The document discusses the relationship between planning, development, and sustainability in the UK. It explains that the planning system aims to balance development and sustainability by resolving conflicts through regulations. Currently, the government believes localism and community involvement in the planning process can help achieve appropriate development and sustainability outcomes. The key elements of the UK planning system are established in legislation like the Town and Country Planning Act 1990, while policy documents like the National Planning Policy Framework provide further guidance.
Indonesia is a developing country, therefore development in all sectors is implemented. Basically the development aims to provide prosperity for the community, and this is the ideal of the state as outlined in the Preamble of the Constitution of the State of the Republic of Indonesia 1945, paragraph 4th. One of these goals is to promote the general welfare.
Actually Environmental Law in Indonesia has been growing since the time of colonial Dutch East Indies government. The birth of the Stockholm Declaration of 1972, has greatly influenced the development of Environmental Law in Indonesia. What was originally oriented only to the usage then changed included also in protection. As participants of the conference, Indonesia is obliged to formulate and harmonize its legislation to the outcome of the Stockholm conference.
Although Indonesia has had Environmental Law for 36 years, but in fact have not been able to prevent the occurrence of damage / pollution. There are several examples and their case has even been up to the level of the court, such as the case of waste dumping of B3 (Hazardous and Toxic) by P.T. Indo Bharat Rayon (2013-2015), case of P.T. Freeport (2005-2006), cases of mud of P.T. Lapindo Brantas that have occurred since 2006, the pulp mill PT Inti Indorayon Utama (PT IIU) (1998-2000). Even though the community has been given the opportunity to participate in decision making as well as play a role in providing advice and feedback based on the legislation, people are still harmed as in some examples of the following cases, such as the development of PT. Cement Indonesia in Rembang, a mega peatland project in Central Kalimantan, drying up the residents' wells due to the construction of the Fave Hotel, as well as the water crisis in Kwarasan Village due to the bottled water business.
The City of Keene, NH initiated a pilot program with ICLEI to develop a climate adaptation plan using ICLEI's 5 milestone process. The first milestone involved forming a committee to identify Keene's vulnerabilities to climate impacts. The committee determined the community's vulnerabilities fall within three sectors: built environment, natural environment, and social environment. This document represents milestone 3 of developing goals and targets to increase resilience in Keene.
The document summarizes the partnership between UNEP and UN-Habitat called the Greener Cities Partnership. It discusses their history of collaboration over 20 years to promote environmental sustainability in urban development. The current partnership aims to strengthen synergies between the two agencies in areas like resilient and resource efficient cities, sustainable transport, and waste management. It provides details on priority programs and budgets to guide cooperation between 2014-2016.
Blake Lapthorn and Kemp & Kemp Planning Post Pickles SeminarBlake Morgan
The document summarizes a planning briefing that covered topics related to addressing climate change through planning policy and development. It discussed the UK Climate Change Act, draft revisions to planning policies to promote low-carbon development and renewable energy, and the coalition government's agenda to give local communities more influence over planning while still pursuing strong policies to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
The document discusses sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as development that meets current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It discusses that sustainable development has economic, social, and environmental aspects. It notes that while the concept has existed for a long time, its importance is now being realized in Nepal. Sustainable development aims to balance population growth, economic development, and environmental conservation.
This report provides recommendations for integrating sustainability into Irvine's General Plan through a holistic and community-driven approach. It identifies sustainability best practices, California policies, and gaps in Irvine's current sustainability programs. Key recommendations include developing a sustainability element, water element, and sustainable food policy. The report emphasizes an inclusive planning process to address social and environmental justice through public participation, civic engagement, and regional cooperation.
The document discusses reasons for delays in development projects such as lack of funding, corruption, and political instability. It then provides methods for addressing these issues like mobilizing resources, promoting transparency, settling political conflicts, and implementing federalism. The document emphasizes the importance of skilled human resources for development and provides strategies for producing them, including expanding technical education and focusing on science and technology. It also discusses the relationship between skilled resources, employment opportunities, and national development.
Regional governance for sustainable development can be strengthened in three key ways:
1. Regional bodies like the UN Regional Commissions convene meetings to develop policy responses to regional challenges and provide guidance to national actions. They promote integration of economic, social, and environmental issues.
2. Coordination can be enhanced between regional institutions and between regional and global levels. Regional organizations address region-specific issues while supporting national implementation and informing global policymaking.
3. Moving forward, better integrating governance across the three pillars of sustainable development and analyzing links between organizations like the UN, development banks, and regional groups could improve policy coherence and complementarities in achieving sustainable development.
Indonesia is a developing country, therefore development in all sectors is implemented. Basically the development aims to provide prosperity for the community, and this is the ideal of the state as outlined in the Preamble of the Constitution of the State of the Republic of Indonesia 1945, paragraph 4th. One of these goals is to promote the general welfare.
Actually Environmental Law in Indonesia has been growing since the time of colonial Dutch East Indies government. The birth of the Stockholm Declaration of 1972, has greatly influenced the development of Environmental Law in Indonesia. What was originally oriented only to the usage then changed included also in protection. As participants of the conference, Indonesia is obliged to formulate and harmonize its legislation to the outcome of the Stockholm conference.
Although Indonesia has had Environmental Law for 36 years, but in fact have not been able to prevent the occurrence of damage / pollution. There are several examples and their case has even been up to the level of the court, such as the case of waste dumping of B3 (Hazardous and Toxic) by P.T. Indo Bharat Rayon (2013-2015), case of P.T. Freeport (2005-2006), cases of mud of P.T. Lapindo Brantas that have occurred since 2006, the pulp mill PT Inti Indorayon Utama (PT IIU) (1998-2000). Even though the community has been given the opportunity to participate in decision making as well as play a role in providing advice and feedback based on the legislation, people are still harmed as in some examples of the following cases, such as the development of PT. Cement Indonesia in Rembang, a mega peatland project in Central Kalimantan, drying up the residents' wells due to the construction of the Fave Hotel, as well as the water crisis in Kwarasan Village due to the bottled water business.
The City of Keene, NH initiated a pilot program with ICLEI to develop a climate adaptation plan using ICLEI's 5 milestone process. The first milestone involved forming a committee to identify Keene's vulnerabilities to climate impacts. The committee determined the community's vulnerabilities fall within three sectors: built environment, natural environment, and social environment. This document represents milestone 3 of developing goals and targets to increase resilience in Keene.
The document summarizes the partnership between UNEP and UN-Habitat called the Greener Cities Partnership. It discusses their history of collaboration over 20 years to promote environmental sustainability in urban development. The current partnership aims to strengthen synergies between the two agencies in areas like resilient and resource efficient cities, sustainable transport, and waste management. It provides details on priority programs and budgets to guide cooperation between 2014-2016.
Blake Lapthorn and Kemp & Kemp Planning Post Pickles SeminarBlake Morgan
The document summarizes a planning briefing that covered topics related to addressing climate change through planning policy and development. It discussed the UK Climate Change Act, draft revisions to planning policies to promote low-carbon development and renewable energy, and the coalition government's agenda to give local communities more influence over planning while still pursuing strong policies to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
The document discusses sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as development that meets current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It discusses that sustainable development has economic, social, and environmental aspects. It notes that while the concept has existed for a long time, its importance is now being realized in Nepal. Sustainable development aims to balance population growth, economic development, and environmental conservation.
This report provides recommendations for integrating sustainability into Irvine's General Plan through a holistic and community-driven approach. It identifies sustainability best practices, California policies, and gaps in Irvine's current sustainability programs. Key recommendations include developing a sustainability element, water element, and sustainable food policy. The report emphasizes an inclusive planning process to address social and environmental justice through public participation, civic engagement, and regional cooperation.
The document discusses reasons for delays in development projects such as lack of funding, corruption, and political instability. It then provides methods for addressing these issues like mobilizing resources, promoting transparency, settling political conflicts, and implementing federalism. The document emphasizes the importance of skilled human resources for development and provides strategies for producing them, including expanding technical education and focusing on science and technology. It also discusses the relationship between skilled resources, employment opportunities, and national development.
Regional governance for sustainable development can be strengthened in three key ways:
1. Regional bodies like the UN Regional Commissions convene meetings to develop policy responses to regional challenges and provide guidance to national actions. They promote integration of economic, social, and environmental issues.
2. Coordination can be enhanced between regional institutions and between regional and global levels. Regional organizations address region-specific issues while supporting national implementation and informing global policymaking.
3. Moving forward, better integrating governance across the three pillars of sustainable development and analyzing links between organizations like the UN, development banks, and regional groups could improve policy coherence and complementarities in achieving sustainable development.
This is a presentation on one of the topic of environmental law. It deals with Rio Declaration which is a very important summit in the history of environmental law.
Les politiques environnementales dans l'ère post-pandémique : nouvelles perspectives dans le cadre réglementaire actuel, Mme Daniela Addis, Directrice de cabinet d'avocats, Italie
The document summarizes the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development from 1992. The key outcomes were the Rio Declaration, Agenda 21, and agreements such as the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Rio Declaration established 27 principles for environmental protection and sustainable development, covering issues like the human right to development, public participation, environmental impact assessments, and special consideration for developing countries. Agenda 21 laid out an action plan across 4 sections related to social/economic development, conservation, strengthening major stakeholders, and implementation mechanisms.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of an urban nexus. It discusses how cities are major centers of population and economic activity but also significant contributors to resource consumption and environmental impacts. The document then explores the concept of a water-energy-food nexus and how this relates to urban areas. It reviews different definitions and perspectives on an urban nexus. The overall aim is to develop a conceptual framework for understanding the urban nexus and how it can align with global agendas around sustainable development and urban issues.
The document discusses 12 major UN conferences since 1990 that have addressed pressing global problems and established a consensus on development priorities. The conferences achieved agreements on issues like child welfare, environmental protection, human rights, women's advancement, employment, health, and urban development. They reflected new thinking on development being people-centered, multidimensional, and requiring cooperation. The conferences call for integrating guidelines like poverty eradication, fulfilling basic needs, and protecting human rights into national and international policies. The UN role is seen as leading follow-up efforts to realize conference commitments through reformed bodies and support for members.
The document discusses urban governance and environmental policies in Surat, India. It analyzes (1) how different actors influenced environmental decisions, (2) the participation of various stakeholders, and (3) the links between economic growth, citizens, and public policies. While Surat attempted to incorporate risk prevention into urban planning, governance was still led by political and economic interests with little continuity. Citizen participation was limited to an advisory role without meaningful input. Environmental policies were influenced more by private interests than the state, and failed to adequately address risks from natural disasters, pollution, or the needs of slum dwellers. In conclusion, the city's environmental management strategy focused on the short term and was used as a political tool, while
Introduction to Sustainable DevelopmentPreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome:
Students will be able to :
a) discuss about the characteristics of sustainable development
b) grasp the scope of discussion under sustainable development as a branch of law
The document discusses strengthening the partnership between IUCN and ICLEI to promote local action for biodiversity conservation. It provides background on biodiversity loss and the importance of local governments. Examples are given of the organizations' joint work on initiatives like Local Action for Biodiversity and the Global Partnership on Cities and Biodiversity to support local biodiversity planning and implementation. Options to deepen the institutional relationship are explored, such as expanding joint programming or including local authorities as IUCN members.
Mixed use zoning an anathema to social sustainability Ibukun Adeleye
This document discusses the effectiveness of mixed use zoning in addressing criticisms of single-use zoning, specifically regarding social sustainability. It summarizes that while mixed use zoning aims to create vibrant, walkable communities, in practice it often favors higher-income residents through a lack of affordable housing policies. As a result, mixed use developments tend to have limited social cohesion and community building impacts due to a lack of income diversity among residents. The document examines these issues through studies on housing affordability, land use mixes, social capital, and use of public spaces in mixed use neighborhoods.
Implementation of Sustainable DevelopmentPreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome: Students will be able to -
a) comprehend the suggestions for implementing Sustainable Development based on the Brundtland Commission's findings
b) Learn about the nature of SDGs
c) be informed about the current progress in achieving the SDGs
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Earth Summit, was a major UN conference held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Over 105 nations gathered and discussed issues of sustainable development, the environment, and the relationship between economics and the environment. Key agreements from the conference included the Convention on Biological Diversity, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. The conference concluded with nations demonstrating their commitment to addressing these global environmental challenges through sustainable development.
Greensboro, North Carolina undertook a nine-month study to align all of its major plans, ordinances, and policies around the framework of sustainability. The study found that while many plans already incorporated sustainability principles, there were opportunities to strengthen policies and better integrate plans. Recommendations included filling gaps, aligning plans around economic, environmental and social benefits, and improving implementation of sustainability practices across city operations. The project demonstrated how sustainability can be an effective organizing principle to coordinate planning efforts and work towards continuous improvement.
A green urban economy realizes opportunities to enhance human well-being and local natural resources, while reducing future costs, ecological scarcities and environmental risks. Cities concentrate people, infrastructure, and economic activity, allowing them to achieve more with less through eco-efficiency. Local governments can steer investments, set policies, and provide incentives to green the local economy by supporting areas like renewable energy and clean technologies.
Green infrastructure in jakarta basic understanding and implementation effort...Oswar Mungkasa
The implementation of green infrastructure (GI) in Indonesia accelerated by public awareness of the importance of conservation of natural resources and ecosystems. One of the Indonesian government’s efforts to apply the principles of GI in urban areas in a structured and massive manner is through the Green City Development Program (P2KH) Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR). The approach taken is Green Planning and Design, Green Open Space, Green Energy, Green Water, Green Waste, Green Building, Green Transportation, Green Community. The city that is the case study for discussion is Jakarta. Jakarta Smart City, Green Buildings, Urban Agriculture, and Child Friendly Integrated Public Space (RPTRA) are programs that successfully implemented. The implementation GI program easily accepted if based on the community.
The document discusses how sustainable development principles from the Brundtland report should be applied to product innovation, design, manufacturing, and marketing strategies. It states that sustainable development must address both temporal and spatial dimensions. Temporally, sustainable solutions are needed immediately and their impacts should be demonstrable by 2000 and beyond. Spatially, sustainable development must address problems on a global scale. The document then provides examples of how incorporating sustainability could impact each area of product development: 1) Product innovation focuses on improving existing products rather than new creation to reduce waste. 2) Design uses eco-friendly materials to minimize environmental impacts. 3) Manufacturing simplifies supply chains and uses processes that reduce ecological impacts. 4) Marketing strategies inform
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Processes and International System D...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
The document discusses the evolution and current state of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) processes in Australia. Key points include:
- SEA was formally introduced in Australia through the 1999 Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, but its use has remained uneven and often ad hoc across different sectors and levels of government.
- SEA has seen more successful implementation in the fisheries sector due to mandatory requirements and incentives, conducting over 120 assessments. In other sectors its use has been limited due to its voluntary nature.
- While Australian SEA law and policy aim to promote environmental protection, the practice of SEA has focused more on expediting development decisions rather than identifying environmentally sustainable options.
-
The document is the National Planning Policy Framework published by the UK government's Department for Communities and Local Government. It sets out the government's planning policies for England and how they are expected to be applied. The framework aims to contribute to sustainable development by outlining an economic, social and environmental role for planning. It establishes a presumption in favour of sustainable development as a guiding principle for plan-making and decision-taking in the planning system.
This is a presentation on one of the topic of environmental law. It deals with Rio Declaration which is a very important summit in the history of environmental law.
Les politiques environnementales dans l'ère post-pandémique : nouvelles perspectives dans le cadre réglementaire actuel, Mme Daniela Addis, Directrice de cabinet d'avocats, Italie
The document summarizes the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development from 1992. The key outcomes were the Rio Declaration, Agenda 21, and agreements such as the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Rio Declaration established 27 principles for environmental protection and sustainable development, covering issues like the human right to development, public participation, environmental impact assessments, and special consideration for developing countries. Agenda 21 laid out an action plan across 4 sections related to social/economic development, conservation, strengthening major stakeholders, and implementation mechanisms.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of an urban nexus. It discusses how cities are major centers of population and economic activity but also significant contributors to resource consumption and environmental impacts. The document then explores the concept of a water-energy-food nexus and how this relates to urban areas. It reviews different definitions and perspectives on an urban nexus. The overall aim is to develop a conceptual framework for understanding the urban nexus and how it can align with global agendas around sustainable development and urban issues.
The document discusses 12 major UN conferences since 1990 that have addressed pressing global problems and established a consensus on development priorities. The conferences achieved agreements on issues like child welfare, environmental protection, human rights, women's advancement, employment, health, and urban development. They reflected new thinking on development being people-centered, multidimensional, and requiring cooperation. The conferences call for integrating guidelines like poverty eradication, fulfilling basic needs, and protecting human rights into national and international policies. The UN role is seen as leading follow-up efforts to realize conference commitments through reformed bodies and support for members.
The document discusses urban governance and environmental policies in Surat, India. It analyzes (1) how different actors influenced environmental decisions, (2) the participation of various stakeholders, and (3) the links between economic growth, citizens, and public policies. While Surat attempted to incorporate risk prevention into urban planning, governance was still led by political and economic interests with little continuity. Citizen participation was limited to an advisory role without meaningful input. Environmental policies were influenced more by private interests than the state, and failed to adequately address risks from natural disasters, pollution, or the needs of slum dwellers. In conclusion, the city's environmental management strategy focused on the short term and was used as a political tool, while
Introduction to Sustainable DevelopmentPreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome:
Students will be able to :
a) discuss about the characteristics of sustainable development
b) grasp the scope of discussion under sustainable development as a branch of law
The document discusses strengthening the partnership between IUCN and ICLEI to promote local action for biodiversity conservation. It provides background on biodiversity loss and the importance of local governments. Examples are given of the organizations' joint work on initiatives like Local Action for Biodiversity and the Global Partnership on Cities and Biodiversity to support local biodiversity planning and implementation. Options to deepen the institutional relationship are explored, such as expanding joint programming or including local authorities as IUCN members.
Mixed use zoning an anathema to social sustainability Ibukun Adeleye
This document discusses the effectiveness of mixed use zoning in addressing criticisms of single-use zoning, specifically regarding social sustainability. It summarizes that while mixed use zoning aims to create vibrant, walkable communities, in practice it often favors higher-income residents through a lack of affordable housing policies. As a result, mixed use developments tend to have limited social cohesion and community building impacts due to a lack of income diversity among residents. The document examines these issues through studies on housing affordability, land use mixes, social capital, and use of public spaces in mixed use neighborhoods.
Implementation of Sustainable DevelopmentPreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome: Students will be able to -
a) comprehend the suggestions for implementing Sustainable Development based on the Brundtland Commission's findings
b) Learn about the nature of SDGs
c) be informed about the current progress in achieving the SDGs
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Earth Summit, was a major UN conference held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Over 105 nations gathered and discussed issues of sustainable development, the environment, and the relationship between economics and the environment. Key agreements from the conference included the Convention on Biological Diversity, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. The conference concluded with nations demonstrating their commitment to addressing these global environmental challenges through sustainable development.
Greensboro, North Carolina undertook a nine-month study to align all of its major plans, ordinances, and policies around the framework of sustainability. The study found that while many plans already incorporated sustainability principles, there were opportunities to strengthen policies and better integrate plans. Recommendations included filling gaps, aligning plans around economic, environmental and social benefits, and improving implementation of sustainability practices across city operations. The project demonstrated how sustainability can be an effective organizing principle to coordinate planning efforts and work towards continuous improvement.
A green urban economy realizes opportunities to enhance human well-being and local natural resources, while reducing future costs, ecological scarcities and environmental risks. Cities concentrate people, infrastructure, and economic activity, allowing them to achieve more with less through eco-efficiency. Local governments can steer investments, set policies, and provide incentives to green the local economy by supporting areas like renewable energy and clean technologies.
Green infrastructure in jakarta basic understanding and implementation effort...Oswar Mungkasa
The implementation of green infrastructure (GI) in Indonesia accelerated by public awareness of the importance of conservation of natural resources and ecosystems. One of the Indonesian government’s efforts to apply the principles of GI in urban areas in a structured and massive manner is through the Green City Development Program (P2KH) Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR). The approach taken is Green Planning and Design, Green Open Space, Green Energy, Green Water, Green Waste, Green Building, Green Transportation, Green Community. The city that is the case study for discussion is Jakarta. Jakarta Smart City, Green Buildings, Urban Agriculture, and Child Friendly Integrated Public Space (RPTRA) are programs that successfully implemented. The implementation GI program easily accepted if based on the community.
The document discusses how sustainable development principles from the Brundtland report should be applied to product innovation, design, manufacturing, and marketing strategies. It states that sustainable development must address both temporal and spatial dimensions. Temporally, sustainable solutions are needed immediately and their impacts should be demonstrable by 2000 and beyond. Spatially, sustainable development must address problems on a global scale. The document then provides examples of how incorporating sustainability could impact each area of product development: 1) Product innovation focuses on improving existing products rather than new creation to reduce waste. 2) Design uses eco-friendly materials to minimize environmental impacts. 3) Manufacturing simplifies supply chains and uses processes that reduce ecological impacts. 4) Marketing strategies inform
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Processes and International System D...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
The document discusses the evolution and current state of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) processes in Australia. Key points include:
- SEA was formally introduced in Australia through the 1999 Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, but its use has remained uneven and often ad hoc across different sectors and levels of government.
- SEA has seen more successful implementation in the fisheries sector due to mandatory requirements and incentives, conducting over 120 assessments. In other sectors its use has been limited due to its voluntary nature.
- While Australian SEA law and policy aim to promote environmental protection, the practice of SEA has focused more on expediting development decisions rather than identifying environmentally sustainable options.
-
The document is the National Planning Policy Framework published by the UK government's Department for Communities and Local Government. It sets out the government's planning policies for England and how they are expected to be applied. The framework aims to contribute to sustainable development by outlining an economic, social and environmental role for planning. It establishes a presumption in favour of sustainable development as a guiding principle for plan-making and decision-taking in the planning system.
Horror films aim to elicit intense feelings of fear, shock, or disgust in viewers. The genre has evolved over time, with improvements in special effects and graphics making violence and gore appear increasingly realistic. Common elements of horror narratives include protagonists facing threats in isolated settings, strange events occurring, and antagonists ultimately harming the protagonists with iconic props like knives and guns. While the earliest horror films from the late 19th century featured brief supernatural scenes, the genre has since expanded to include psychological thriller and slasher elements focused on possessed characters and serial killers.
Presented by Liz Ngonzi during the 2015 Columbia African Economic Forum on the Living Beyond Potential panel.
Panel Description: "How can Africans in the diaspora contribute to the African success story? This segment spotlights individuals who have done just that by living beyond their potential."
1. The document discusses ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) and identifies several key international policies and frameworks that provide guidance on EbA, including the UNFCCC, Paris Agreement, and CBD. It also outlines stakeholder engagement and understanding local policy contexts as important for planning and implementing successful EbA projects.
Land use and building control as a tool for implementation of master plan and...Dolat Ram
This presentation will help you understand the importance of land use and building control and its role in implementation of master plan and other local plans.
Regional aspects of development and planningKinza Irshad
The document discusses issues related to rapid urbanization and population growth in developing countries in Asia and around the world. It notes that the urban population in Asia is expected to increase dramatically by 2020, putting pressure on existing infrastructure and resources. Developing countries are making policies to address problems caused by this growth. The document also discusses regional planning as a tool to help guide development, reduce imbalances, and integrate economic, social, and environmental goals. It examines concepts of regions and regional development and argues regional planning can help implement national development goals through coordinated regional growth.
Sustainable Development Goals and Inclusive DevelopmentRuben Zondervan
http://sdg.earthsystemgovernance.org/sdg/publications/sustainable-development-goals-and-inclusive-development
Key messages of Policy Brief #5:
1. Social goals tend to be marginalized in the implementation of sustainable development while economic growth is prioritized often also at the cost of ecological goals. Many of these development issues are essentially distributional issues. These distributional challenges will be exacerbated by the need to limit the environmental utilization space (ecospace) on Earth and the consequent challenge of how this space will be equitably and inclusively shared among countries and people. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the proposed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets developed by the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals (OWG) against criteria for inclusive development.
2. Inclusive development principles, tools, and evaluation criteria for the proposed SDGs fall into three clusters: inclusive development per sé; inclusive development in the context of the Anthropocene; and inclusive development from a relational perspective.
3. Regarding inclusive development per sé, the SDGs currently proposed do not provide guidance to establish targets that would build capacity for the most marginalized populations so that they can learn about and access SDG-related opportunities. In the context of the Anthropocene, the SDGs neither adequately address ecosystemic limits nor the allocation of responsibilities, rights, and risks among countries and peoples in relation to fixed and diminishing resources. From a relational perspective, the wording of the OWG document lacks balance; it focuses more on effects than root causes. For example, while the document focuses on enhancing the rights of women and girls and ending gender disparities, it does not have a corresponding discussion on the policy instruments needed for dealing with the relations between men and women with respect to these rights.
4. These governance issues can be addressed by developing context-relevant, appropriate targets and indicators, but this will require exceptional steering and leadership to ensure their successful implementation.
The workshop was organized by the United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS), the Earth System Governance Project and the POST2015 project (hosted by Tokyo Institute of Technology and sponsored by Ministry of Environment, Japan). It brought together international scholars and practitioners with expertise on global environmental governance to discuss some key questions relating to the governance of, and governance for, the post-2015 development agenda. The scope of the workshop was the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with particular focus on how integrated SDGs (of the development and environmental agenda) could be governed in the post-2015 era.
Final Guidelines in the 6 UN languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Spa...Graciela Mariani
UN-Habitat Governing Council approves the International Guidelines on Urban and Territorial Planning (IG-UTP)
We are pleased to inform you that the International Guidelines on Urban and Territorial Planning have been approved by the UN-Habitat Governing Council last Friday.
We are grateful for the instrumental support of the co-sponsors of the Resolution (France, Japan, South Africa and Uganda)….
We attach here some relevant documents (also available on-line at http://unhabitat.org/gc25/) that we encourage you to use and share with your constituencies, partners and professional networks:
1. Resolution 25/L5 that approves the Guidelines and gives a mandate for their implementation and monitoring.
2. Press Release that you may wish to adapt and disseminate as appropriate.
3. Final Guidelines in the 6 UN languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Spanish, Russian): currently being put in a proper lay-out for outreach and communication purposes.
4. Compendium of Inspiring Practices: sample of an on-going, larger and open initiative to document inspirational and international experiences on Urban and Territorial Planning that illustrates the Guidelines….
We will continue to explore…avenues to inform global and regional agendas as well as country operations. An immediate activity could be to translate the Guidelines in other languages (eg: Portuguese, Indonesian...) for broader outreach and impacts. We are open to suggestions and count very much on your feedback and active participation….
We thank you for your continuous engagement and commitment. We look forward to keeping you with us in this exciting IG-UTP journey.
This document discusses key aspects of incorporating climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction into comprehensive land use plans (CLUPs) at the local government level in the Philippines. It outlines the legal mandates and policies supporting CLUPs, how CLUPs should relate to national plans and programs, and principles that should guide their development, such as adopting a ridge-to-reef approach and ensuring participation from various stakeholders. CLUPs are meant to foster sustainable development and guide local planning, and must now address climate and disaster risks per national laws. The document also covers the typical scope and process for developing CLUPs.
- The document discusses concerns with the UK government's proposed National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), arguing that it fails to adequately define and prioritize sustainable development.
- Specifically, it says the NPPF over-emphasizes economic factors at the expense of important social and environmental considerations. It also lacks a clear long-term vision or spatial framework to guide development.
- The author argues the NPPF should incorporate a more balanced and evidence-based definition of sustainable development, as well as a spatial map to better connect national, regional and local planning decisions.
Earth System Challenges and a Multi-layered Approach for the Sustainable Deve...Ruben Zondervan
http://sdg.earthsystemgovernance.org/sdg/publications/earth-system-challenges-and-multi-layered-approach-sustainable-development-goals
Key messages of Policy Brief #1:
1. The Earth system has entered a new phase in which human actions are threatening the planet's life support systems and drawing down the planet's natural capital in an unsustainable manner. It is essential that the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reconfirm the commitments of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) focused on human wellbeing by alleviating poverty, enhancing food and water security, and improving health. But the SDGs must also address issues of Earth system governance and the challenge of redirecting unsustainable practices of individuals, groups, and countries worldwide.
2. The way forward is to adopt a multi-layered approach encompassing:
Global goals to maintain planetary scale processes in a safe, just and sustainable space.
Individual goals and targets framed in such a way that they can serve as focal points for a wide range of stakeholders.
Targets framed in global terms but - where possible and relevant - tailored at regional, national, local, or corporate/organizational levels to provide a menu of options allowing actors with different needs and capabilities to select those best suited for them.
Indicators and monitoring capabilities with the capacity to track change and report on progress.
3. The formulation of the SDGs offers rich opportunities to bridge gaps among sectoral silos by framing goals that are cross-cutting and integrative in nature and, if achieved, meet current needs articulated in the MDGs while ensuring that future generations can meet their own needs continuously. A well-designed performance review system, such as a "Global Sustainable Development Report" and comparable reporting mechanisms at the national level, and roles given to actors beyond national states will be essential, given the complexity of the agenda and the need for accountable implementation. For the review of SDGs, one new dimension needed is to include monitoring the key aspects of Earth system transformation.
Urban and spatial planning and design play an important role in shaping sustainable and resilient cities. Effective planning promotes compact and connected urban forms that reduce sprawl, support public transportation, and encourage mixed-used development. This contrasts with unplanned urban extensions and car-centric development, which have led to less sustainable sprawling urban patterns. Good planning also fosters social inclusion, protects cultural heritage and the environment, strengthens resilience, and supports strong economies by improving productivity and land values. Public participation, multi-sectoral coordination, capacity building, and context-specific solutions are essential for successful urban and spatial planning.
This document introduces the National Planning Policy Framework, which aims to contribute to sustainable development through the planning system. It outlines the economic, social and environmental roles of planning in achieving sustainable development, including supporting economic growth, providing housing, and protecting the natural environment. The framework replaces over 1,000 pages of national planning policy with around 50 pages to make the system simpler and more accessible to communities.
The document is the National Planning Policy Framework published by the UK government's Department for Communities and Local Government. It sets out the government's planning policies for England and how they are expected to be applied. The framework aims to contribute to sustainable development by outlining an economic, social and environmental role for planning. It establishes a presumption in favour of sustainable development as a guiding principle for plan-making and decision-taking in the planning system.
This document introduces the National Planning Policy Framework, which aims to contribute to sustainable development through the planning system. It outlines the economic, social and environmental roles of planning in achieving sustainable development, including supporting economic growth, providing housing, and protecting the natural environment. The framework replaces over 1,000 pages of national planning policy with around 50 pages to make the system simpler and more accessible to communities.
Enhancing sustainability of cbet through the building of capabilities (sam ol...Rith Sam Ol
This paper examines community-based ecotourism (CBET) as an integrated conservation and community development approach in Cambodian protected areas, and determines how it contributes to sustainability. Rationalities for using CBET as a sustainability tool are well-discussed, while challenges to its implementation are well-elaborated. Review of CBET development experiences in Cambodia and other countries has provided better understanding of factors causing success or failure of CBET projects. Therefore, a “community capabilities” concept is constructed while its integral components for enhancing sustainability in CBET community are explicated. This paper presents empirical analysis of this concept in the best practice CBET site in Cambodia.
This document provides an overview of the development plan process in Ireland to promote community participation. It discusses the importance of development plans, challenges facing planning, and how to get involved by making a submission and following up. The key points are that development plans guide land use and development, community participation is important for creating an agreed vision and environmental contract, and tips are provided on effectively making a submission and ensuring views are considered in the plan.
The document discusses sustainable transport and development. It defines sustainability as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Sustainable transport considers environmental, economic, and social impacts. Freight transport is important but road freight causes negative environmental and social impacts. Sustainable freight aims to balance efficient logistics with sustainable development. Spatial planning can help bridge economic development and environmental protection to achieve sustainable urban development.
This document analyzes how local sustainability initiatives in Africa address and interact with the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The researchers coded 69 African initiatives from a database to identify which of the 169 SDG targets each initiative engages with. They analyzed the frequency and combinations of targets addressed to cluster the SDGs and identify different patterns of how local initiatives engage with the goals. Five main groups of SDGs emerged: those addressed by broad initiatives, specific initiatives, as means of implementation, cross-cutting goals, and underrepresented goals. The analysis suggests achieving the SDGs will require considering both bottom-up local approaches and top-down frameworks.
This document discusses the need for an effective coordination mechanism between the federal and state governments in Malaysia to promote good governance and achieve sustainable land administration. It proposes establishing a national agency to coordinate the development and maintenance of a single land database. The agency would be supervised by the National Land Council and federal Department of Land and Mines. Currently, land matters fall under state jurisdiction, which has implications for implementing land policies uniformly. The document analyzes Malaysia's existing land policy and governance framework and identifies weaknesses like fragmented institutions. It argues coordination is needed to develop a modern, globally competitive land administration system and achieve sustainable development goals.
Sustainable development planning for Zimbabwe bkambasha
This is not a report from City of Harare or Gvt of Zimbabwe but from just a citizen concerned about his beautiful city of Harare the SUNSHINE CITY. Sustainable development starts with us the residents of the city, private companies, visitors to the city and finally the government. Look around our beautiful city how we have done to it, it needs us "each and every citizen, private company and visitors" to do something each day towards helping to restore that status SUNSHINE CITY.
The document provides a summary of a three-year work plan for the Metro Boston Consortium for Sustainable Communities. The work plan outlines six tracks of activities to implement the MetroFuture regional plan, including: (1) addressing gaps in the regional plan, (2) advancing implementation through place-based planning in local communities, (3) informing new tools and models for local implementation, (4) conducting regional and state-level policy work, (5) building local leader capacity, and (6) tracking regional progress indicators. Specific place-based planning activities are described that will occur in multiple locations to advance sustainable development goals.
What are the key design features that make payment for environmental services...
Planning
1. 1
Planning and Sustainable Development
Development, or growth, is achieved by using resources to build for the future of
the population, while sustainability, in the context of planning requires using
resources wisely and essentially preserving what nature has to give for the
benefit of the future of the population. (Manderson, 2006) Indeed, historically,
growth and development of the cities has been done by natural destruction:
building led to clearing forests, polluted rivers and fouled air. The conflict left
planners sliding from one end of the spectrum to the other, having no natural
home and dealing with questionable legitimacy and fairness of the middle
ground. (Campbell, 1996)
UK planning system aims to reconcile development and sustainability by
balancing the two and resolving conflicts using planning regulations: “Planning
is a balancing act, which requires consideration of the preservation, use and
development of land for this and future generations, within the context of agreed
social, environmental and economic needs. Inevitably, there is often
disagreement among competing interests on the best use of the same land, and
the planning system must resolve such conflicts.” (CLGC Eighth Report, 2011)
The current government believes, the effective planning method is localism;
using “collaborative democracy”, having decision making process at the lowest
part of the chain possible, can help achieve appropriate development output
from the planning process and aid sustainable development. (Farnsworth,
2011) Greg Clark, the Minister for Decentralisation and Cities, explains that, the
current National Planning Policy Framework replaces the elaborative and
forbidding policy with clearly explained and concise framework, which allows
people and communities back into planning. Having for a long time been the
preserve of specialists, planning evolved, to be used by the communities, for
the benefit of these communities. (CLGC Eighth Report, 2011) Or so the
Government hopes.
2. 2
Today, the principle statutory basis for the operation of planning is the Town
and Country Planning Act 1990. It is an enabling act, which sets out the
legislation behind planning system operation and allows amendments of
statutes by subordinate legislation. For example, Localism Act 2011 abolished
the regional planning tier to allow integration of communities into the planning
process. (Para23 DCLG, 2015)
Legislation gives statutory basis for the requirements to produce development
plans and grants powers to permit or refuse planning permission. While policy
sets out the aims planning intends to achieve. Current policy - The National
Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) has been issued by the Government in
March 2012 and has been somewhat revolutionary in terms of accessibility to
the general public. It replaced over a thousand pages of national policy with
only 50, which aims to guide both developers and decision-makers on priorities
that should influence effective land use and as a material consideration in
determining planning applications. (CLGC Eighth Report, 2011; Para13 NPPF,
2012)
NPPF thus acts as a central consideration in planning without changing the
statutory framework in respect to individual decision-making. It guides
production of development plans, which are issued by Central Government and
Local Planning Authorities. (Para12 NPPF, 2012)
Development Plans consist of local development documents - a portfolio of
documents constituting Local development framework and neighbourhood
plans – community plans with real legal weight. (DCLG, 2015) These plans
should contain clear development intentions, how they are going to be achieved
and when, and are usually set out for a long periods of time (ten to 15 years).
“Local plans must be positively prepared, justified, effective and consistent with
national policy. (S20 Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act, 2004; NPPF,
2012) Both Local and Neighbourhood Plans must contribute to sustainable
development, and the neighbourhood plans should be in general conformity
3. 3
with the Local plan. (NPPF, 2012) Since there can be considerable conflict in
strategic planning covering multiple administrative boundaries, Localism Act
2011 introduced the “Duty to Cooperate”, which sets statutory duty for the
planning authorities, such as city, district and borough councils to cooperate
with each other.
Planning is also influenced by the European Union. Cross-border and
transnational spatial planning is emerging along with the more prominent
examples of EU influence of environmental impact assessment. (Cullingworth
and Nadin, 2006)
The above means of management and control are used to ensure any
proposed development in the UK passes the standards of development and
there are no material considerations to stop the proposed development from
happening. Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 s 38(6) provides: “If
regard is to be had to the development plan for the purpose of any
determination under the planning acts the determination must be in accordance
with the plan unless material considerations indicate otherwise”. Although the
material consideration is not defined and the falling of the development within
the broad class, will depend on the circumstances. (Stringer v MHLG [1970] 1
WLR 1281) The system ensures planning permission to be considered on
individual basis, and thus, not defining material consideration too narrowly, lets
the system approve developments, which are sustainable without delay.
(para15 NPPF, 2012).
Town and Country Planning Act 1990 S55(1) defines development as ”carrying
out of building, engineering, mining or other operations, in, on, over or under
land, or the making of material change in the use of any building or land” and
requires planning permission for “carrying out of any development of land”.
(S57(1) Town and Country Planning Act, 1990). Although removal of
development rights in land from the landowner and to the state seems
4. 4
dictatorial, the system aims to promote the future of current and following
generations. Whether it is successful in so doing is another question.
NPPF provides, that there are three dimensions of sustainable development;
the economic dimension, ensures sufficient land of the right type is available in
the right places and the right time to support growth and innovation, thus
contributing to building stronger, more responsive and more competitive
economy. The social dimension ensures the supply of housing required to meet
the needs of present and future generations to promote strong, vibrant and
healthy communities. The environmental dimension ensures development
contributes to protecting and enhancing the natural built and historic
environment. (Para7 NPPF, 2012). The three dimensions are not to be sough in
isolation, as they are mutually dependent, the NPPF therefore provides for the
dimensions to be sought jointly – through the planning system. (Para8 NPPF,
2012)
In order to achieve the three dimensions, the UK Sustainable Development
Strategy Securing the Future set out five guiding principles: Living within the
planet’s environmental limits, ensuring a strong, healthy and just society,
achieving a sustainable economy, promoting good governance and using sound
science responsibly. (NPPF, 2012) For the purpose of this coursework, analysis
of the extent, the current planning system achieves sustainable development,
will be analysed through these five guiding principles.
In order to achieve sustainable development within the planet’s environmental
limits, the system must ensure biodiversity is improved, resources are used
prudently, waste and pollution are minimised and development moves to low
carbon economy to adapt or mitigate climate change. (Para7 NPPF, 2012)
Indeed, where a development entails any “environmental procedures”, the
statutory position to grant permission unless there are substantial grounds for
refusal, somewhat shifts to developer having to prove their proposal is
demonstrably acceptable. Environmental factors can be decisive in planning
5. 5
decision, and it prompts local authorities to exercise powers they have in
relation to issues relating to pollution, waste and noise. (Cullingworth and
Nadin, 2006) Since local authorities are not environmental planning authorities,
but still have to take environmental considerations into account, the result is a
blurred line between specific pollution control regimes and the local authority
deciding on the same issues. Essentially, the complementarity of the existing
controls leads to duplication. Instead, the role planning system must ensure the
development itself is acceptable in terms of use and impact of this use and
assume the relevant environmental control regime will be properly applied and
enforced - Para10 PPS 23 Planning and Pollution Control. (Gov.co.uk, 2004) It
seems the influence of environmental issues within the concept of sustainable
development is not properly dealt with by planning controls. The current
system’s attempt to tighten the control and ensure developments adhere to
standards creates confusion between the responsibilities of the relevant control
bodies. There is no purpose in duplication of the same responsibility, and
currently, the integration of environmental issues into the scope of
responsibilities of local authorities is somewhat questionable in success.
Ensuring healthy, strong and just society falls within the scope of the social role
of sustainable development and entails planning to meet housing needs of this
and future generations, as well as creating good quality built environment with
accessible local services to support health, social and cultural well being.
(Para7 NPPF, 2012) This area has been covered comprehensively by the
NPPF 2012 and provides specific requirements for meeting social needs in
comparison with other, more general provisions. For instance, S 47 requires
annual identification and updating of sites sufficient to provide five years worth
of housing with an additional buffer of 5 % against the housing requirement, in
order to promote choice and competition in the market for land. Moreover, local
planning authorities are required to increase the buffer to 20% in the areas of
recorded persistent under-delivery of housing. Design regulations require
functionality of development to be long term oriented and optimize site potential,
6. 6
as well as incorporating elements of mix of use (i.e. green and public spaces as
part of developments). (Para58 NPPF, 2012). There has also been a positive
development in promoting better communities, by introducing Neighbourhood
plans, which allows local planning to be more specific and better reflect the
needs of all sections in the community. (Para69 NPPF, 2012) Since the
abolition of Regional Planning and removal of the regional tier of the planning
hierarchy, the local authorities now produce the strategic plans. On the one
hand, this structure benefits the community by servicing needs of all
communities and allows tailoring plans to the specific needs of communities.
However, there is a view, that the gap between local and national planning is
too large to produce strategic plans in the interest of community as a whole and
can lead to an intense conflict of interest, and an end of strategic planning.
(Boddy and Hickman, 2013) Indeed, developers sometimes see the implications
of abolition of Regional Planning and the new framework as a charter for
“NYMBYism” (Not In My Back Yard). Where elected members, representing
local community are anti development, absence of a broader strategic
framework doesn’t promote sustainable development and the system goes back
on itself. Moreover, the duty to cooperate doesn’t adequately deal with the
problem of localism leading to servicing the needs of current generation better,
but severely overseeing what needs to be done in the long run, to also take into
account future generations. This problem was demonstrated by a place-based
assessment of the abolition of Regional Planning by Boddy and Hickman
(2013). Their study of the West of England showed worrying figures of housing
supply decrease since the introduction of localism. For instance, Bath and North
East Somerset had an almost 50% reduction in the core strategy housing figure
since 2008, with over twenty one thousand units to supply planned in 2008, the
region’s current plan decreased to just eleven thousand. The sharp reduction
was also evident in Bristol, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire, with
strategic plans deemed “sound” despite reservations on adequacy of housing
provision levels. (Boddy and Hickman, 2013) The pro growth system in the UK
evidently chose the wrong community segments to implement strategic
planning. It appears, local views lack the element of sustainability and the duty
7. 7
to cooperate doesn’t help the basic truth that locals are simply anti
development, despite the financial incentives, which are in place to encourage
local communities to embrace development. (Boddy and Hickman, 2013)
The issue of “NIMBYism” also leads to questionable prospects of achieving
sustainable economy, the fourth guiding principle of sustainable development.
Resistance to development in the absence of overarching strategic framework
or top down requirements creates capacity for localism to inhibit investment and
economic growth. (Boddy and Hickman, 2013) This issue is particularly
worrying for regions already pressurised in terms of housing prices and housing
affordability. Where a region is able to attract investment, skilled labour and
accommodate expansion of businesses in the area, opposing development will
lead to economic stagnation. There is a capacity across many regions in
England to secure investments and aid economic growth, but the Coalition
Government has shown little sign of challenging the local will. (Boddy &
Hickman, 2013) Sustainable development has a specific economic role of
ensuring land is available at the right place and time to support growth and the
local authorities are required to identify and coordinate development
requirements to promote economic interest of the wider community. (Para7
NPPF, 2012) The “property conflict” created by the conflict of economic growth
and equity cannot be solved by the planning power of local authorities. The
fundamental conflict defines the boundary of private interest and the public
good; the government intervention into private commodity is unfortunately,
essential to ensure beneficial social aspects of the same property. (Campbell,
1996) The problem is worsened by the fact that social capital will always be
stronger in the better-off places, when neighbourhoods with poor health,
inadequate housing and transport depend on interrelationships with the state at
the local and national level. (Westwood, 2011) Achieving sustainable economy,
when difficult strategic decision are done on a level so low, the responsible are
simply not equipped to make this decisions, the question is: when will the state
wake up? The election stunt of giving the power to the locals shouldn’t cost
British worse-off communities its’ chance to develop economically.
8. 8
Governance for sustainable development is concerned with socio-political
context of achieving sustainable development. Good governance is associated
with effectiveness, efficiency, and the rule of law, participation and
transparency. In planning, good governance is supposed to identify and
manage critical threats to sustainability, integrate sustainability into the general
practice of governance and organise collective reflection of decisions in respect
to reconciling social priorities. (Meadowcroft, 2007) NPPF provided a massive
step forward in creating opportunity for planning to become a political
“marketplace”, where involvement is equally open to all stakeholders. Declaring
the previous system of power to be a failure, the new government promised to
go beyond community involvement and make “collaborative democracy”
contiguous with plan production. The idea was, planning process to be in the
hands of local communities, but it could only work if the community involvement
was effective. The step up to understanding the accepted planning
methodology and using it, however proved way more difficult than accepting
ideological values of “what is best”. (Farnsworth, 2011) Not only is the new
system opposing development, the intellectual job of planning policy is still
separated from the practical job of development management. Many local
authorities see no difference in having a legal duty as a planning authority and
their interest as landowners and developers. Moreover, lack of using cost-
benefit analysis, dubious and unintelligible Sustainability appraisals have
prompted some to deem local authority a poor profession in providing informed
choice through localism. (Farnsworth, 2011)
Although the presumption in favour of sustainable development runs like a
golden thread through both plan making and decision taking, the local
authorities are ill equipped to identify threats to sustainability and their planning
generally reflects the needs of this generation only. (Para14 NPPF, 2012)
The role of planning in facilitating use of sound science responsibly is allowing
future progress; this entails encouraging technological development. Much
concern has been expresses over Localism Bill to have a potential constraining
9. 9
or encapsulating sustainable development in facilitating new technological
developments. (Parliament, 2011) Liberal Democrats promise, the current
planning system lays foundation to new technologies, new industries and
sustainable sources. (Planning Resource, 2013) Whether in fact the change in
the system facilitates technological development better, remains to be seen.
Although sustainable development is deeply embedded into the NPPF 2012,
simplification of the system may actually have an adverse effect on delivery of
sustainable development. Interpretation and implementation by local authorities,
especially where local plans are ad hoc, non-existent, incomplete pose a great
challenge to developers. (Planning Resource, 2013) Primary reason for
dismantling the regional planning tier, which coordinated the system on
strategic level, was the dictatorial aspect of the top down approach. There was
no element of anti-development to regional planning, it was however anti-
democratic. We expect planning to be the control and restriction, but at the
same time it must promote sustainable development and growth. These
conflicting demands on the system lead planning to bounce from the three
points of the triangle of social, economic and environmental benefit. (Campbell,
1996) The system is meant to resolve conflicts when it is itself in the very centre
of the conflict. At the moment, achieving sustainable development through the
planning system only burdens the system further into the conflict. Especially,
when the very concept of “sustainable development lacks operational definition
and objective measurement criteria. (Beckerman, 1994) The purpose of
planning is facilitating positive growth, it is not meant to deliver sustainable
development, only contribute to its’ achievement (Para6 NPPF, 2012). This
understanding is central to the fundamental problem of planning not being able
to please every stakeholder, no matter what changes are in place. It would be
fair to say the system has become more accessible and democratic, however
the UK Planning regulations are still too general, and facilitating interpretation of
this general system by local authorities on ad hoc basis is not the right path to
positive growth.
10. 10
Reference List
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