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1. PHYSICS

2. • We can define motion as the change of position of
an object with respect to time.
• A book falling off a table, water flowing from the
tap, rattling windows, etc., all exhibit motion.
• Even the air that we breathe exhibits motion!
Everything in the universe moves.
Motion: A body is said to be in a state of
motion when its position change
continuously with reference to a point.

3. REST
A body is said to be in a state of
rest when its position does not
change with respect to a reference
point.

4. Types of Motion
Rectilinear Motion
Movement in a
straight line, such as
a train moving on
tracks
Rotational Motion
An object is said to be
in rotational motion
when it spins around a
fixed point.
Oscillatory Motion
Oscillatory motion
happens when an object
moves back and forth
around a central point.
Random Motion
In this type of motion, an
object moves in different
directions without a fixed
path.

5. Relative Motion is defined as the motion of an object
when observed with respect to another object which
may be either at rest or in motion.
Relative Motion
Example of Relative Motion: Suppose you and your friend
are traveling on a train sitting together and a boy
standing alongside the track is observing you. Both of you
don't change your position with respect to each other
hence both of you are at rest with respect to each other
but with respect to the boy who was standing outside you
and your friend are in motion because your position is

7. The Fundamental Principles of Physics
Motion and Forces Energy and Work Electricity and Magnetism
1
Waves and Light Thermodynamics
Relativity and Quantum Physics
2 3
4 5 6

8. Motion and Forces (Mechanics)
Newton’s Three Laws of Motion:
• Objects stay in motion/rest unless acted on
by a force.
• Force = mass × acceleration.
• Every action has an equal and opposite
reaction.
Example: Car movement, rockets, or sports
physics.

9. Energy and Work
• Kinetic Energy (Energy of motion)
• Potential Energy (Stored energy)
• Thermal Energy (Heat)
• Chemical Energy (Stored in molecules)
• Nuclear Energy (Stored in atomic nuclei)
Energy is the ability to do work, and it exists
in many forms, including:
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that
energy cannot be created or destroyed, only
transformed.

10. Electricity and Magnetism
(Electromagnetism)
Electromagnetism deals with electric and
magnetic fields and their interactions. Some
key concepts include:
• Electric charge creates electric fields
(positive/negative).
• Electric current is the flow of charges in a
conductor.
• Magnetic fields arise from moving charges or
magnets.
• Electromagnetic waves include light, radio
waves, and X-rays.

11. Waves and Light (Optics)
• There are two main types of waves:
• Mechanical Waves (e.g., sound waves, water
waves) require a medium to travel through.
• Electromagnetic Waves (e.g., light, X-rays) do
not need a medium and can travel through
space.
Physics describes waves, such as sound and
light, with light exhibiting wave-particle
duality.

12. Thermodynamics (Heat and Energy Transfer)
Thermodynamics studies heat, energy transfer,
and how they affect matter. The Laws of
Thermodynamics include:
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only
transferred.
• The entropy (disorder) of an isolated system
always increases.
• Absolute zero (-273.15°C) is the lowest
possible temperature.

13. Relativity and Quantum Physics
Einstein’s Theory of Relativity explains how space and
time are interconnected, and it describes how objects
behave at high speeds. It led to the famous equation E =
mc², showing the relationship between energy and
mass.
Quantum Mechanics studies subatomic particles and
their strange behaviors, including wave-particle duality,
uncertainty, and quantum entanglement.

14. Applications of Physics in Everyday Life
Transportation
Cars, airplanes, and space travel rely on
physics.
Medical Science
X-rays, MRI machines, and radiation therapy
use physics principles.
Technology
Smartphones, computers, and lasers work
because of physics.
Energy Production
Solar panels, wind turbines, and nuclear
reactors use physics.