Percent Problems
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The document provides examples of solving percent problems using proportions. It explains that percent problems can be set up using the formula "is/of=%/100" and demonstrates solving for unknown values in word problems involving percentages of quantities and partial completion of a task over time. Sample problems are worked through step-by-step showing the set up of proportions and solving to find the unknown value.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Making Organized Lists For Probability
The document discusses using lists to systematically enumerate all possible outcomes when calculating probabilities. It provides examples of using lists to determine the number of options available for Matt's weekend trip and the number of possible pairs that can be formed from the girl and boy finalists for the science fair. Making lists allows you to visualize all outcomes rather than trying to keep track of them mentally.
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The document discusses adding integers using a number line model and colored hearts. It explains that when adding integers, positive numbers move right on the number line while negative numbers move left. Two examples are worked through, with 6 + (-5) = 1 because one positive heart was left over after cancellation, and -7 + (-3) = -10 because there were only negative or red hearts total.
The Coordinate Plane
The document defines key terms related to the coordinate plane, including the x-axis, y-axis, quadrants, coordinates, and ordered pairs. It explains that the quadrants are numbered counter-clockwise, with quadrant I in the upper right and quadrant IV in the lower right. An ordered pair (x,y) locates a point by moving x units right/left from the origin and y units up/down. For example, the point (-3,-2) is in quadrant III, as it is located 3 units left and 2 units down from the origin.
Understanding, Comparing, And Ordering Integers
This document defines integers and describes how to identify, graph, find the absolute value of, compare, and order integers. It explains that integers include whole numbers and their opposites, and how to identify positives and negatives in real-world examples. It recommends using a number line to graph integers by their position, find absolute value as the distance from 0, compare by position from left to right, and order integers from least to greatest by their position from left to right.
Theoretical Probability
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Experimental Probability
The document defines key terms related to experimental probability such as experiment, outcome, and sample space. It provides examples of identifying the sample space and outcomes for experiments involving coin flips and rolling a die. The formula for calculating experimental probability is given as the number of times an event occurred divided by the total number of trials. An example is shown of a student calculating the probability of a coin landing on heads based on 30 coin flip trials.
Probability
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Using Percents
This document provides examples for calculating discounts, tips, and sales tax using percentages. It shows how to calculate a 10% discount on a $15 CD to determine the discounted price of $13.50. It also shows how to calculate a 15% tip on a $14 bill to get a tip of $2.10. Finally, it demonstrates calculating 8% sales tax on a $80 scooter to find the total cost is $86.40.
Percents, Decimals, And Fractions
Percents, decimals, and fractions can all be used to compare parts of a whole. There are two methods shown for writing decimals as percents: 1) using place value and proportions, or 2) more simply moving the decimal point two places to the right and multiplying by 100. Writing a fraction as a percent involves setting up a proportion with the fraction over the whole on one side and the unknown percent over 100 on the other side, then cross-multiplying and solving for the unknown percent value.
Percents
This document discusses different ways to write percentages as fractions, decimals, and the relationship between percents and pennies. It explains that any percent can be written as a fraction over 100 and then simplified. Decimals are obtained by writing the percent over 100 as a fraction and dividing, or simply moving the decimal point two places to the left. The key is that "per" means divide and "cent" refers to 100 pennies in a dollar.
Proportions
This document discusses proportions and how to set up and solve proportions. It provides examples of writing proportions using ratios and cross-multiplying to solve proportions. It also gives an example of using a proportion to determine how many tablets a dog weighing 20 pounds should take based on dosage information for a 50 pound dog.
Ratios And Rates
The document discusses ratios, rates, and unit rates. It defines a ratio as a comparison of two quantities using division, and defines a rate as comparing quantities with different units of measure. It provides examples of writing ratios as part-to-part, part-to-whole, and whole-to-part. Equivalent ratios that represent the same comparison are also discussed. The document explains how to write rates by looking at price per unit. It gives an example of calculating a unit rate by dividing a total price by the number of liters to determine the cost per liter.
Dividing Fractions & Mixed Numbers
To divide fractions, flip the second fraction and multiply the numerators and denominators. To divide mixed numbers, first convert them to improper fractions, then follow the same process of flipping the second fraction and multiplying the numerators and denominators before simplifying the result. The document provides examples of dividing fractions like 4/5 by 1/5 and mixed numbers like 2 and 2/3 by 1 and 1/6.
Multiplying Fractions And Mixed Numbers
This document provides instructions for multiplying fractions and mixed numbers. It explains that when multiplying fractions, you multiply the numerators and denominators without needing common denominators. For mixed numbers, you first convert them to improper fractions, then multiply the numerators and denominators and simplify if needed. An example of each type of multiplication is shown.
Multiplying Fractions By Whole Numbers
To multiply a fraction by a whole number, write the whole number as a fraction over 1, then multiply the numerators and denominators, simplifying the resulting fraction if possible. For example, to multiply 4 by 1/8, write 4/1, then multiply 4/1 * 1/8 = 4/8 = 1/2 by multiplying the numerators and denominators.
Adding And Subtracting Like Fractions
1) When adding or subtracting fractions, they must have a common denominator so the bottom numbers are the same. 2) If the denominators are already the same, simply add or subtract the top numbers and simplify. 3) To add or subtract a whole number and fraction, write the whole number as a fraction over 1 before making the denominators the same and then adding or subtracting the fractions.
Factors And Prime Factorization
Factors are numbers that can be multiplied together to produce another number. The prime factorization of a number breaks it down into a product of prime numbers. For example, the prime factorization of 48 is 2 x 2 x 2 x 3, as 48 can be broken down into its prime factors of 2 and 3. There are two methods for finding the prime factorization of a number: using a factor tree or a ladder.
Multiplying Decimals
Multiplying decimals is done in the same way as multiplying whole numbers, with the decimal placed in the correct position in the final product. To do this, multiply the numbers as usual and then count the total numbers behind the decimals in the original values. The decimal is placed in the product the same number of digits from the right. Examples are provided to demonstrate multiplying decimals step-by-step and correctly placing the decimal point in the final answer.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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