
– Now called ICE:
• US Immigration and Customs Enforcement
• United States Marshall Service
– Witness protection, federal court security
• Treasury Department: Secret Service
11/16/2015
3
Department of
Homeland Security
• Five divisions created after 911:
– Border and Transportation Security
– Emergency Preparedness & Response
• Make sure were prepared and able to recover from
terrorism
– Science and Technology
– Information Analysis and Infrastructure
– Management
State, County and Municipal Law
Enforcement
• State Police
– 1st was Texas Ranger 1835
– Today only Hawaii without state police
• Highway Patrol
• County Police (Sheriff’s Department)
– Tax assessment & collection, court duty, run jails,
serve court orders, oversee public buildings, highways,
bridges and parks.
• City Police
– 24 hour service not the norm in small town
– New York City has over 72,000 officers operating at a
cost of about $2.5 trillion
Special Purpose Policing
and Private Police
• Special Purpose Police ...
11/16/2015
1
American Policing and Court
Systems
-Slides and data in this outline are from Siegel
(2015); Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2007); and
modified by Manning (2007, & 2015).
The Criminal Justice System overview
• The Process of Justice
– From initial contact, through post-release
• Crime committed - investigation
• Police make arrest based on probable cause
• Booking (custody) fingerprinting and investigation
• Grand jury hands down its indictment
• Arraignment: formal charges & rights read to defendant
• Bail or detention
• Plea bargaining
• Trial process/adjudication
• Sentencing/disposition
• Appeals
• Correctional treatment
• Release
• Post release/aftercare. if early release on parole.
England’s Policing History
• 1829, Sir Robert Peels created the
Metropolitan Constabulary in London.
– So successful all counties were required to have
them by 1856.
– Police officers must have a perfect command of
temper.
– Critics said these agencies were created to control
the poor.
11/16/2015
2
American Policing History
• Colonial America
– Used system like England's
• America’s first uniformed police
– Boston in 1838 and New York in 1844
• Progressive Era – lead by T. Roosevelt
– 1895—tried to reform police by removing them from
politics.
• Today more than 20,000 separate agencies in US
– 708,022 sworn officers
Federal Law Enforcement
• First Federal police force 1790
– US Coast Guard.
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
– Investigate domestic terrorism, white collar crime,
organized crime, public corruption.
– Named FBI in 1935 under J. Edger Hoover
– Chief investigative branch of Depart of Justice.
• Captured Baby Face Nelson, Pretty Boy Floyd.
– Image tarnished
• 1960s wire tapping, opening mail
• 1993 handling of WACO TX Branch Davidians.
Federal Policing cont’d
• Drug Enforcement Administration DEA
• Immigration and Naturalization Service
– INS largest group of federal police.
– Now called ICE:
• US Immigration and Customs Enforcement
• United States Marshall Service
– Witness protection, federal court security
• Treasury Department: Secret Service
11/16/2015
3
Department of
Homeland Security
• Five divisions created after 911:
– Border and Transportation Security
– Emergency Preparedness & Response
• Make sure were prepared and able to recover from
terrorism
– Science and Technology
– Information Analysis and Infrastructure
– Management
State, County and Municipal Law
Enforcement
• State Police
– 1st was Texas Ranger 1835
– Today only Hawaii without state police
• Highway Patrol
• County Police (Sheriff’s Department)
– Tax assessment & collection, court duty, run jails,
serve court orders, oversee public buildings, highways,
bridges and parks.
• City Police
– 24 hour service not the norm in small town
– New York City has over 72,000 officers operating at a
cost of about $2.5 trillion
Special Purpose Policing
and Private Police
• Special Purpose Police ...
This document discusses the role of police in society and some of the ethical issues they may face. It provides two examples of police misconduct - in one case officers planted drugs and lied after killing an innocent woman in a botched drug raid, and in another officers were accused of committing perjury in drug bust reports. The document also discusses the tremendous power police have, and how even with professional standards and codes of ethics, some officers may abuse that power or engage in "noble cause corruption" by using unethical means to catch criminals. It explores the tension between seeing the police role as "crime fighters" versus "public servants".
1) This chapter provides an overview of issues in criminal psychology and policing, including the roles and responsibilities of police officers, how the police image has changed over time, and sources of stress for officers.
2) Police officers perform diverse social and law enforcement duties and interact with many groups, exposing them to potentially traumatic situations that can cause stress disorders like PTSD.
3) Increasing diversity within police forces helps them better serve the community, but minority officers may face additional stressors of discrimination. Psychological support for managing job stress is important.
The document summarizes the IPCC's work regarding stop and search powers and Schedule 7 powers. It discusses the IPCC's role in overseeing complaints and investigations into police matters. It outlines themes the IPCC has identified in complaints about stop and search and Schedule 7, such as aggressive officer behavior, lack of information provided to individuals, and perceptions of discrimination. It also describes the IPCC's activities to address these issues through case supervision, engagement with stakeholders, and feeding into reviews of relevant legislation.
This document discusses police patrol operations. It covers the organization and delivery of patrol, including allocating officers based on workload formulas and time of day. Patrol is primarily done by automobile and includes both reactive responses to calls as well as proactive enforcement. Research on patrol effectiveness is mixed, with some studies finding little impact on crime but positive impacts on community perceptions from foot patrol. The majority of an officer's time on patrol is spent on uncommitted activities rather than crime prevention.
The document discusses the need to reform the Indian police system. It notes that while citizens expect the police to protect them, the current image of the police is that of being corrupt and colluding with criminals. There are issues with the police selection process, lack of accountability to the public, inadequate training, and lack of modernization. The document advocates for making the police independent of political interference, improving recruitment, training, and making the complaint system more accessible. Overall reforms are needed to make the police more citizen-centric and accountable.
The document discusses the role of police in protecting human rights. It notes that while police are meant to protect citizens, there are often human rights violations by police in India due to issues with their selection, training, and pressures from politicians. This erodes public trust in police. However, respecting human rights can help police gain cooperation, build legal cases, and prevent crime through proactive policing. The document calls for improving police investigative skills and training to strengthen their ability to uphold human rights.
This document provides an overview of the criminal justice system and law enforcement agencies in Australia. It discusses Australia's population and government structure, the separation of powers, criminal law making, the common law system, crime rates, illegal drugs, policing principles established by Sir Robert Peel, state police structures and funding, national law enforcement agencies, prosecutions, courts, capital punishment, imprisonment, prisons, community corrections programs, and police oversight.
The document discusses several topics related to policing including:
1) The differences between police academy training and field training, with academies focusing on legal aspects and field training helping recruits apply their knowledge on the streets.
2) The purposes of police patrol, which are to deter crime, maintain order and security, and provide non-crime services.
3) The use of DNA fingerprinting in solving crimes, where a suspect's DNA can be matched to a crime scene with accuracy as high as 30 billion to one.
Corruption takes various forms including political, judicial, and police corruption. Political corruption involves elected officials gaining personal benefits through bribes. Judicial corruption occurs when judges receive bribes or show bias in their rulings. Police corruption involves officers accepting bribes in exchange for ignoring illegal activities. Corruption has significant negative consequences for a country like loss of wealth, hindered development, and increased crime and poverty. While India has enacted laws against corruption, it remains a persistent problem and reducing it will require strong enforcement of anti-corruption laws as well as efforts to increase transparency, accountability and civic participation.
Walker Chapter 1 introduction to law enforcement - 2017gregory riley
The document summarizes key topics from the textbook "The Police in America" including the roles and responsibilities of police, recommendations from the President's Task Force on policing, and concepts like procedural justice, legitimacy, accountability, and bias. The Task Force addressed issues like democratic, legitimate, open/transparent, and accountable policing. It recommended practices like community engagement, civilian oversight, and transparent policies to establish trust and guardianship over warriorship. Overall, the document discusses modern policing standards and the complex responsibilities of law enforcement beyond just crime control.
This document discusses crime in the Philippines, including typical crimes such as pickpocketing, fraud, robberies, and assaults. It provides statistics showing that crime rates in 2011 were similar to 2010 levels, with over 230,000 reported incidents that year. Common factors that influence criminal behavior include poor parenting, peer pressure, drugs and alcohol, low income and education levels, and exposure to media violence. Efforts to discourage crime involve increasing punishments and the presence of law enforcement on streets and neighborhoods.
This document summarizes key areas of liability for law enforcement, including discrimination, investigative practices, and use of force. It discusses moral dilemmas officers face and different types of control. It also examines issues like racial profiling, undercover operations, interrogation techniques, and excessive force. Specifically, it analyzes discretion and how even well-intentioned policies can enable abuse of power over marginalized groups.
Law enforcement officers frequently face moral dilemmas and use discretion in their work. Three key areas of liability for police are discrimination, investigative practices, and use of force. Officers may use different levels of control including authority, persuasion, and physical force. Discrimination and racial profiling continue to be issues, despite some progress in areas like New Jersey. Undercover work and the use of informants and interrogation techniques also present ethical challenges. While some force is necessary, research links excessive force to factors like an officer's personality and lack of accountability within a police culture.
Removal of Corruption-Empowering the citizensBhaumik Sheth
Corruption is rampant in India and has many negative consequences such as loss of national wealth, hindering development, and increasing poverty. It takes many forms including bribery, fraud, extortion, and favoritism. The document discusses the major sources of corruption in various sectors such as politics, bureaucracy, judiciary, and real estate. It suggests some effective measures to reduce corruption such as strict anti-corruption laws, protecting whistleblowers, limiting discretionary powers, increasing transparency, and educating citizens about integrity. Overall, the document analyzes the causes and impacts of corruption in India and proposes solutions like reforms and awareness campaigns.
The document discusses various aspects of forensic investigation of crimes and incidents. It begins by introducing forensic investigation as a recognized science that incorporates both natural and human sciences. It then discusses the context and terminology used, explaining key terms like crime investigation, incident, investigator, and policing. The document outlines the objectives of a criminal investigation and different types of investigators, including SAPS, statutory investigators, and corporate/private investigators. It also describes various investigation techniques used like collecting information, interviewing, surveillance, undercover operations, and asset-related investigations.
The Foundation Pillars for Change: India Case StudyKiran V. Patel
Bold and dynamic, Patel’s “The Foundations Pillars for Change” is a proposition all governments should listen to.
Building on the principle of Ashoka’s Pillar and stone inscribed edicts found across South Asia, K. V. Patel’s “The Foundations Pillars for Change” (published by Partridge India) aims to engage citizens to the key priorities and importance of the six ‘Foundation Pillars’ that form the basis of national transformational changes that are necessary to ensure sustainable improvements for all individuals.
Presenting a rather challenging proposition, Patel divulges what he deems as essential and minimum requirements for all nations, to ensure development and improvements for their citizenry. These are appropriate building blocks, regardless of the type of government, the level of industrialization or the progress of the nation’s economy. This book focuses on India; it provides dimension to the already ignited and meaningful discussion and debate during the 2014 Indian General Elections. It identifies the necessary “Foundations Pillars” a nation must have before building a superstructure ‘house’ above ground; the weaker these “Foundation Pillars”, the greater the chance of unevenness, movement, and consequently crack and damage above ground, eventually requiring rebuilding or redesign of the nation house.
Somewhat controversial, this honest view of the current economic and political disposition of India provides clearer points of view for stakeholders in each of the six ‘Foundation Pillars’ for potential areas for change and improvement with clear, ‘next step’ actions.
100% of the net income will go to charitable causes.
Chapter 5 Challenges to Effective PolicingKatrina Homer
The document summarizes key aspects of policing including:
1) Police recruits undergo training at the police academy to learn laws and procedures, then receive field training from officers to apply their knowledge on the job.
2) Community policing aims to increase community cooperation and support for police, and problem-oriented policing seeks to solve the root causes of crime in specific areas.
3) Police work involves dangers and stress, while officers also face ethical dilemmas regarding their discretion, duties, honesty, and loyalties.
The document discusses political reforms needed in India to address issues like overpopulation, illiteracy, unemployment, corruption, and crime. It proposes electoral reforms such as conducting elections under presidential rule, implementing biometric voting, and screening candidates based on knowledge of the constitution. The key challenges to implementing these reforms are risks to officials, contradictions that may arise, and the large scale effort required.
Justice is a concept based on ethics, rationality, law, and equal protection and treatment of all people. India's constitution places justice as the highest priority and aims to secure justice for all citizens. However, over 60 years after independence, India still has a massive backlog of cases and justice remains elusive for many. The judicial system is plagued by delays, corruption, lack of infrastructure and resources, and political interference, denying timely justice to most citizens. Reforms are needed such as increasing judges and infrastructure, digitizing case records, enforcing deadlines, ensuring transparency, and insulating the judiciary from political influences to help reduce case backlogs and help provide fair and timely justice for all Indians.
Matthew Professional CV experienced Government LiaisonMattGardner52
As an experienced Government Liaison, I have demonstrated expertise in Corporate Governance. My skill set includes senior-level management in Contract Management, Legal Support, and Diplomatic Relations. I have also gained proficiency as a Corporate Liaison, utilizing my strong background in accounting, finance, and legal, with a Bachelor's degree (B.A.) from California State University. My Administrative Skills further strengthen my ability to contribute to the growth and success of any organization.
This document discusses the role of police in society and some of the ethical issues they may face. It provides two examples of police misconduct - in one case officers planted drugs and lied after killing an innocent woman in a botched drug raid, and in another officers were accused of committing perjury in drug bust reports. The document also discusses the tremendous power police have, and how even with professional standards and codes of ethics, some officers may abuse that power or engage in "noble cause corruption" by using unethical means to catch criminals. It explores the tension between seeing the police role as "crime fighters" versus "public servants".
1) This chapter provides an overview of issues in criminal psychology and policing, including the roles and responsibilities of police officers, how the police image has changed over time, and sources of stress for officers.
2) Police officers perform diverse social and law enforcement duties and interact with many groups, exposing them to potentially traumatic situations that can cause stress disorders like PTSD.
3) Increasing diversity within police forces helps them better serve the community, but minority officers may face additional stressors of discrimination. Psychological support for managing job stress is important.
The document summarizes the IPCC's work regarding stop and search powers and Schedule 7 powers. It discusses the IPCC's role in overseeing complaints and investigations into police matters. It outlines themes the IPCC has identified in complaints about stop and search and Schedule 7, such as aggressive officer behavior, lack of information provided to individuals, and perceptions of discrimination. It also describes the IPCC's activities to address these issues through case supervision, engagement with stakeholders, and feeding into reviews of relevant legislation.
This document discusses police patrol operations. It covers the organization and delivery of patrol, including allocating officers based on workload formulas and time of day. Patrol is primarily done by automobile and includes both reactive responses to calls as well as proactive enforcement. Research on patrol effectiveness is mixed, with some studies finding little impact on crime but positive impacts on community perceptions from foot patrol. The majority of an officer's time on patrol is spent on uncommitted activities rather than crime prevention.
The document discusses the need to reform the Indian police system. It notes that while citizens expect the police to protect them, the current image of the police is that of being corrupt and colluding with criminals. There are issues with the police selection process, lack of accountability to the public, inadequate training, and lack of modernization. The document advocates for making the police independent of political interference, improving recruitment, training, and making the complaint system more accessible. Overall reforms are needed to make the police more citizen-centric and accountable.
The document discusses the role of police in protecting human rights. It notes that while police are meant to protect citizens, there are often human rights violations by police in India due to issues with their selection, training, and pressures from politicians. This erodes public trust in police. However, respecting human rights can help police gain cooperation, build legal cases, and prevent crime through proactive policing. The document calls for improving police investigative skills and training to strengthen their ability to uphold human rights.
This document provides an overview of the criminal justice system and law enforcement agencies in Australia. It discusses Australia's population and government structure, the separation of powers, criminal law making, the common law system, crime rates, illegal drugs, policing principles established by Sir Robert Peel, state police structures and funding, national law enforcement agencies, prosecutions, courts, capital punishment, imprisonment, prisons, community corrections programs, and police oversight.
The document discusses several topics related to policing including:
1) The differences between police academy training and field training, with academies focusing on legal aspects and field training helping recruits apply their knowledge on the streets.
2) The purposes of police patrol, which are to deter crime, maintain order and security, and provide non-crime services.
3) The use of DNA fingerprinting in solving crimes, where a suspect's DNA can be matched to a crime scene with accuracy as high as 30 billion to one.
Corruption takes various forms including political, judicial, and police corruption. Political corruption involves elected officials gaining personal benefits through bribes. Judicial corruption occurs when judges receive bribes or show bias in their rulings. Police corruption involves officers accepting bribes in exchange for ignoring illegal activities. Corruption has significant negative consequences for a country like loss of wealth, hindered development, and increased crime and poverty. While India has enacted laws against corruption, it remains a persistent problem and reducing it will require strong enforcement of anti-corruption laws as well as efforts to increase transparency, accountability and civic participation.
Walker Chapter 1 introduction to law enforcement - 2017gregory riley
The document summarizes key topics from the textbook "The Police in America" including the roles and responsibilities of police, recommendations from the President's Task Force on policing, and concepts like procedural justice, legitimacy, accountability, and bias. The Task Force addressed issues like democratic, legitimate, open/transparent, and accountable policing. It recommended practices like community engagement, civilian oversight, and transparent policies to establish trust and guardianship over warriorship. Overall, the document discusses modern policing standards and the complex responsibilities of law enforcement beyond just crime control.
This document discusses crime in the Philippines, including typical crimes such as pickpocketing, fraud, robberies, and assaults. It provides statistics showing that crime rates in 2011 were similar to 2010 levels, with over 230,000 reported incidents that year. Common factors that influence criminal behavior include poor parenting, peer pressure, drugs and alcohol, low income and education levels, and exposure to media violence. Efforts to discourage crime involve increasing punishments and the presence of law enforcement on streets and neighborhoods.
This document summarizes key areas of liability for law enforcement, including discrimination, investigative practices, and use of force. It discusses moral dilemmas officers face and different types of control. It also examines issues like racial profiling, undercover operations, interrogation techniques, and excessive force. Specifically, it analyzes discretion and how even well-intentioned policies can enable abuse of power over marginalized groups.
Law enforcement officers frequently face moral dilemmas and use discretion in their work. Three key areas of liability for police are discrimination, investigative practices, and use of force. Officers may use different levels of control including authority, persuasion, and physical force. Discrimination and racial profiling continue to be issues, despite some progress in areas like New Jersey. Undercover work and the use of informants and interrogation techniques also present ethical challenges. While some force is necessary, research links excessive force to factors like an officer's personality and lack of accountability within a police culture.
Removal of Corruption-Empowering the citizensBhaumik Sheth
Corruption is rampant in India and has many negative consequences such as loss of national wealth, hindering development, and increasing poverty. It takes many forms including bribery, fraud, extortion, and favoritism. The document discusses the major sources of corruption in various sectors such as politics, bureaucracy, judiciary, and real estate. It suggests some effective measures to reduce corruption such as strict anti-corruption laws, protecting whistleblowers, limiting discretionary powers, increasing transparency, and educating citizens about integrity. Overall, the document analyzes the causes and impacts of corruption in India and proposes solutions like reforms and awareness campaigns.
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The Foundation Pillars for Change: India Case StudyKiran V. Patel
Bold and dynamic, Patel’s “The Foundations Pillars for Change” is a proposition all governments should listen to.
Building on the principle of Ashoka’s Pillar and stone inscribed edicts found across South Asia, K. V. Patel’s “The Foundations Pillars for Change” (published by Partridge India) aims to engage citizens to the key priorities and importance of the six ‘Foundation Pillars’ that form the basis of national transformational changes that are necessary to ensure sustainable improvements for all individuals.
Presenting a rather challenging proposition, Patel divulges what he deems as essential and minimum requirements for all nations, to ensure development and improvements for their citizenry. These are appropriate building blocks, regardless of the type of government, the level of industrialization or the progress of the nation’s economy. This book focuses on India; it provides dimension to the already ignited and meaningful discussion and debate during the 2014 Indian General Elections. It identifies the necessary “Foundations Pillars” a nation must have before building a superstructure ‘house’ above ground; the weaker these “Foundation Pillars”, the greater the chance of unevenness, movement, and consequently crack and damage above ground, eventually requiring rebuilding or redesign of the nation house.
Somewhat controversial, this honest view of the current economic and political disposition of India provides clearer points of view for stakeholders in each of the six ‘Foundation Pillars’ for potential areas for change and improvement with clear, ‘next step’ actions.
100% of the net income will go to charitable causes.
Chapter 5 Challenges to Effective PolicingKatrina Homer
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2. THIS PRESENTATION PROCEEDS
ON THE PREMISE …
• That the necessity of “Police Force” is an admission by the civil Society that
“crime” cannot be eliminated and therefore must be minimized
• That there would always exist persons who will disregard the “Rule of Law”
and take “Law” into their own hands
• That this is true of perpetrators of crime and also the victims if justice is
delayed or denied
• Therefore it is vital that criminals are identified, found guilty and punished
swiftly according to the law of the land
• That fulfillment of this objective depends entirely on the degree of efficiency
with which Crime Investigation Machinery and judicial system functions
• That the Police Force ought to be feared and respected if India wants to
provide a dignified life to its citizens and fulfill its dream about becoming
superpower in the world
3. SOME FACTS…
Indian economy growing @ 9% p.a., limited by three factors:
– Lack of infrastructure
– Low labour productivity
– Failure of rule of law
• Civil disputes no longer go to courts
• Extra-legal means being adopted for justice
• Criminalization of politics
• Rough and ready justice along with poverty and poor services have
undermined the legitimacy of the state
4. SOME MORE FACTS…
• Investment on judiciary
– India: 0.2 % of GDP (Source: First National Judicial Pay Commission)
– Singapore: 1.2% of GDP
– USA: 1.4% of GDP
– UK: 4.3% of GDP
• Number of judges
– India: 12 per million
– OECD countries: 120 per million
• Petty corruption in Police (crime and Traffic)- Rs. 3899 crores
• Common citizens pay Rs. 21068 crores to get public services
(that too in only 11 public departments) (Source: India Corruption Study 2005 by Transparency International
India)
5. FAILURE OF JUSTICE DELIVERY SYSTEM IN INDIA
• Over 3,00,00,000 (30 million) cases pending in Indian courts
• 60-70% witnesses retract their statements during trial
(Source: National Police Academy Study)
• Long wait for justice – justice delayed is justice denied
• Recent events have cast a shadow on ability of the
judiciary to deliver justice effectively
– Alistair Pereira drunken driving case- Mumbai
– Best Bakery case- Gujarat
– Jessica Lal murder case- New Delhi
• Shooting took place in a prime neighborhood in Delhi
• Large number of witnesses
• Forensic evidence was potentially strong
• Circumstantial evidence was strong
-> Still the accused were acquitted initially
6. HOW RULE OF LAW PREVAILS ELSEWHERE
• Tony Blair- the former British PM had to sit through a mandatory counseling
session in 2000 when his 16-year old son was taken in by the police for getting
drunk and becoming incapacitated. The local police officer counseled the Blair
couple who had to sit through the entire session as ordinary parents!
• Bill Clinton was impeached and was almost removed as the President of USA
‘merely’ for lying under oath and on a highly personal issue
• Jenna Bush was arrested, fined and sentenced to community service in Texas
after she was caught drinking below the legally permissible age limit. She is the
daughter of George W. Bush Jr., the President of United States
• Paris Hilton has been sentenced to 45 days in prison for driving without a permit in
Los Angeles. She is the multi millionaire heiress to the Hilton Hotel empire.
7. STATE OF POLICE AND POLICING TODAY…
Life of a policeman
• His salary - impractically low
• His working hours - inhuman
• His housing and family welfare like health care etc - subhuman
• Education facilities for his off springs - highly inadequate
• Stress busting and morale building training to improve his mental
and intellectual health - hardly any
• END RESULT
– Unbearable High Stress leading to increasing incidents of suicides
– Low Efficiency leading to substandard policing
8. STATE OF POLICE AND POLICING TODAY…
• Dwindling faith of the general public in the police force
• Lack of professional approach to investigations which results in low rate
of convictions
• Political interference hampers neutrality of crime investigations
• Increasing corruption in police force
• Lack of a citizen friendly image
• Lack of morale among policemen
• Vested interest driven appointments
• Unwarranted outside interference in functioning of police force
9. • Most citizens avoid police due to fear of harassment
• Only those are detained who have no money or political power
Sr.
No.
Perception
of corruption
Total in
%
1 Agree 87
2
Neither agree
nor disagree 7
3 Disagree 5
Perception of corruption
Sr.
No.
Difficulties faced
Total in
%
1 Indifferent attitude 64
2 Corruption 61
3
Procedural (e.g.: Use of
English language)
43
4
Non-availability of forms
and guidelines
29
5 Interference of middlemen 11
Types of difficulties faced by citizens
Source: Corruption India study 2005
STATE OF POLICE AND POLICING TODAY…(cont’d)
- Distrust between citizens and Police
10. • Those who need help turn to illegal approaches such as bribing,
using influence or approaching middlemen
Sr.
No.
Alternate procedures
used
Total in
%
1
Paying additional
amount
80
2 Putting extra efforts 27
3 Using influence 16
4 Using political influence 11
5
Bureaucrats/officials’
influence
9
6 Approaching middlemen 5
Alternate avenues used
Sr.
No.
Services
Total
in %
1 Registering FIR 47
2
For avoiding being challaned for
traffic offences
16
3
For avoiding arrest/serving of
notices
11
4
Other activities (bail, other
challan, etc)
8
5 Avoiding arrest 6
6 Verification of passport 5
7
Ensuring the case is followed
up actively
5
8 Verification for job 4
9 Filling of charge sheet in court 3
Services for which bribes are paid
Source: Corruption India study 2005
STATE OF POLICE AND POLICING TODAY…(cont’d)
- Distrust between citizens and Police
12. THE AILMENTS
• Outdated laws
– Indian Police Act - 1861
– Evidence Act - 1872
– Criminal Procedure Code - 1973
– Indian Penal Code - 1860
• Inappropriate
– Selection processes
– Training methods
– No scope for specialization
– Empowerment
• Interference by external forces
– Demoralization
– Promotion of incompetent personnel
– Punishment posting
13. • Police inefficiency
– Hiring of police personnel
Country (year)
Citizens per sworn
police officer
Australia (2004) 1:235
Canada (2007) 1:492
UK (England & Wales-
March 2004)
1:268
UK (Metropolitan Force
London- March 2004)
1:420
USA (2003) 1:392
South Africa (May 2007) 1:365
India 1:750
Source: South Africa Police Service home page
India 1:750
Source: National Crime Records Bureau- MHA
PROBLEMS IN
THE CURRENT INDIAN POLICE SYSTEM
-Reasons behind the problems
Sanctioned And Actual Strength Of Civil Police
Including District Armed Police
Sanctioned Actual Sanctioned Actual
DG/ Addl.DG /IG / DIG 70 66 1140 1080
SSP/SP/Addl.SP/ASP/ Dy.SP 810 589 9632 8514
Inspector, SI & A.S.I. 23250 21046 170338 151799
Officers Below A.S.I. 111940 100835 967363 885182
TOTAL 136070 122536 1148473 1046575
Shortage 13534 101898
% Officers below ASI 82% 82% 84% 85%
Police Ranks / Region
Maharashtra ALL INDIA
14. PROBLEMS IN
THE CURRENT INDIAN POLICE SYSTEM
-Reasons behind the problems
• Police inefficiency
– Training of police personnel
• Only three Central Detective Training schools in India
• Shortage of trained officers and equipment results in poor quality
investigations
– Technical equipment
• 23 Central Forensic Science laboratories in India
• 203 in USA
• Level of equipment not good enough- Malimath Committee Report
15. STATE OF POLICE AND POLICING TODAY…(cont’d)
- Burden of disparate duties on police personnel
• Patrolling neighborhoods (‘on beat’) for security
• Petty crimes
• Investigating grave criminal offences and assisting in Prosecution
• Presenting the accused; serving court summons and bringing
witnesses to the court
• Crowd management and riot control
• Protecting important material assets (like state monuments and
vital installations)
• Ensuring physical safety of important public persons
• Traffic control and management
• In some cases, tackling organized violence, extremism and
insurgency
16. PROBLEMS IN
THE CURRENT INDIAN POLICE SYSTEM
-Structural design defects in the police force
• Unwarranted external interference and politically driven
appointments, transfers and promotions
• Disparate functions performed by an overburdened police force
• Lack of genuine empowerment
• Inadequate collaboration between the police and the prosecutor
18. EVOLUTION OF POLICE- SHIFTING ROLES AND PERSPECTIVES
An
Oppressive
force
Police before independence
Agent of
colonial
rulers
Suppression
Of
people’s
will
Not
Representative
Of
society
Police Today
Operates
Within
Framework
of law
Agency
of the
government
Law
Enforcement
Authority
More
Representative
Of
society
Police of Future
Autonomous
Within
Legal
framework
Citizen
Centric
service
Efficient,
professional and
People friendly,
upholding rule
of law
Representative
of all
sections of
society
20. FIVE-FOLD PATH TO TRANSFORM
OUR JUSTICE DELIVERY SYSTEM
• Police Reforms
– Police functioning needs to be completely modernized, adequate
resources, mobility and technology should be guaranteed
– Crime investigation must be separated from other police functions, and
made independent and accountable
• A system of low-cost, citizen-friendly local courts needs to be
created to try small cases- civil and criminal
• Procedural laws need to be revised to suit modern conditions
• A career in judiciary must be made viable for bright young
lawyers
• A National Judicial Commission must be created to oversee
appointments and removals in higher judiciary
21. REFORMS PROPOSED – A SUMMARY
• Separation of
– Crime Investigation
– Law and Order
– Local police
• Crime Investigations of serious offences being quasi judicial
– Placed under “Supervisory Body” appointed by “Collegium”
– Independent Prosecution Wing
– All promotions, transfers etc- decided by Supervisory Body
• Counter checks- by Independent Oversight Body
– To restrain misuse or abuse of authority or power
22. SUPERVISORY
BODY
Appoints
Independent Crime
Investigation Unit
Grave offences:
- Homicide
- Sexual Offences
- Narcotics
- Economic Crimes
- Dacoity
- Cyber Crime
- Other grave Crimes
Local Police
• Small Crime
• Traffic
maintenance
• Local Law & Order
Independent
Prosecution
Wing
Cooperation
Line of separation
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
STATE
GOVERNMENT
Appoints DGP
SP
District
Magistrate
Riot
Control
Other
serious
law and
order
issues
Appoints
COLLEGIUM
Line
of
separation
PROPOSED STRUCTURE OF THE NEW POLICE FORCE
Independent
Oversight
Body
– obstruction of
justice and
- abuse of authority
Local,
Independent
oversight
23. COLLEGIUM
• Collegium consists of
– State Chief Minister
– Home Minister
– Leader of Opposition in State Legislature
– Chief Justice of High Court
– About 6 eminent personalities from diverse fields of society
• Created to ensure independence of police force from the
Executive
• State DGP to be appointed for guaranteed tenure without
unwarranted external interference
• Appointments to key positions in Supervisory Body and
Independent Oversight Body will be made by Collegium
24. SUPERVISORY BODY
• Independent of the Executive
• Head of this body will be appointed by the Collegium
• Will comprise of jurists, professional investigators and legal
experts who are reputed, experience and credible within their
domains of expertise
• Will decide all the appointments, transfers, terminations and
promotions
• Will prevent arbitrary transfers and ensure sustainability within
the department.
• Will ensure professionalism and careers on merit and
performance
25. INDEPENDENT CRIME INVESTIGATION WING
• Crime investigation duties are quasi judicial in nature and need
to be insulated from external influences
• This unit will
– Be professionally driven in all aspects of investigation
– Work in close collaboration with an independent prosecution
unit and the local police
– Decrease workload on police investigators and ensure that
expert knowledge gained in the field remains in the unit
– Will handle only grave offences and not other tasks such as
petty crimes, traffic control, VIP protection, etc
26. Supervisory Body
Independent crime investigation unit
Homicide
Team 1 Team 2
PI2
PI1 PI4
PI3
Sexual offences
Team 1
PI2
PI1
Team 2
PI4
PI3
Narcotics
Team 1 Team 2
PI2
PI1 PI2
PI1
INDEPENDENT CRIME INVESTIGATION WING
-Proposed Structure
PI= Police Investigating Officer
27. INDEPENDENT PROSECUTION WING
• Appointments, transfers and promotions will be handled by the
Supervisory Body
• Independent from the District Magistrates
• This unit will ensure
– Good legal guidance to build a sustainable case in the court
– Professional and efficient crime investigations
– Every aspect of investigation will be covered from a legal point of
view
28. LAW AND ORDER
• Riot control and other serious law-and-order
issues like terrorism and insurgency etc will
continue to be addressed by the State Police
forces as is done today
• Dual control of District superintendent and
District Magistrate will be maintained as exists
currently
29. LOCAL POLICE FORCE
• Will help handle small and local issues at the local level
• Will have functional jurisdiction over petty crimes, local policing
and traffic maintenance
• Will have a local independent oversight body
• Will allow for an increase in police–population ratio and address
current manpower shortage
• Will decrease burden of disparate duties and promote efficiency
30. Local Police Force
Team 1
PO1
Traffic maintenance
Team 2
Team 2 Team 1
PO2
Local law and order
Team 2
Team 1
PO1 PO2 PO1 PO2 PO1 PO2 PO1 PO2 PO1 PO2
Petty Crime
LOCAL POLICE FORCE
-Proposed Structure
PO= Police Officer
31. INDEPENDENT OVERSIGHT BODY
-Policing the police!
• Will consist of experts, reputed jurists, eminent individuals with
an established track record
• Will not consist of active police officers or government servants
• Will ensure and enhance public accountability
• Will investigate all allegations of
– Abuse of authority
– Obstruction of justice by the police
• Will speedily and effectively investigate complaints received
• Will ultimately enhance public trust in police force
32. EMPOWERMENT AND TWO LEVEL ENTRY
• Currently entry level determines progress in career
• Individuals stagnate at the level they enter, more so at lower
levels of the police force
• Current system has contributed to low morale of police
• Proposed system has two level entry
– Every police officer will be empowered with decision making powers
and be fully accountable and responsible for his / her work
– Provides incentives for personnel to carry out their duties effectively
– Creates better chances of promotions
– Entry barrier into the system shall be low
– Growth shall be based on competence and performance
33. SUPERVISORY
BODY
Appoints
Independent Crime
Investigation Unit
Grave offences:
- Homicide
- Sexual Offences
- Narcotics
- Economic Crimes
- Dacoity
- Cyber Crime
- Other grave Crimes
Local Police
• Small Crime
• Traffic
maintenance
• Local Law & Order
Independent
Prosecution
Wing
Cooperation
Line of separation
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
STATE
GOVERNMENT
Appoints DGP
SP
District
Magistrate
Riot
Control
Other
serious
law and
order
issues
Appoints
COLLEGIUM
Line
of
separation
PROPOSED STRUCTURE OF THE NEW POLICE FORCE
Independent
Oversight
Body
– obstruction of
justice and
- abuse of authority
Local,
Independent
oversight
34. THE ROAD AHEAD…
• Advocacy
• Political parties
• State and local governments
• Civil Society institutions
• Community organizations
• Citizens
• Media
• Preparation for launch of the Police Reforms campaign
• Clearly defined roles and responsibilities for campaign activities
• Detailed agreements on media support
• Preparation of supporting collateral – documentaries, pamphlets etc
• Public consultations/ Orientation programmes for volunteers and supporters
• Response-capture mechanism
• Clear definition of milestones
• Launch of the Police Reforms campaign
• Series of well-structured events to obtain critical mass of visibility
• Youth awareness program
• Intercollegiate Debate on Police Reforms
• Workshops / seminars
• Public support
• Citizen awareness program
• Media debates and activities
35. THE CAMPAIGN ORGANIZATION CHART
PLANNING &
REVIEW
STRATEGY &
GOAL SETTINGS
TASKS
FOR
EACH
SUBGROUP
Short Term/ Medium
Term/ Long Term
Goal realisation
Through Plans
PLAN
(Translate strategy
into actions)
DO
(Achieve process
goals set)
CHECK
(Review performance/
achievements/
shortfalls)
ACT
(Apply corrections and
complete improvement
cycle)
BYCULLA OFF. SG
ADVOCACY SG
MEDIA SG
STRATEGY SG
FINANCE & FUND
SG
VOLUNTEER N/W
SG
RESPONSE CAPT.
SG
CORE GROUP
DIRECTIONS
CAMPAIGN COORD
VOLUNTEERS
36. WHAT YOU CAN DO…
• Participate in the campaign as a volunteer
• Take up a role as a trainer, presenter, manager of activities
• Partner your organization in the campaign
• Write / Carry articles in local newsletters, newspapers
• Participate in meetings etc
• Contribute financially
• Get involved in the Intercollegiate debate on Police Reforms
37. LOK SATTA MOVEMENT
People Power
www.loksatta.org
loksatta.maharashtrachapter@gmail.com
Courtesy: R.K. Laxman