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- 1. POSTMODERN POETRY • A shift from the poem as an artifact to the poem as an open-ended process. • An increasing emphasis on the unsonscious accident and chance. • A growing focus on the body / gender and women’s experience. • A greater sense of the poet’s personal life reflected in the poetry itself. 1
- 2. POSTMODERN POETRY • Postmodern poetry celebrates loss and fragmentation. • It refelects the process of thought through a stream of consciousness style. • Postmodern poetry deals with themes of meaninglessness or lack of reality. • Postmodern poetry is written in a free form. 2
- 3. POSTMODERN POETRY Characteristics : • Mix of images with narratives. • From meter to free verse. • Irregular stanza/ no stanza • Alternation in Point of view • No coherence or disclosure • No ryhme and rythme. 3
- 4. The Beat poets • Pre-Hippies, highly intellectual, exuberant language and behaviour. • Jack Kerouac • William S. Burroughs • Allen Ginsberg Confessional poets • Used anguish of their own lives to reveal hidden despair. • Sylvia Plath • Anne Sextoon • Robert Lowell POSTMODERN POETS 4
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- 7. RICHARD KOSTELANETZ EXCERPT FROM 24 OPENINGS 7
- 8. POSTMODERN FICITON • Postmodern writers often leave their stories open-ended, without any satisfying conclusion. • Postmodern novels and short stories heavily rely on Parody+satire. • The postmodern text reveals Skepticism about the ability of art to create meaning/ the ability of history to reveal truth/ the ability of language to convey reality. 8
- 9. “ « The frontiers of a book are never clear- cut; beyond the title, the first lines, and the last full-stop, beyond its internal configuration and its autonomous form. It is caught up in a system of references to other books, other texts, other sentences : it is a node within a network. » Foucault 9
- 10. TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES USED IN POSTMODERN LITERATURE ○ Intertextuality : can be a reference or parallel to another literary work, an extended discussion of a work, or the adoption of a style. ○ Intertextuality refers to the linkage across texts or discourse events. ( where one text refers to another ) ○ Intertextuality treats literature as a network. 10
- 11. TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES USED IN POSTMODERN LITERATURE ○ Pastiche and parody are both examples of intertextuality. ○ Intertextuality can be found in several Postmodern works: ○ John Steinbeck’s the east of eden ( 1952 ) ○ Matt Haig’s the dead fathers club ( 2006 ) is a retelling of Shakespeare’s play Hamlet. ○ Jean Rhys « Wide sargasso sea » ( 1966 ) is based on the mad women of Charlotte Bronte’s « Jane Eyre ». 11
- 12. TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES USED IN POSTMODERN LITERATURE ○ Pastiche : closely imitates the work of a previous writer/poet. It is usually distinguished from parody in the sense that it celebrates rather than mocks the work it imitates. ○ « Pastiche arises from the frustration that everything has been done before. » Frederic Jameson in Postmodernism and consumer society (1983). 12
- 13. TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES USED IN POSTMODERN LITERATURE Science-fiction is a popular source for postmodern pastiche. -Solaris ( 1961) by Stanislaw Len. -Cosmicomics (1965) by Italo Calvino. -Slaughterhouse-Five (1969) by Kurt Vonnegut. 13
- 14. TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES USED IN POSTMODERN LITERATURE ○ Fragmentation : refers to the breakdown of plot, character, theme and setting. ○ The plot for instance is not presented in a realistic or chronological fashion but rather as ‘’ slabs of event and circumstance ‘’. ○ Sandra’s Cisnero’s The house on Mango street (1984). ○ This novel is told through a series of memories and vignettes rather than through the traditional narrative structure. 14
- 15. TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES USED IN POSTMODERN LITERATURE ○ Metafiction : attempts to blur the line between fiction and reality. ○ Authors often break out of the narrative to adress the nature of what they are doing in the novel. ○ This technique started to attract attention in the 1960s when it was used in some classic texts such as John Barth’s Lost in the funhouse / Thomas Pynchon’s The crying of lot 49 / Kurt Vonnegut’s slaughter house five. 15
- 16. TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES USED IN POSTMODERN LITERATURE ○ Historigraphic Metafiction : by Linda Hutchon ( 1988 ). ○ This term describes fictional texts that bring history into the mix.. « a combination that takes away from the idea of history as a fact ». ○ A technique that relies heavily on textual play, parody and historial re-conceptualisation. 16
- 17. TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES USED IN POSTMODERN LITERATURE ○ Postmodern works : ○ Salman Rushdie : Shame Midnight’s Children. 17
- 18. TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES USED IN POSTMODERN LITERATURE ○ Minimalism : The use of characters and events which are decidedly common and non-exceptional characters. ○ Maximalism : A frantic but extremely detailed writing. Zadie Smith’s White teeth (2000) is a classic example of maximalism, following the lives of three families over three generations. 18
- 19. TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES USED IN POSTMODERN LITERATURE ○ Temporal distortion : The usage of a narrative structure that is not chronological, a non linear timeline. ○ Faction : The mixing of actual historical events with fictional events without clearly defining what is factual and what is fictional. ○ Reader involvement : A direct address to the reader and the open acknowledgment of the fictional nature of the events being described. 19
- 20. TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES USED IN POSTMODERN LITERATURE ○ Magical realism : The introduction of impossible or unrealisitic events into a narrative that is otherwise realistic. ○ Poioumena : A specific type of metafiction in which the story is about the process of creation. It challenges fiction and reality. Vladimir Nabokov’s Pale fire. 20
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