Pl/sql very help for you to start pl/sql language, it contains all the basics you need as a new learner.

1. PL/SQL
Block , Declaring variables ,Flow of Control and Exception Handling
Part 1

2. About PL/SQL
• PL/SQL: Stands for “Procedural Language” extension to SQL.
• Is Oracle Corporation's standard data access language for relational
databases
• Seamlessly integrates procedural constructs with SQL

3. About PL/SQL
• Provides a block structure for executable units of code.
Maintenance of code is made easier with such a well- defined
structure.
• Provides procedural constructs such as:
- Variables, constants, and data types
- Control structures such as conditional statements and loops
- Reusable program units that are written once and executed many
times

4. Benefits of PL/SQL
Benefits of PL/SQL
• Integration of procedural constructs with SQL
• Improved performance
• Exception handling

5. PL/SQL Block

6. PL/SQL Block Structure
DECLARE (optional)
- Variables, cursors, user-defined exceptions
BEGIN (mandatory)
- SQL statements
- PL/SQL statements
EXCEPTION (optional)
- Actions to perform when exceptions occur
END; (mandatory)

7. Block Types
• Anonymous
• Procedure
• Function
Anonymous
[Declare]
Begin
--Statements
[Exception]
End
Procedure
PROCEDUER name
IS
Begin
--Statements
[Exception]
End
Function
FUNCTION name
RETURN
Begin
--Statements
RETURN value
[Exception]
End

8. Examining an Anonymous Block
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;
DECLARE
v_hello VARCHAR2(20):= 'Hello World!';
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(v_hello);
END;

9. Enabling Output of a PL/SQL Block
• To enable output in SQL Developer, execute the following command
before running the PL/SQL block:
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;
• Use a predefined Oracle package and its procedure in the anonymous
block:
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE();
Ex:
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The First Name of the Employee is' ||
v_fname);

10. Declaring PL/SQL Variables

11. Use of Variables
Variables can be used for:
• Temporary storage of data
• Manipulation of stored values
• Reusability

12. Requirements for Variable Names
A variable name:
• Must start with a letter
• Can include letters or numbers
• Can include special characters (such as $,_, and #)
• Must contain no more than 30 characters
• Must not include reserved words

13. Declaring and Initializing PL/SQL Variables
Syntax:
1. Var_Name DataType;
2. Var_Name DataType := value;
3. Var_Name DataType Default value;
4. Var_Name DataType NOT Null =: value;
5. Var_Name CONSTANT DataType := value;

14. Guidelines for Declaring and Initializing
PL/SQL Variables
1. Follow consistent naming conventions.
2. Use meaningful identifiers for variables.
3. Initialize variables that are designated as NOT NULL and CONSTANT.
4. Initialize variables with the assignment operator (:) or the DEFAULT
keyword:
V_myName VARCHAR2(20):='John';
V_myName VARCHAR2 (20) DEFAULT 'John';
5.Declare one identifier per line for better readability and code maintenance.
6. Avoid using column names as identifiers.
7. Use the NOT NULL constraint when the variable must hold a value.

15. Declaring Variables
DECLARE
v_fname VARCHAR2(20);
BEGIN
SELECT first_name
INTO v_fname
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 100;
dbms_output.put_line(v_fname);
END;
/

16. Declaring Variables
DECLARE
v_fname VARCHAR2(20):= 'Ahmed';
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(v_fname);
v_fname:='Mohammed';
dbms_output.put_line(v_fname);
END;
/
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DECLARE
v_fname VARCHAR2(20) Default 'Ahmed';
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(v_fname);
v_fname:='Mohammed';
dbms_output.put_line(v_fname);
END;
/

17. Declaring Variables
DECLARE
v_fname VARCHAR2(20);
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(v_fname);
END;
/
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DECLARE
v_fname VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL :='Ahmed';
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(v_fname);
END;
/

18. Declaring Variables
DECLARE
v_fname CONSTANT VARCHAR2(20) :='Ahmed';
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(v_fname);
END;
/
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DECLARE
v_fname CONSTANT VARCHAR2(20) :='Ahmed';
BEGIN
v_fname :='Ali';
dbms_output.put_line(v_fname);
END;
/

19. %TYPE Attribute
Is used to declare a variable according to:
• A database column definition
• Another declared variables
prefixed with:
• The database table and column name
• The name of the declared variable

20. %TYPE Attribute
Syntax:
• Variable_Name TableName.ColumnName%Type;
• Variable_Name Another_Variable_Name%Type;

21. %TYPE Attribute
DECLARE
v_FirstName Employees.First_Name%Type;
BEGIN
SELECT first_name
INTO v_FirstName
FROM Employees
WHERE employee_id = 100;
dbms_output.put_line(v_FirstName);
END;

22. %TYPE Attribute
DECLARE
V_FirstName Employees.First_Name%Type;
V_LastName V_FirstName%Type;
BEGIN
SELECT last_name
INTO V_LastName
FROM Employees
WHERE employee_id = 100;
dbms_output.put_line( V_LastName);
END;

23. Bind Variables
Bind variables are:
• Created in the environment
• Also called host variables
• Created with the VARIABLE keyword*
• Used in SQL statements and PL/SQL blocks
• Accessed even after the PL/SQL block is executed
• Referenced with a preceding colon
• Values can be output using the PRINT command.

24. Using AUTOPRINT with Bind Variables
Use the SET AUTOPRINT ON command to automatically display the
bind variables used in a successful PL/SQL block.

25. Bind Variables
SET AUTOPRINT ON;
VARIABLE b_result NUMBER
BEGIN
SELECT SALARY INTO :b_result
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 144;
END;
/
PRINT b_result

26. IF Statement

27. Simple IF Statement
IF condition THEN
Statements
End IF;

28. Simple IF Statement
DECLARE
v_MyNumber Number :=18;
BEGIN
IF v_MyNumber > 0
THEN
dbms_output.put_line('It is +');
End IF;
END;
/

29. IF THEN ELSE Statement
IF condition THEN
Statements
ELSE
Statements
End IF;

30. IF THEN ELSE Statement
DECLARE
v_MyNumber Number :=-18;
BEGIN
IF v_MyNumber > 0
THEN
dbms_output.put_line('It is +');
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('It is -');
End IF;
END;
/

31. IF THEN ELSE Statement
IF condition THEN
Statements
ELSEIF condition THEN
Statements
ELSE
Statements
End IF;

32. IF THEN ELSE Statement
DECLARE
v_MyNumber NUMBER := 0;
BEGIN
IF v_MyNumber > 0 THEN
dbms_output.put_line('It is +');
ELSIF v_MyNumber < 0 THEN
dbms_output.put_line('It is -');
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('It is Zero');
END IF;
END;

33. Case Statement

34. Case Expression
CASE
WHEN expression1 THEN result1
WHEN expression2 THEN result2
…..
[ELSE result]
END;

35. Case Statement
DECLARE
v_score NUMBER := 85;
v_grade VARCHAR2(2);
BEGIN
CASE
WHEN v_score >= 90 THEN
v_grade := 'A';
WHEN v_score >= 80 THEN
v_grade := 'B';
WHEN v_score >= 70 THEN
v_grade := 'C';
WHEN v_score >= 60 THEN
v_grade := 'D';
ELSE
v_grade := 'F';
END CASE;
dbms_output.put_line('Grade: ' || v_grade);
END;
/

36. Iterative Control
Loop Statements

37. Iterative Control: Loop Statements
• Loops repeat a statement (or a sequence of statements) multiple
times.
• There are three loop types:
1. Basic loop
2. WHILE loop
3. FOR loop

38. Basic Loops
LOOP
Statements
Exit [When condition];
END LOOP;

39. Basic Loops
DECLARE
v_counter NUMBER := 1;
BEGIN
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('Iteration: ' || v_counter);
v_counter := v_counter + 1;
EXIT WHEN v_counter > 5;
END LOOP;
END;
/

40. Basic Loops
DECLARE
v_countryid locations.country_id%TYPE := 'CA';
v_loc_id locations.location_id%TYPE;
v_counter NUMBER(2) := 1;
v_new_city locations.city%TYPE:= 'Montreal';
BEGIN
SELECT MAX(location_id) INTO v_loc_id FROM locations
WHERE country_id= v_countryid;
LOOP
INSERT INTO locations (location_id, city, country_id) VALUES((v_loc_id + v_counter), v_new_city, v_countryid);
v_counter := v_counter + 1;
EXIT WHEN v_counter > 3;
END LOOP;
END;
/

41. While Loop
While Condition
LOOP
Statement1;
Statement2;
……
END LOOP;

42. While Loop
DECLARE
v_countryid locations.country_id%TYPE:= 'CA';
v_loc_id locations.location_id%TYPE;
v_new_city locations.city%TYPE:= 'Montreal';
v_counter NUMBER:= 1;
BEGIN
SELECT MAX(location_id) INTO v_loc_id FROM locations
WHERE country_id = v_countryid;
WHILE v_counter <= 3 LOOP
INSERT INTO locations (location_id, city, country_id)
VALUES((v_loc_id + v_counter), v_new_city, v_countryid);
v_counter := v_counter + 1;
END LOOP;
END;
/