Politica de atraccion de inversiones del Peru frente a China: Comparacion con otros paises latinoamericanos: Comparacion con los paises de la Alianza del Pacifico
Ponencia dada en la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos dada el 29 de setiembre, 2017
Conference given at San Marcos National University on September 29, 2017
China Investment Environment - Start-up/Growth Company Finance Market in Chin...Team Finland Future Watch
Report summarizes the start-up and growth company finance market in China. The report consists of analysis and views of the present state of the start-up/growth company finance market in China as well as views of the future trends and implications of those. Then, advise to the Finnish public sector, companies and VCs is provided.
China Investment Environment - Start-up/Growth Company Finance Market in Chin...Team Finland Future Watch
Report summarizes the start-up and growth company finance market in China. The report consists of analysis and views of the present state of the start-up/growth company finance market in China as well as views of the future trends and implications of those. Then, advise to the Finnish public sector, companies and VCs is provided.
China’s growth and appetite for foreign direct investment (FDI) has made Africa its largest investment destination, according to a new report written by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) for leading global law firm, Mayer Brown. The report, “Playing the Long Game: China’s Investment in Africa”, finds that whilst energy and mineral resources have attracted the most Chinese FDI, investments and activities that support Africa’s physical infrastructure is underestimated.
Exploring the opportunities and challenges facing Chinese investors in Africa, the report highlights increased African trade, more direct investment and a surge in export credit financing as the primary drivers of China’s current economic policy towards Africa and looks at the diversity and success of projects that have been financed. It also documents the perception of Chinese investment in Africa and the unique political, cultural and legal challenges of realising projects across such a diverse range of countries.
This report provides insight about the Lebanese startup ecosystem, explores its unique challenges and makes recommendations based on international best practices.
Investment and competitiveness in TajikistanOECDglobal
The OECD Tajikistan Project is working towards enhancing country competitiveness: by developing targeted and practical action plans for reforms; and following-up on implementation and building capacity.
This slide show is enhanced content for "Livable Historic City Cores: Attracting Investment to Cities" by John O'Brien in the Summer 2013 Forum Journal (Preservation in the City). To learn more about Preservation Leadership Forum and how you can become a member visit: http://www.preservationnation.org/forum
Switch case study Singapore Economic Development Board - Englishtalktoswitch
The Singapore Economic Development Board is a key driver of the city state's economy, helping businesses from around the world succeed in Asia. Here's how content marketing agency Switch helps them engage with key international decision makers. English version.
Deeping investment cooperation, promoting industrial transformation between China and Caribbean countries as presented by Dr. Wu Qijin, Chief Executive Officer, China-LAC Cooperation Fund on July 10, 2017 at a conference titled, 'Chinese Renminbi in the Caribbean-Opportunities for Trade, Aid and Investment,' held at the Hilton Barbados Resort.
Chinese investment in Spain topped 600 million euros in 2014, according to an ESADE study.
According to this report, 93.8% of Chinese direct investment in Spain since 2000, some €1.662 billion, occurred in the 2012-2014 period. Of that amount, €610 million was invested in 2014, 49% more than in 2013. Moreover, by the end of the year, total investment in 2015 could be even higher, as a result of various major transactions recorded over the last six months in the real estate/hotel and agribusiness industries.
Global business attorney Vinita Bahri-Mehra, in partnership with Ohio Development Services Agency, presented "Growing through China: A Comprehensive Look at Market Opportunities" as a panel discussion on Wednesday, September 17. The panel, which brought together local industry professionals to share best practices for conducting business in China, discussed how the world's second-largest economy is increasingly playing an important and influential role in the global economy.
China’s growth and appetite for foreign direct investment (FDI) has made Africa its largest investment destination, according to a new report written by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) for leading global law firm, Mayer Brown. The report, “Playing the Long Game: China’s Investment in Africa”, finds that whilst energy and mineral resources have attracted the most Chinese FDI, investments and activities that support Africa’s physical infrastructure is underestimated.
Exploring the opportunities and challenges facing Chinese investors in Africa, the report highlights increased African trade, more direct investment and a surge in export credit financing as the primary drivers of China’s current economic policy towards Africa and looks at the diversity and success of projects that have been financed. It also documents the perception of Chinese investment in Africa and the unique political, cultural and legal challenges of realising projects across such a diverse range of countries.
This report provides insight about the Lebanese startup ecosystem, explores its unique challenges and makes recommendations based on international best practices.
Investment and competitiveness in TajikistanOECDglobal
The OECD Tajikistan Project is working towards enhancing country competitiveness: by developing targeted and practical action plans for reforms; and following-up on implementation and building capacity.
This slide show is enhanced content for "Livable Historic City Cores: Attracting Investment to Cities" by John O'Brien in the Summer 2013 Forum Journal (Preservation in the City). To learn more about Preservation Leadership Forum and how you can become a member visit: http://www.preservationnation.org/forum
Switch case study Singapore Economic Development Board - Englishtalktoswitch
The Singapore Economic Development Board is a key driver of the city state's economy, helping businesses from around the world succeed in Asia. Here's how content marketing agency Switch helps them engage with key international decision makers. English version.
Deeping investment cooperation, promoting industrial transformation between China and Caribbean countries as presented by Dr. Wu Qijin, Chief Executive Officer, China-LAC Cooperation Fund on July 10, 2017 at a conference titled, 'Chinese Renminbi in the Caribbean-Opportunities for Trade, Aid and Investment,' held at the Hilton Barbados Resort.
Chinese investment in Spain topped 600 million euros in 2014, according to an ESADE study.
According to this report, 93.8% of Chinese direct investment in Spain since 2000, some €1.662 billion, occurred in the 2012-2014 period. Of that amount, €610 million was invested in 2014, 49% more than in 2013. Moreover, by the end of the year, total investment in 2015 could be even higher, as a result of various major transactions recorded over the last six months in the real estate/hotel and agribusiness industries.
Global business attorney Vinita Bahri-Mehra, in partnership with Ohio Development Services Agency, presented "Growing through China: A Comprehensive Look at Market Opportunities" as a panel discussion on Wednesday, September 17. The panel, which brought together local industry professionals to share best practices for conducting business in China, discussed how the world's second-largest economy is increasingly playing an important and influential role in the global economy.
This study by the ESADE China Europe Club is the first report that aims to provide an in-depth analysis of this new sphere of economic and business relations between China and Europe.
Some highlights:
. The report also shows that the EU is the main destination of Chinese investment, which reached 26,768 million at the end of 2012.
. Spain ranks fourth in terms of the number of Chinese investment projects in Europe
. 85% of the Chinese investment in Europe is concentrated in Luxembourg, France, the UK, Germany and Sweden.
. Although Spain ranks fourth among European nations in terms of the number of Chinese investment projects (38), it only comes ninth in terms of the stock of direct investment. There are still relatively few Chinese companies (just 60) out of a total of some 12,000 foreign firms operating in Spain.
.Most of the Chinese companies operate in the upper reaches of the value chain and in high-tech such as: Energy, Information Technology, Information Technology and there are also Chinese companies in banking.
More details: http://esade.me/1pSuL5m
UHY Dawgen Chartered Accountants (Incorporating Paul Goldson & Company) is a professional service firm providing audit, accounting, tax and business advisory services from 5 strategic locations in Jamaica. . UHY Dawgen Chartered Accountants (the “Firm”) is a member of Urbach Hacker Young International Limited, a UK company, and forms part of the international UHY network of legally independent accounting and consulting firms. UHY is the brand name for the UHY international network.
Cooperating with Chinese Investors - Dec 2017Bruno Bensaid
Keynote to BPI France (French sovereign fund) on opportunities to cooperate with Chinese corporate and institutional investors, including case studies and best practices. 21 Dec 2017.
This is an update of the 2012 presentation at https://www.slideshare.net/WorldResources/emerging-actors-in-development-finance-a-closer-look-at-chinas-overseas-investment
When it comes to overseas development finance, China is definitely a country to watch. Due to the country’s unprecedented economic growth, China’s overseas investments have increased exponentially in recent years. Between 2009 and 2010, two Chinese state-owned banks lent more money to other developing nations than the World Bank did. In fact, between 2002 and 2011, China’s outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) stock grew from $29 billion to more than $424 billion.
But what factors are driving all of this growth? What areas of the world are on the receiving end of China’s OFDI flows? And what sorts of social and environmental standards are in place for banks’ and enterprises’ investments? WRI answers these questions and many more in its recently updated powerpoint presentation "Chinese Development Finance: A Closer Look at Chinese Sustainable Finance."
Foreign Direct Investment. Political Economic Digest Series - XVIAkash Shrestha
In this issue, we will be discussing about Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
Foreign Direct Investment has been a very productive tool for the economic growth of many countries. Recently after the government made the decision to celebrate 2012/13 as investment year and after the agreement with India i.e. Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement, the topic of Foreign Direct Investment has been highly discussed among the lawmakers, policymakers and general public. The examples provided in this issue of different countries regarding FDI has shown how the growth rate is positively affected by the investment from outside the country.
This presentation was held during the 5th GIB Summit, May 27-28 2015.
The presentation and more information on the Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation are available on www.gib-foundation.org
The slide presentation is about China influence in the Caribbean economies, specially in the CARICOM countries and evaluate the China-Caribbean relationship
The APEC Summit is over for another year. Indonesia proved to be an excellent host, managing the logistics of the event very smoothly (they built a whole new airport and toll road to coincide with the occasion). They also managed to achieve some tangible outcomes from the Summit - which in itself is impressive - from a Summit that many critics deride as a talking-shop low on substance. Journalists were also suitably impressed, receiving free massages as well as free food. To top it off, the President of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, even surprised President Putin, (and everyone else), by picking up a guitar and singing a birthday serenade to the Russian President. No one can say Indonesia was not a hospitable host!
Similar to Peru's Foreign Investment Policy towards China: Comparison with other Latin American Countries: Pacific Alliance Country members (20)
Slides de Conferencia en Universidad Tecnologica del Peru (UTP): Guerra Comer...María Isabel Osterloh
El mundo ha puesto toda su atención en el ahora conflicto comercial entre EE.UU. y China, pues, aunque aún todo es retorica hay una posibilidad que se avecine una guerra comercial entre ambos la cual tendría más efectos negativos que positivos y que no serían solo para las partes involucradas sino también para los socios comerciales de China y Estados Unidos.
Esto es un serio problema para la OMC pues las restricciones comerciales que EE.UU. y China amenazan con imponerse son de carácter unilateral estando fuera de las reglas establecidas por este organismo. China no quiere una guerra comercial, pero dijo no tener miedo a enfrentarla.
Osterloh, Maria; guerra comercial eeuu - china y posibles efectos para latino...María Isabel Osterloh
El mundo ha puesto toda su atención en el ahora conflicto comercial entre EE.UU. y China, pues, aunque aún todo es retorica hay una posibilidad que se avecine una guerra comercial entre ambos la cual tendría más efectos negativos que positivos y que no serían solo para las partes involucradas sino también para los socios comerciales de China y Estados Unidos.
Esto es un serio problema para la OMC pues las restricciones comerciales que EE.UU. y China amenazan con imponerse son de carácter unilateral estando fuera de las reglas establecidas por este organismo. China no quiere una guerra comercial, pero dijo no tener miedo a enfrentarla.
The pacific alliance as a platform for peru for increasing its trade with chi...María Isabel Osterloh
This work deals with the strategy for using the Pacific Alliance as a platform for increasing Peru exports of value added goods and services, attracting more Chinese tourists and investment to Peru. An analyzing is done of what is the Pacific Alliance, what are its aims, and one of them is to be a platform for projection to the world, especially to the Asia-Pacific region, and what are the actions that the PA as a group have made in China or catering to China. A review of the economic relationship between China and Peru reveals that trade and investments links have increased, with the background of the Free Trade Area agreement in effect since 2010, though still most of Peru exports are raw materials, with few value-added goods sold to China. Finally, it is found that in the short time the Pacific Alliance has of working as a group, it has been able to implement several events, like seminars and Roundtables to promote Peru goods and services, tourism and investment opportunities available for China. But still many challenges remain, like the need to carry on more events, to spend more money in promotion activities, and also to prepare an adequate offer of goods and services suited to the Chinese market and consumers.
Publicación de mi comentario en Diario Gestión: Desaceleración ChinaMaría Isabel Osterloh
Como se lee en medios periodísticos, la desaceleración de China sigue afectando a muchos países de Latinoamérica, incluso a las principales economías donde el porcentaje de sus exportaciones a China con respecto a sus exportaciones totales es alto como Australia (36.1%) y Corea del Sur (26.1%).
Esta etapa de bajo crecimiento y normalización de la economía China, es un suceso inevitable porque el stock mano de obra barata se está terminando que conlleva a que las crecientes exportaciones ya no sean sostenibles pues las empresas transnacionales están migrando a otros países emergentes como Vietnam que la tiene en abundancia.
Sin embargo, este escenario no es del todo negativo. El modelo económico que seguirá el gobierno chino será el de incrementar el consumo de su mercado interno. Aquí Perú debe prepararse para aprovechar las oportunidades que se presentarán ante el aumento de sus consumidores de clase media (53% de su población), que demandaran alimentos y servicios de mejor calidad.
Por ejemplo se necesitarán materiales de construcción para los nuevos hogares de los millones de chinos que se mudarán del campo a la ciudad (se dice que 350 millones están en camino), así como artículos de lujo y manufacturas que China no podrá hacer por su mano de obra que se encarece.
Según un análisis realizado por McKinsey & Company Why China’s consumers will continue to surprise the world (2015), no hay que fijarse en el gasto de consumo como porcentaje del PIB, sino en el ingreso familiar, que muy posiblemente sea de $5 billones al año. Además, observar que la tendencia del gasto discrecional (comprar cosas que no necesitas), está aumentando y se prevé que exceda el 7% al 2020 así como las semi necesidades (vestimenta, cuidado de la salud, etc.) en 6%.
La brecha en infraestructura logística y de transporte y el ferrocarril bioce...María Isabel Osterloh
La brecha en infraestructura que tenemos actualmente, se ha traducido en un número grande de limitaciones para avanzar hacia el desarrollo económico, la competitividad y diversificación de nuestras exportaciones y la integración regional.
El presente ensayo se centrará en el sector infraestructura, en especial, en la de logística y transporte (redes viales, ferrocarriles, puertos, aeropuertos), porque hace posible el movimiento de personas, y bienes, acorta la distancia entre los actores económicos, posibilita la prestación de nuevos servicios y su mejoramiento y genera ahorros en costo y tiempo.
Impacto del ferrocarril bioceanico en nuestra competitvidad como pais exportadorMaría Isabel Osterloh
China, nuestro primer socio comercial, ha demostrado gran interés en América Latina. ¿Su plan?, invertir en infraestructura para exportar materias primas, productos manufacturados y combustibles para su industria y gran población (1350 millones de habitantes) a menor costo y tiempo.
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
Peru's Foreign Investment Policy towards China: Comparison with other Latin American Countries: Pacific Alliance Country members
1. Peru’s Foreign Investment Policy
towards China: Comparison with
other Latin American countries
Comparison with Pacific Alliance countries
Maria Osterloh
Master in Business Administration at Beijing Normal University
Faculty of Economics of San Marcos National University
3. Index
1. Introduction
2. Brief overview of the relation between China and Latin America
3. Situation of Chinese investment in the Pacific Alliance countries and state
policies.
4. Conclusions
6. Latin America and the Caribbean: trade in goods with China,
2000-2015
(In billions of dollars)
Source: ECLAC
7. Latin America and the Caribbean: participation of selected
partners in trade in goods, 2000-2015 (Percentages)
A. EXPORTS
Source: ECLAC
EU (28 members) US
8. Latin America and the Caribbean: participation of selected
partners in trade in goods, 2000-2015 (Percentages)
B. IMPORTS
Source: ECLAC
EU (28 members) US
9. Selected countries in Latin America: China's share
of total exports, 2000 and 2014 (Percentages)
Source: ECLAC
11. Latin America (selected countries): changes in export structure
to China, 2000-2014
(Percentages of the total)
Natural Resources
Other manufacturing
Source: ECLAC
12. Loans of China to Latin America
Billion of US$
• China have lend lot of money to some
Latin American countries like Venezuela,
Ecuador and Argentina. One of the
reasons is that because of its economic
policies (they did not pay their debts) they
were cut off of the international finance
system and could not access to foreign
loans but from China
Source: The Dialogue
13. 3. Situation of Chinese investment in the
Pacific Alliance countries and state policies.
14. Situation of Chinese investment in Latin
America
• “Official data on China's FDI in Latin America and the Caribbean fail to
capture the real magnitude of these investments because of the
custom of Chinese companies to channel most of their investment
through third countries. This makes it very difficult to identify bilateral
investment flows. For example, the largest Chinese acquisition in the
region so far, the purchase of 40% of Repsol's operations in Brazil for
$ 7 billion was recorded as an investment by Luxembourg for having
channeled the operation through the subsidiary Luxembourg
company of the Chinese company. This is common practice among
companies around the world, but is particularly prevalent in China”.
ECLAC, 2016
15. Situation of Chinese investment in Latin
America
Source: OECD Development Center, Atlantic Council
16. Situation of Chinese investment in Latin America:
Chinese FDI in LA shifts towards the service sector
Source: OECD Development Center, Atlantic Council
17. Situation of Chinese investment in Latin America:
Chinese FDI in LA, by industry (2003 – 2016)
Source: OECD Development Center, Atlantic Council
18. Situation of Chinese investment in Latin America:
Chinese FDI Stock in LA, by country (2003-2016)
Source: OECD Development Center, Atlantic Council
19. Top Chinese FDI deals in LAC in 2016, by type
Source: China-Latin America Economic Bulletin 2017. Boston University
20. Pacific Alliance: Bilateral Investment Treaties
and Free Trade Agreements with China
Source: OAS - SICE
Signature Entry into force
Chile 23/03/1994 14/10/1995
Colombia 22/11/2008 03/07/2012
Mexico 11/07/2008 06/06/2009
Peru 09/06/1994 01/02/1995
Chile 18/11/2005 01/10/2006
Colombia -- --
Mexico -- --
Peru 28/04/2009 01/03/2010
BITs with China
FTAs with China
22. Chile
• FDI in Chile has been historically low.
Stock of Chinese FDI in Chile (2009 – 2015)
Millions of US$
Source: Central Bank of Chile
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
China 7 10 18 42 98 92 141
23. Chinese FDI in Chile (2005-2016)
Millions of US$
Source: China Global Investment Tracker, BN Americas, Carey Chile
Year Month Chinese Entity
Quantity in
Millions
Share
Size
Transaction Party Sector Subsector Status
2005 February Minmetals $ 550 50% Codelco Metals Copper successful
2009 December
Shunde Rixin
and Minmetals
$ 1.910 70% Metals Steel successful
2012 February
Xinjiang
Goldwind
$ 190
Mainstream
Renewable Power
Energy Alternative successful
2013 January Skysolar $ 1,360 Energy
Solar
Energy
successful
2016 September Chengdu Tianqi $ 210 2% SQM Metals successful
2008 September Minmetals $ 1.450 25% Codelco Metals Copper troubled
2010 June State Grid $ 1.200 10% Quadra Mining Metals Copper troubled
Total 2861 USD
24. …FDI in Chile has been historically low.
• As we have seen in the regulatory restrictiveness index graph, even
though Chile is one of the Latin American countries with less
restrictions to foreign investors, having a propitious environment
even better than Peru and Mexico, until recent years, Chinese
companies went to countries that have more natural resources
(Brazil, Argentina, Peru) that in the case of Chile is almost only
copper. Besides this, when Chinese companies wanted to buy a
share of CODELCO (a Chilean state company) in 2008, there was
great opposition from the union and the copper’s employee’
federation. So this makes Chile a saturated country for investing in
copper because the state have a big presence and there are already
others foreign companies operating there.
25. Chile have BIT and FTA signed with China
• Chile has both BIT and an FTA signed with China. Regarding the FTA, in
Chapter XIII named “Cooperation”, there is a short article number 112
named “Promotion of investments”, where compared to Peru FTA
with China, this country has a whole chapter dedicated to investment.
• Currently Chile is going to update its FTA with China to include more
details.
26. Sectorial Structure of Chinese FDI in Chile
(1974 – 2014)
• According to the
Committee of
Foreign
Investments of
Chile, Chinese FDI
is concentrated
mainly in Financial
services (37%),
forestry (32%) and
mining (29%).
27. Other sectors …
Agroindustry:
• There have been acquisitions by Chinese companies of less than 100
million US$ in vineyards and farms of blueberries, kiwi, walnuts, grapes and
cherries.
Finance:
In may of 2016 the China Construction Bank (CCB) opened a branch in
Santiago. It works as the first RMB clearance bank in South America. Its aim
is to give loans in the Chinese currency. In March of 2017 its general manager
said that the bank wants to help the Chilean companies oriented to the
Chinese market so that they become global. They are interested in
companies or projects of mining, retail, clean energy and agribusiness as
well as financing infrastructure for their great experience in these areas. The
bank has a capital of 200 million US$ for its branch in the country.*
In August of 2017, Bank of China got permission to install a branch in Chile.
*http://impresa.lasegunda.com/2017/03/27/A/VN34LRQ2/all
28. Other sectors …
• Telecommunications: in June of 2017, the Chilean government
announced that is working with China to install an fiber optic cable
that will pass underwater the Pacific Ocean to connect the two
countries. The cable begins in the city of Valparaiso, passing New
Zealand, Australia and French Polynesia to end up in China's
Shanghai.
29. Why has been historically low?
• According to some statements of some chinese experts and
enterpreneurs, it is not easy for chinese companies to invest in Chile,
they find limitations like “ the estrict labor protection, the regulation
in matter of environment and security, the language, the limitated
domestic market (17.91 million inhabitants) compared to other
neighbor countries”
30. However there is a lot of interest by the Chilean
government to attract Chinese FDI by doing the
following:
• Since 2016, Chile announced the creation of the promotion agency
InvestChile. The aim is to put representative offices in strategic
countries like USA, Japan and Germany, etc. It was announced that for
2018 there will be a representative office of this agency in China. This
will allow Chileans to give specialized direct advice to Chinese
investors in this way to attract them and then support them in their
process of prospecting and installation. As until now the Chilean
commercial agencies overseas were the responsible for this task.
31. Chile Week in China and the Belt and Road
Initiative …
• Chile has been organizing Chile week in China since 2015.
• This is a activity where the public and private sector participates together to promote not
only trade and tourism but also attract Chinese investment.
• Chile brought a delegation of 200 people including ministers and others state
representatives, private companies and scholars.
• In the version of 2017 held from 29 August to 8 September (11 days), the delegation
visited 6 Chinese important cities (Beijing, Chengdu, Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shenzhen,
Wuhan).
• Chilean president Michelle Bachelet participated In the forum of the Belt and Road
Initiative in may held in Beijing. This is a infrastructure and connectivity mega project
that not only will connect Asia, Europe and Africa but also is extended to Latin America.
To embrace the Chinese proposal, during Chile week 2017 it was organized the seminar:
“Chile y China, La Franja & La Ruta: oportunidades de comercio, inversiones y
conectividad financiera”, being the first time that a latin american country realices a
seminar exclusively to the insertion of the Belt and Road initiative showing the great
interest that Chile has in this project.
32. Colombia
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 p 2001 p 2002 p 2003 2004 2005 p 2006 p 2007 p 2008 p 2009 p 2010 p 2011 p 2012 p 2013 p 2014 p 2015 p 2016 p
Chinese FDI 0.04 0.06 0.43 0.90 0.11 -0.03 4.52 0.72 0.63 3.87 1.7 2.1 7.9 1.7 -1.4 -3.3 0.7 23.2 34.6 8.7 34.9 3.3 56.8
Total FDI 1,446 968 3,112 5,562 2,829 1,508 2,436 2,542 2,134 1,720 3,116 10,235 6,751 8,886 10,564 8,035 6,430 14,647 15,039 16,209 16,164 11,632 13,726
-2,000.00
0.00
2,000.00
4,000.00
6,000.00
8,000.00
10,000.00
12,000.00
14,000.00
16,000.00
18,000.00
AxisTitle
Total FDI Flow and Total of Chinese FDI Flow to Colombia (1994-2016)
Millions of US$
Note: A negative flow means that capital repayments are greater than the new investment
p/: preliminary data
Source: Central Bank of Colombia. Elaborated by author
33. • According to the previous data taken from the Central Bank of
Colombia, the stock of Chinese FDI in Colombia from 1994 to 2016
was of 182 million US$.
• But it seems to be more. In the following chart, we can see data from
the China Global Investment Tracker where from 2006 to 2015 there
have been Chinese investment for an amount of 1910 million US$.
34. Chinese FDI in Colombia (2006-2015)
Millions of US$
Year Month Chinese Entity
Quantity in
Millions
Share
Size
Transaction
Party
Sector Subsector
2006 September Sinopec $ 430 50% Omimex Energy Oil
2011 October Sinomach $ 240 Energy Coal
2012 February Sinochem $ 980 Total Energy Gas
2015 September China Communications Construction $ 260 30% Transport Autos
Total 1910
Source: China Global Investment Tracker
35. Colombia
• So far Colombia is not much interested in China because it has put more
emphasis in the relations with Europe and the United States.
• Currently Colombia has no Free Trade Agreement with China. This is mainly
because of the strong opposition of the industrial sector who are afraid of
Chinese competition. It only has a Bilateral Investment Agreement that was
signed in 2008 and entered into force in 2012, after almost 4 years.
• Besides its infrastructure to do business is not competitive and present
problems. For example its Buenaventura port in the Pacific lacks special
machinery to download and transport the containers.
• As Colombia is not a member of APEC its relation with China are not as strong
compared with other member of the Pacific Alliance like Peru, Chile and
Mexico
• Colombia is part of the Pacific Alliance, bloc which has the main objective to
increase its relations with the countries of the Asia Pacific. Through the joint
activities, events, organized by the 4 country members, Colombia has been
trying to promote its country in China.
• Colombia has 3 commercial offices in China: Shanghai, Guangdong and Beijing
where it dedicates more to attract Chinese investment.
Investment cases in
Colombia by country of
origin in 2016
Source: PROCOLOMBIA
36. Mexico
• Given that Mexico have a big base manufacturing sector that compete with
Chinese goods in the US market and already have a big trade deficit with China (it
is around 60 billion US$ per year), Mexico have not been interested in signing a
FTA like Peru and Chile.
• Besides China makes similar goods that Mexico mostly export with cheaper
prices.
• Mexico have not many natural resources to export like Peru, Brazil, etc. Mexico
has Oil but up to some years ago, investment in this sector was a monopoly of the
State (PEMEX). Even though Mexico have not an FTA with China, it is a member of
APEC making easier for Mexico to strengthen economic ties with China.
• Since Enrique Pena Nieto has been president of Mexico (2012) he has visited
China for 4 times and his government has achieved to raise the relationship to an
Integral Strategic Partnership in 2013.
• Following in 2014, both governments agreed to create a $ 2.4 billion binational
investment fund for companies from both nations to invest in areas as energy,
mining, infrastructure, high-tech manufacturing and tourism.
37. • According to the Economic Secretariat of Mexico, until 2015 the stock of
Chinese FDI was of 2.4 billion dollars.
• According to a study of ECLAC of November of 2016, some Chinese
companies started to venture in Mexico with the aim to export its products
to another markets, specially US. Like Lenovo in electronics and Nexteer in
auto parts that have arrived to Mexico through the purchase of US
companies that had plants in that country.
• Until last year, no Chinese oil company have been present in Mexico. On
December of 2016, China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOCC) was
awarded 2 oil blocks by the Mexican government. According to media
sources, it is the largest investment made by a Chinese firm in Mexico. In
the next 35 years this company will make an investment of 8 billion US$.
38. Chinese FDI in Mexico (2007-2017)
Millions of US$
Year Month Chinese Entity
Quantity
in
Millions
Transaction
Party
Sector Subsector
2007 Lenovo Group $40 Lenovo Group
Technolog
y
Computers
2007 July Golden Dragon $ 100 Metals Copper
2008
China Hengtian Group
Corp.
$ 57
Sinatex AS de
CV
Textiles
2008 January Jinchuan Group $ 210 Tyler Resources Metals
2011 September
China Communications
Construction
$ 220
International
Container
Terminal Services
Transport Shipping
2014 October Risen Energy $ 600 Energy Alternative
2015 January Power Construction Corp $ 390 CFE Energy Hydro
2016 May Envivsion Energy $ 100 Vive Energia Energy Alternative
2016 December GNOOC $ 1.110 Energy Oil
2017 February JAC Motors $ 110 Giant Motors Transport Autos
Total $2.937
Source: China Global Investment Tracker, Chinese Investment in Mexico: The Contemporary Context and Challenges by Enrique
Dussel Peters
39. Peru
• Chinese investment in Peru is very big compared to other LA
countries because of several reasons:
• Peru has plenty of natural resources like copper, oil and natural gas
and fishmeal that are precisely the sectors which Chinese have
invested greatly.
• Secondly, Peru began in the 1990’s a policy to open more the country
to foreign investment and began the privatization of state owned
companies. Chinese took advantage of that. For example Shougang
bought Hierro Peru in 1992 (the first Chinese foreign investment
abroad outside Asia), and in 1994, China National Petroleum
Company bought oil blocks in the north of Peru.
40. • Third, from the last decade, Chinese investment in those sectors (iron, copper, oil,
natural gas and fishmeal) increased a lot. For example in the year 2014 a Chinese
group led by Mineral and Metal Group (MMG) bought the copper project Las
Bambas, paying 7 billion US$ (the biggest foreign investment in Peru up to now).
• As a result Chinese companies investment in copper mines will allow them to
produce of 1/3 of the copper production in Peru. Besides this, in the first 8
months of 2017, Peru exported more tons of copper to China than Chile (3.22
million tones from Peru compared to 2.72 million tons from Chile).
• Also the Chinese oil company China National Petroleum Company produces about
40% of all the natural gas produced in Peru.
• Shougang has the only iron mine in Peru.
• Also Chinese participation in the fishmeal sector accounts for around 25% of the
national production.
41. Chinese FDI in Peru (2007-2017)
Millions of US$
Year Month Chinese Entity
Quantity
in
Millions
Share
Size
Transaction
Party
Sector Subsector
2007 February
Zijin, China
Nonferrous, and
Xiamen C&D
$ 190
45%,
35%,
20%
Monterrico Metals Copper
2007 June Chinalco $ 790 100% Peru Copper Metals Copper
2007 December
Minmetals and
Jiangxi Copper
$ 450 100%
Northern Peru
Copper
Metals Copper
2008 May Chinalco $ 2.160 Metals Copper
2009 February Shougang $ 990 Metals Steel
2009 May Najinzhao $ 100 100% Cardero Metals Steel
2010 June Three Gorges $ 210 Utilities
2010 October Minmetals $ 2.500 Metals Copper
2012 March
China Energy
Engineering
$ 900 Energia Azul Energy Hydro
2013 November CNPC $ 2.890 Petrobras Energy
2014 April
Minmetals, Suzhou
Guoxin, and CITIC
$ 6.990
63, 22,
15%
Glencore Metals Copper
2017 March Nanjinzhao $ 1.500 Metals Steel
Total $ 19.670
Source: China Global Investment Tracker
42. • In recent years, China has showed interest in investing in other sectors like
infrastructure and energy. For example, China proposed the construction of
the Bi-oceanic Railway, a project that is in stand by.
• Also a Chinese company has showed interest in buying the Chaglla
Hydroelectric Plant that is selling Odebrecht.
• In July of 2017, PROINVERSION awarded the project Hidrovia Amazonica to
SINOHYDRO (China) and Construcción y Administración S.A. - CASA (Peru)
that will improve the navigability conditions of Peruvian Amazonian rivers
for cargo and passenger transportation, and regional and national trade,
reducing user connectivity costs, as well as risks to passengers and cargo.
43. • The reasons why Chinese investment in Peru is big, besides the fact
that we have plenty of natural resources and a very open foreign
investment policy it is the fact that we have an FTA with China, and
thanks to the largest Chinese community in Latin America that exists
in Peru, the country is very welcome to Chinese.
• The fact that there is very little investment in the manufacturing
sector in Peru is that we have very limited protection to the
manufacturing sector like in Colombia and Mexico and very little
incentives policies to invest in this sector.
44. Conclusions
• Chinese investment in Chile has been historically low but this is changing
with all the measures and initiatives by the Chilean government to
promote its country in China in recent years like the event of Chile week in
China that have already 3 editions, the participation of Chilean president in
the Forum of Belt and Road initiative and the soon installation of an office
of InvestChile in China.
• Chile is not only focused in attracting investment for mining. It is
diversifying its attraction of Chinese FDI to its country in sectors like
agroindustry, financial services, renewable power, infrastructure, etc.
• As we have seen, Chinese investment is more strong in Peru because of its
open foreign investment policy, its abundant natural resources and its old
time relations. Up to now this investment has been in the natural resources
sectors but from now on China have showed interest in investing in other
sectors.
45. Conclusions
• In the case of Colombia Chinese investment is low mainly because it
has been more interested in the relations with Europe and the United
States.
• In the case of Mexico even if the Chinese investment there is very low,
the current president is very actively seeking to strengthen this
relations specially in investment.
• Of the 4 members of the Pacific Alliance, Chile, Peru and Mexico are
the more active to strengthen economic relations with China.
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invierte-poco-en-chile
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49. Bibliography
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