1) Scientists at the University of Leeds discovered that a small change or misfold in the beta-2 microglobulin protein makes it unstable and prone to aggregation, starting the process of amyloid protein formation in diseases like Alzheimer's and diabetes. 2) Researchers led by Professor Thomas Kiefhaber found that protein recognition between the unstructured S-peptide and S-protein occurs through hydrophobic interaction with specific areas of the unfolded S-peptide, clarifying the protein recognition process. 3) Advances in understanding protein interactions and structures are important for developing treatments for diseases that involve amyloid proteins or are affected by changes in protein structure.