Please Follow directions or I will dispute  Must be done 12 noon EST.. No exceptions  please answer original forum 1,2 and 3 separately , with a minimum of 250 words and respond to both students separately with a minimum of 100 words each. First page Original Forum #1 with references   rohr response with references  crandLe response with references  second page Original Forum with References  rohr response with references  carver response with references  third page Original Forum with References  Rohr response with references  tiffani response with references  Page 1 Original Forum  What do YOU consider to be the great threat to port security in the next decade?  Is it increased reliance on cyber systems? More automation in operations? The continued unrest around the world? The lack of diversity within the MTS work force? Student Response  Rohr Based on the readings and discussions throughout this course, we have identified that one of the biggest threats facing port security and the maritime industry in general is that of a cyber-attack. Already in the first quarter of 2021 there have been ten major cyber attacks made throughout the world and dozens if not hundreds of smaller ones that do not make the headlines (Meharchandani, 2021). Thus, it stands to reason that the next decade will be more of the same.  We have also seen an increase in a reliance on cyber controlled systems and automation across the manufacturing and transportation system’s spectrum (DuBois, 2020). Covid-19 and the steps taken by governments across the world have shown that automation and a subsequent command and control structure, if you will, for it will allow business as usual to proceed in the future as long as the physical infrastructure is not damaged or destroyed. Elon Musk has been working on self-driving cars and semi-trucks to ease our everyday lives. It is only a matter of time until we see “self-driving” ships transiting the ocean with thousands of containers or other goods (PR Newswire, 2021). These things are in the works and are only possible through the integration of cyber systems into the very heart of the machines.  The combined reliance on automation to both reduce the manufacturing and transportation costs as well as streamline the transportation process and the required use of cyber systems to make it happen will lead to these being the top threats to port security and the security of the maritime transportation system in the coming decade. -Heath Sources: DuBois, E. (2020, December 28). Experts discuss the growth of cyber threats amid the pandemic . Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/12/28/experts-discuss-the-growth-of-cyber-threats-amid-the-pandemic/.  Meharchandani, D. (2021, April 20). 10 Major Cyber Attacks Witnessed Globally in Q1 2021 . Security Boulevard. https://securityboulevard.com/2021/04/10-major-cyber-attacks-witnessed-globally-in-q1-2021/. crandell  I foresee being the greates ...

1. Please Follow directions or I will dispute
Must be done 12 noon EST.. No exceptions
please answer original forum 1,2 and 3 separately , with a
minimum of 250 words and respond to both students separately
with a minimum of 100 words each.
First page Original Forum #1 with references
rohr response with references
crandLe response with references
second page Original Forum with References
rohr response with references
carver response with references
third page Original Forum with References
Rohr response with references
tiffani response with references
Page 1 Original Forum
What do YOU consider to be the great threat to port security in
the next decade? Is it increased reliance on cyber systems?
More automation in operations? The continued unrest around
the world? The lack of diversity within the MTS work force?

2. Student Response
Rohr
Based on the readings and discussions throughout this course,
we have identified that one of the biggest threats facing port
security and the maritime industry in general is that of a cyber-
attack. Already in the first quarter of 2021 there have been ten
major cyber attacks made throughout the world and dozens if
not hundreds of smaller ones that do not make the headlines
(Meharchandani, 2021). Thus, it stands to reason that the next
decade will be more of the same.
We have also seen an increase in a reliance on cyber controlled
systems and automation across the manufacturing and
transportation system’s spectrum (DuBois, 2020). Covid-19 and
the steps taken by governments across the world have shown
that automation and a subsequent command and control
structure, if you will, for it will allow business as usual to
proceed in the future as long as the physical infrastructure is
not damaged or destroyed. Elon Musk has been working on self-
driving cars and semi-trucks to ease our everyday lives. It is
only a matter of time until we see “self-driving” ships transiting
the ocean with thousands of containers or other goods (PR
Newswire, 2021). These things are in the works and are only
possible through the integration of cyber systems into the very
heart of the machines.
The combined reliance on automation to both reduce the
manufacturing and transportation costs as well as streamline the
transportation process and the required use of cyber systems to
make it happen will lead to these being the top threats to port
security and the security of the maritime transportation system
in the coming decade.

3. -Heath
Sources:
DuBois, E. (2020, December 28).
Experts discuss the growth of cyber threats amid the pandemic
. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-
chaos/2020/12/28/experts-discuss-the-growth-of-cyber-threats-
amid-the-pandemic/.
Meharchandani, D. (2021, April 20).
10 Major Cyber Attacks Witnessed Globally in Q1 2021
. Security Boulevard. https://securityboulevard.com/2021/04/10-
major-cyber-attacks-witnessed-globally-in-q1-2021/.
crandell
I foresee being the greatest threat to port security within the
next decade would be an ever-more presence of cybersecurity
crimes involving data theft. With artificial intelligence (AI)
being implemented into technology, it is the chosen medium
being utilized to secure and protect the masses. Current threats
maritime ports battle against include: terrorism, piracy,
smuggling of stowaways, and drugs, cargo theft and fraud,
bribery and extortion. According to MARSH, insurance brokers
and risk advisors of the industry, ‘geopolitical tension’ has
ranked as the number one issue (referencing category) of “…the
likelihood of a certain issue occurring within the next
10ys…Consequently, creating a ‘cyber-attack and data theft’;
which, fell second amongst this list (MARSH, 2019). Due to
past agency and national challenges that were met with
resolutions deemed unfair; this unrest led to “… changes that
has marked implications for the global trade patterns and
growth that propel industry activity, as well as for the global
alliance structures that have underpinned maritime security,

4. which are now shifting (MARSH, 2019).”
Considering gender roles and diversity within the maritime
industry; males are dominant operators over females. History,
has uncovered …companies overlooking key groups of talent –
based on gender, culture, or ethnicity – will fail to evolve and
adapt to the new reality (Despina Panayiotou Theodosiou,,
2019).” Fortunately,
according to interviewee and CEO of Tototheo Maritime and
President of WISTA, data has begun to reflect a change in
varying categories; and shipping and port operations is one
industry where a “… changing world, with changing technology,
demands a changing maritime workforce… Theodosious
continues, “…Shipping is changing, but the question remains to
be seen, is it changing quickly enough… Diversity has to be
pushed higher up the agenda… and thankfully, that is beginning
to happen (Despina Panayiotou Theodosiou,, 2019).”
References
Despina Panayiotou Theodosiou,. (2019, November 28). Article:
Maritime-Executive. Retrieved from Diversity Key to
Unlocking Maritime Sustainability:
https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/diversity-key-to-
unlocking-maritime-sustainability
MARSH. (2019). RESEARCH & BRIEFINGS: MARSH.
Retrieved from Top Global Maritime Issues Facing the Shipping
Industry:
https://www.marsh.com/eg/en/insights/research-briefings/top-
global-maritime-issues-facing-the-shipping-industry.html
Page 2 Original Forum

5. Evaluate the importance of maritime trade and the Maritime
Transportation System to the world economies and compare the
challenges associated with port security. As part of your
discussion, highlight the impact of economic dependency on
maritime transportation, and illustrate the importance of mega
ports to international trade. For example, what percentage of
goods and services are transported by maritime means and what
is the impact on the world economy?
Student Response
Rohr
As it has been stated several times throughout the lesson and the
assigned readings, maritime trade is what makes the world go
‘round. Roughly ninety percent of all world trade is transported
via the waterways; weather they are domestic passages like
rivers and canals or across the oceans. The bottom line is that
the international trade we have today would not be possible
through just the combined use of rail, trucks, or planes. Andrew
Goodwin’s presentation, “The Economic Value of Shipping and
Maritime Activity in Europe” is a great example of how
dependent the world is on maritime shipping. Not just for the
movement of cargo, but for jobs and the associated economic
value. The economies of many countries rely on the goods that
they import and export. Take the oil producing nations in the
Middle East, most rely on their exportation of oil as a source of
revenue in order to import foods, building materials, and luxury
items. If the ability of these countries to import or export goods
is stopped, or heavily reduced, the effects can be devastating to
the economy. This theory has been and sometimes still is the
way wars are fought. Take the American Civil War as an
example, General Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan was to
strangle the Confederacy into submission buy eliminating the
ability to import machinery, weapons, and munitions while
preventing the export of raw materials like cotton, tobacco, and

6. foodstuffs. It was a war of attrition, but it was shortened by the
blockading of Confederate ports and the Union’s control of the
Mississippi River (GPO, 1897). This was also a part of the
practice of sieges, although they were more concerned with
limiting the food and water supply to starve out those who were
besieged. While ports are rarely blockaded anymore, disrupting
port operations can have long term effects on a country’s
economy. Therefore, it is necessary for a country to protect its
ports. In this day and age, the threat to a country’s ports are
most likely to come from terrorists since the repercussions of a
Nation disabling another’s port would be war.Due to the
interconnectedness of modern trade, the effects of a country’s
port being disabled could be felt all around the world much like
the effects of the traffic stoppage through the Suez canal was
and still is (Shalvey, 2021).
Carver
As our reading suggests, (UNCTAD, 2016) maritime transport is
the backbone of globalization, supports supply chains and
enable international trade. While generating employment,
income and revenue; maritime transport enables industrial
development by supporting manufacturing growth; linking
consumers to intermediate and capital goods industries; and
promoting regional economic and trade integration. Maritime
transport system, often referred to as maritime logistics, a
central integrated component of global logistics systems, is
imposed to provide not only transport-related services but also
other related and wider logistics services in a more efficient and
effective manner (Song & Panayides, 2015).
Due to trade tension with China, seaborn transport was met with
some disruption in 2019, raising only .5% world GDP,
compared to 2.8% world GDP the previous year (UNCTAD,
2020). Though this was the lowest level since the economic

7. downturn in 2008-09, maritime industry still managed to
transport more than 11 billion tons of cargo (UNCTAD, 2020)
globally. The pandemic was yet another interference of more
than 4% world GDP contraction in 2020 but is projected to level
out this year (UNCTAD, 2020).
Spencer et al., (2019) states that with 90% of global trade
moving by maritime transport, it is imperative that there must
be a balance of national security and economic prosperity. At
the 10th Annual Maritime Risk Symposium, RADM Tiongson
addressed those current and emerging risks to the maritime
transport system. Of those mentioned, I would suggest the
prevalent security challenges is due to the increasing growth of
the transport sector, not just in throughput, but larger vessels
and port alike. This is all cause and effect that only intensifies
the need for higher visibility of personnel, cargo, and
infrastructure.
Reference
UNCTAD, Review of maritime transport, 2016: report1-104
(2016). New York, NY; United Nations Publication.
Song, D.-W., & Panayides, P. M. (2015).
Maritime Logistics: a guide to contemporary shipping and port
management
. KOGAN PAGE.
UNCTAD, Review of maritime transport, 2020: report1–146
(2020). New York, NY; United Nations Publication.
Spencer, C. (2019, November).
2019 Annual Maritime Risk Symposium
. 10th Annual Maritime Risk Symposium.
https://www.sunymaritime.edu/MRS2019.

8. Page 3 Original Forum
Consider how you would categorize the vulnerabilities of Port
systems to disruption by discussing the significance of the
Secure Freight Initiative. Be sure to explain the importance of
CPB's Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (CT-PAT),
and the resultant implications in delays in screening cargo on
port operations.
Student Response
Rohr
The Secure Freight Initiative is a great idea. This is similar to
the discussions of last week where different ways of scanning or
screening containers at ports was the topic. Through the use of
the radiography equipment per the Secure Freight Initiative, an
increased level of safety at a port can be achieved for inbound
containers (DHS, 2019). This process could cause some delays
in the containers being loaded onboard ships, an improvement to
the process could help reduce this. Increasing the number of
monitors and trained personnel reviewing the inbound
containers could prevent bottlenecks and ultimately delays in
cargo processing. This addresses the inbound land cargo and
containers, but the inbound seaborne containers are still at a low
level of safety due to the unknown processing at there port of
origin. This low level of safety is increased through the
Customs and Border Protection’s implementation of the
Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (DHS, 2021).
This allows for cargo and containers from trusted or verified
partners to more quickly process their cargo since they follow a
standardized practice of securing the containers. Afterall, the
cooperation of all involved helps prevent security issues and
delays in transportation; all of which would increase costs.

9. Coupling the previous initiatives with the Container Security
Initiative (DHS, 2019), allows for an increased level of safety
for all ports since the containers are to be scanned at the port of
origin prior to being loaded onto a ship and the Customs and
Border Protection Agency is notified of any suspicious
containers. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2019, May
31). CSI: Container Security Initiative. Retrieved April 17,
2021, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/ports-
entry/cargo-security/csi/csi-brief
Tiffani
The secure freight initiative is a combination of existing
technology and proven nuclear detection devices. Containers
from ports are scanned for radiation and information risk factors
prior to being allowed to depart for the United States. Real time
data is transferred to the United States to the Customs and
Border Protection agency (DHS, 2019). If an alert occurs on a
container, both Homeland Security and host officials receive an
alert. The alerts or alarms are resolved local, protocols are in
place to ensure resolution by the host government for any
containers that are in-route to the United States (DHS, 2019).
There are multiple layers in the Security Freight Initiative.
These multiple layers build upon a risk-based approach. To
security the international supply chain the department of
homeland security and customs and boarder protection agencies
leverage other programs to assist in the initiative (DHS, 2019).
The National Nuclear Security Administration Mega Ports
Initiative is an initiative that allow foreign governments to
receive and install specialized radiation equipment. This
equipment is used to deter, detect, and interdict many different
forms of shipments that have the potential to contain nuclear
and radioactive materials (DHS, 2019).

10. Another initiative is the Container Security Initiative which
allows the customs and boarder protection agency the ability to
inspect any high-risk container prior to those containers being
loaded onto vessels that are on their way to the United States.
The customs trade partnership against terrorism is a partnership
with over 6,000 U.S. importers with the Department of
Homeland Security that enables all their cargo that is to enter
the country to be pre-screened (DHS, 2019).
References
DHS. (2019, September 8).
The Department of Homeland Security
. Retrieved from Secure Freight Initiative:
https://www.dhs.gov/secure-freight-initiative