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شبكات الصرف الصحي.pdf...................

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الصرف الصحي

Engineering
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   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 94 - ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ W   ٦ K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ٧ K ‫א‬‫א‬ K ٨ K ‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٩ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ١٠ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ١١ K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ١٢ K  ‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٩٥  K٪     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W  ٨   K            
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 95 - ‫א‬‫א‬     ٥  J ١    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ٢ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ K ٣ K ‫א‬   W  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ٤ K ‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٥  J ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W   • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K • ‫א‬ K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 96 - • ‫א‬‫א‬ K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ٥  J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١ K  W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K   ٢ K  W ،‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٣ K      W  ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ٥  J ٤ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١  KE ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K    
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 97 -   ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١ WE ‫א‬ K     ٥  J ٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Verified clay pipes: VCP) W ‫א‬ ١٥٠   ٦٠٠   ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٢ E ‫א‬‫א‬ K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Plain concrete pipes: PC) W  ٣٠٠   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Reinforced concrete pipes: RC) W  ‫א‬ ٦٠٠   ٣٠٠٠   ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٣ E ، ‫א‬‫א‬ K   506 504 502 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 98 - • ‫א‬‫א‬ (Glass fiber reinforced pipes: GRP) W  ٦٠٠   ٣٠٠٠     ٨٠٠   K •  ‫א‬‫א‬ (Polyvinyl chloride pipes: PVC) W ‫א‬ ١٥٠    ٣٠٠  ،‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٤ E  K     ‫א‬ F ٥  J ٢ WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .(VCP)            ‫א‬ F ٥  J 3 WE ‫א‬   .(RC)           ‫א‬  F ٥  J 4 WE ‫א‬‫א‬ (PVC) K    
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 99 - ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ٢ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ٣ K ‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٤ K ‫א‬ K ٥ K ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   F ٥  J ٥ KE  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   F ٥  J ٦ KE ‫א‬‫א‬  K       ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٥ WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٦ WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K  
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 100 - ٥  J ٦ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١ K ‫א‬‫א‬ K ٢ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ٣ K ‫א‬‫א‬ K ٤ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢٠٠  ‫א‬ K ٢ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W • ٩٠   L ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠٠   K • ٨٠   L ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠٠   ٥٠٠   K • ٧٥   L ‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٠٠   K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤٥   L   K • ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠٠   L ‫א‬‫א‬ K • ‫א‬ ٠{٠٠٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠٠   ٠{٠٠٠٨  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٩٠٠   K ٥  J ٦  J ١ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬     W  
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 101 -  F ٥  J ١ E ‫א‬ =  F ‫א‬‫א‬ E × F ‫א‬ E × F  ‫א‬‫א‬ E ×  ٠{٧٥   F ٥  J ٢ E          =  ‫א‬ ×  P  P W ‫א‬ (Peaking factor)   W 6 2 ≤ ≤ P   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٨٠٠٠٠   W F ٥  J ٣ E             2 . 0 75 . 5 p P = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨٠٠٠٠   W   F ٥  J ٤ E            5 . 0 4 18 1 p P + + =    p W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K      F ٥  J ١ WE   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٤   ٢  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٩٥٠٠   L  ٢  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٧٥   L  L  K   ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬ =  F ‫א‬‫א‬ E × F ‫א‬ E × F ‫א‬‫א‬ E ×  ٠{٧٥    ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬ 9500 4 175 75 . 0 1000 1 5 . 4987 ‫م‬ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ / 3 = × × × × =   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ =  F ‫א‬‫א‬ E × F ‫א‬ E =  ٣٨٠٠٠     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨٠٠٠٠   W             78 . 2 38 75 . 5 75 . 5 2 . 0 2 . 0 = = = p P   =  ‫א‬ ×  P  =  ٤٩٨٧{٥  ×  ٢{٧٨  =  ١٣٨٦٥{١٥   ٣  L 
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 102 - ٥  J ٦  J ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  (Manning Equation)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ W   F ٥  J ٥ E           2 / 1 3 / 2 397 . 0 S D n V =   F ٥  J ٦ E 2 / 1 3 / 8 312 . 0 S D n Q =    W   :V  ‫א‬  F  L  E (Velocity)  :D  ‫א‬‫א‬ F  E   :S  ‫א‬‫א‬ (Hydraulic gradient) :Q  ‫א‬ F  L  E (Flow) :n   Z ٠{٠١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٠{٠١٥  ‫א‬‫א‬ K      F ٥  J ٢ WE     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٠{٠٠٣٣         ‫א‬ 0.16 m3 /s   K ‫א‬‫א‬ n = 0.013     ‫؟‬، ‫؟‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ W   • ‫א‬‫א‬ F ٥  J ٦ WE   ( ) ( ) mm m D D S D n Q 446 446 . 0 116 . 0 0033 . 0 013 . 0 312 . 0 16 . 0 312 . 0 8 / 3 2 1 3 8 2 1 3 8 = = = ∴ × × = =   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ mm 450 = D  
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 103 - • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ F ٥  J ٥ E ‫א‬ W ( ) ( ) cm/s 103 / 03 . 1 0033 . 0 450 . 0 013 . 0 397 . 0 397 . 0 2 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 = = × × = = s m S D n V   ٥  J ٧ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ (Earth load) K ٢ K ‫א‬‫א‬ (Live load) K ٣ K ‫א‬ (Bedding)  ‫א‬ K ٤ K ‫א‬ (Load factor) K ٥ K ‫א‬ (Factor of safety) K ٦ K ‫א‬ (Pipe strength) K   ٥  J ٧  J ١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٧ E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   F ٥  J ٧ E           WB C W d E =    W   :WE  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   :W  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١ E  W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K   :B  ‫א‬،‫א‬ W 300 5 . 1 + = D B K   :Cd  ‫א‬ K   :D  ‫א‬  
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 104 -          ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٧ WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Cd  ‫א‬   F ٥  J ٨ E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W     F ٥  J ٨ E           u k e C B H u k d ′ − = ′ − 2 1 / 2    W   :H  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   :k  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K :u’  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   B D H WE   ) ‫ج‬ (
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 105 - ‫א‬   F ٥  J ٢ E  ( ) u k ′  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١ WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ (kg/m3 )  (Dry sand)   ١٦٠٠    (Ordinary sand)   ١٨٤٠    (Wet sand)   ١٩٢٠    (Damp sand)   ١٩٢٠    (Saturated clay)   ٢٠٨٠    (Saturated topsoil)   ١٨٤٠    (Sand and damp topsoil)   ١٦٠٠       ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٨ WE ‫א‬‫א‬ Cd K    
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 106 - ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٢ WE  ( ) u k ′  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ( ) u k ′    (Cohesionless granular soil) ٠{١٩٢    (Sand and gravel)   ٠{١٦٥    (Saturated topsoil)   ٠{١٥٠    (Saturated clay)   ٠{١٣٠    (Saturated clay)   ٠{١١٠      F ٥  J ٣ WE   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣{٦  ، ‫א‬ ٦٠٠   K ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬ ( ) H  W   Z ‫א‬ –  ‫א‬   m H 0 . 3 6 . 0 6 . 3 = − =    ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١ E ‫א‬ W   3 2080 m kg W =    ‫א‬  F ٢  J ٥ E ‫א‬ W   110 . 0 = ′ u k   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ( ) m mm D B 2 . 1 1200 300 600 5 . 1 300 5 . 1 = = + × = + =   ‫א‬ F ٨  J ٥ E ‫א‬ Cd W  
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 107 - ( ) ( ) 2 . 2 11 . 0 2 1 2 1 2 . 1 3 11 . 0 2 / 2 = × − = ′ − = − ′ − e u k e C B H u k d ‫א‬‫א‬ WE W   m kg WB C W d E 2 . 5491 2 . 1 2080 2 . 2 = × × = =     ٥  J ٧  J ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ٥  J ٩ KE  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٣ E  F ٥  J ٤ KE     ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٩ WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٣ WE ‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 108 - ‫א‬ ‫א‬                  0.0   1.00  1.00  1.00   1.00   0.5   0.85  0.86  0.88   0.89   1.0   0.72  0.75  0.77   0.80   1.5   0.61  0.64  0.67   0.72   2.0   0.52  0.55  0.59   0.64   3.0   0.37  0.41  0.45   0.51   4.0   0.27  0.31  0.35   0.41   5.0   0.19  0.23  0.27   0.33   6.0   0.14  0.17  0.20   0.26   8.0   0.07  0.09  0.12   0.17   10.0   0.04  0.05  0.07   0.11     ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٤ WE ‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬                  0.0   1.00  1.00  1.00   1.00   0.5   0.77 0.78  0.79 0.81   1.0   0.59  0.61  0.63   0.66   1.5   0.46  0.48  0.51   0.54   2.0   0.35  0.38  0.40   0.44   2.5   0.27  0.29  0.32   0.35   3.0   0.21  0.23  0.25   0.29   4.0   0.12  0.14  0.16   0.19   5.0   0.07  0.09  0.10   0.13   6.0   0.04  0.05  0.06   0.08   8.0   0.02  0.02  0.03   0.04   10.0   0.01  0.01  0.01   0.02    
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 109 - ٥  J ٧  J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   F ٥  J ٩ E           [ ] B L E f W W W L + =    W   Lf W ‫א‬ (Load Factor)   WE W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (External Load)  ‫א‬    WL W ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (Live Load)  ‫א‬   WB W ‫א‬ (Three-edge bearing strength)   ٥  J ٧  J ٤ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ FS  ‫א‬ W   • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W 1 = s F • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W 5 . 1 25 . 1 − = s F ٥  J ٧  J ٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   F ٥  J ١٠ E          S L f E B F W L W W ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ + = 5 . 1     ٥  J ٨ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 110 - • ‫א‬   • ‫א‬   •  ‫א‬‫א‬   • ‫א‬‫א‬   • ‫א‬‫א‬    W ‫א‬‫א‬،،   F ٥  J ١٠ KE   ‫א‬   ٦٠   ٧٠  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   •  F ١ × ١   E  •  F ٠{٨  ×  ١{٢   E   • ‫א‬ ١           ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١٠ WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ٥  J ٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    F  E ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢٠٠   ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢٠  ،  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٦٠٠  ‫א‬ ٦٠   ٨٠   K  
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 111 - ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧٠٠   ١٢٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠٠   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K     ٥  J ١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ١W٥٠٠    ١W١٠٠٠   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K   ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ٥  J ١١  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ٢ K ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١١ E ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K ٣ K   ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٥  ‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١١ E ‫א‬، K ٤ K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ K ٥ K   ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 112 -   ١  J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ٢  J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ٣  J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١١ WE  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 113 - ٥  J ١٢ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ٢ K   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ٣ K    ‫א‬‫א‬   K ٤ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٠  ‫א‬   K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W • ‫א‬ ٢٠٠   W ٢   • ‫א‬ ٢٥٠   W ٣{١   • ‫א‬ ٣٠٠   W ٤{٥   ٥ K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K  
   ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 114 -  W   ١ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢ K ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ K ‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٥ K  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦ K       ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧ K     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨ K ‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬ ٩ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠ K ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ٣٠٠  ‫א‬ ٣   K

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شبكات الصرف الصحي.pdf...................

  • 1.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 94 - ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ W   ٦ K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ٧ K ‫א‬‫א‬ K ٨ K ‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٩ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ١٠ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ١١ K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ١٢ K  ‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٩٥  K٪     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W  ٨   K            
  • 2.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 95 - ‫א‬‫א‬     ٥  J ١    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ٢ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ K ٣ K ‫א‬   W  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ٤ K ‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٥  J ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W   • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K • ‫א‬ K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
  • 3.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 96 - • ‫א‬‫א‬ K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ٥  J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١ K  W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K   ٢ K  W ،‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٣ K      W  ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ٥  J ٤ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١  KE ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K    
  • 4.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 97 -   ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١ WE ‫א‬ K     ٥  J ٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Verified clay pipes: VCP) W ‫א‬ ١٥٠   ٦٠٠   ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٢ E ‫א‬‫א‬ K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Plain concrete pipes: PC) W  ٣٠٠   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Reinforced concrete pipes: RC) W  ‫א‬ ٦٠٠   ٣٠٠٠   ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٣ E ، ‫א‬‫א‬ K   506 504 502 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  • 5.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 98 - • ‫א‬‫א‬ (Glass fiber reinforced pipes: GRP) W  ٦٠٠   ٣٠٠٠     ٨٠٠   K •  ‫א‬‫א‬ (Polyvinyl chloride pipes: PVC) W ‫א‬ ١٥٠    ٣٠٠  ،‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٤ E  K     ‫א‬ F ٥  J ٢ WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .(VCP)            ‫א‬ F ٥  J 3 WE ‫א‬   .(RC)           ‫א‬  F ٥  J 4 WE ‫א‬‫א‬ (PVC) K    
  • 6.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 99 - ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ٢ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ٣ K ‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٤ K ‫א‬ K ٥ K ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   F ٥  J ٥ KE  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   F ٥  J ٦ KE ‫א‬‫א‬  K       ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٥ WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٦ WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K  
  • 7.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 100 - ٥  J ٦ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١ K ‫א‬‫א‬ K ٢ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ٣ K ‫א‬‫א‬ K ٤ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢٠٠  ‫א‬ K ٢ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W • ٩٠   L ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠٠   K • ٨٠   L ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠٠   ٥٠٠   K • ٧٥   L ‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٠٠   K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤٥   L   K • ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠٠   L ‫א‬‫א‬ K • ‫א‬ ٠{٠٠٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠٠   ٠{٠٠٠٨  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٩٠٠   K ٥  J ٦  J ١ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬     W  
  • 8.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 101 -  F ٥  J ١ E ‫א‬ =  F ‫א‬‫א‬ E × F ‫א‬ E × F  ‫א‬‫א‬ E ×  ٠{٧٥   F ٥  J ٢ E          =  ‫א‬ ×  P  P W ‫א‬ (Peaking factor)   W 6 2 ≤ ≤ P   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٨٠٠٠٠   W F ٥  J ٣ E             2 . 0 75 . 5 p P = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨٠٠٠٠   W   F ٥  J ٤ E            5 . 0 4 18 1 p P + + =    p W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K      F ٥  J ١ WE   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٤   ٢  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٩٥٠٠   L  ٢  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٧٥   L  L  K   ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬ =  F ‫א‬‫א‬ E × F ‫א‬ E × F ‫א‬‫א‬ E ×  ٠{٧٥    ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬ 9500 4 175 75 . 0 1000 1 5 . 4987 ‫م‬ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ / 3 = × × × × =   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ =  F ‫א‬‫א‬ E × F ‫א‬ E =  ٣٨٠٠٠     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨٠٠٠٠   W             78 . 2 38 75 . 5 75 . 5 2 . 0 2 . 0 = = = p P   =  ‫א‬ ×  P  =  ٤٩٨٧{٥  ×  ٢{٧٨  =  ١٣٨٦٥{١٥   ٣  L 
  • 9.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 102 - ٥  J ٦  J ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  (Manning Equation)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ W   F ٥  J ٥ E           2 / 1 3 / 2 397 . 0 S D n V =   F ٥  J ٦ E 2 / 1 3 / 8 312 . 0 S D n Q =    W   :V  ‫א‬  F  L  E (Velocity)  :D  ‫א‬‫א‬ F  E   :S  ‫א‬‫א‬ (Hydraulic gradient) :Q  ‫א‬ F  L  E (Flow) :n   Z ٠{٠١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٠{٠١٥  ‫א‬‫א‬ K      F ٥  J ٢ WE     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٠{٠٠٣٣         ‫א‬ 0.16 m3 /s   K ‫א‬‫א‬ n = 0.013     ‫؟‬، ‫؟‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ W   • ‫א‬‫א‬ F ٥  J ٦ WE   ( ) ( ) mm m D D S D n Q 446 446 . 0 116 . 0 0033 . 0 013 . 0 312 . 0 16 . 0 312 . 0 8 / 3 2 1 3 8 2 1 3 8 = = = ∴ × × = =   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ mm 450 = D  
  • 10.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 103 - • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ F ٥  J ٥ E ‫א‬ W ( ) ( ) cm/s 103 / 03 . 1 0033 . 0 450 . 0 013 . 0 397 . 0 397 . 0 2 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 = = × × = = s m S D n V   ٥  J ٧ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ (Earth load) K ٢ K ‫א‬‫א‬ (Live load) K ٣ K ‫א‬ (Bedding)  ‫א‬ K ٤ K ‫א‬ (Load factor) K ٥ K ‫א‬ (Factor of safety) K ٦ K ‫א‬ (Pipe strength) K   ٥  J ٧  J ١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٧ E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   F ٥  J ٧ E           WB C W d E =    W   :WE  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   :W  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١ E  W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K   :B  ‫א‬،‫א‬ W 300 5 . 1 + = D B K   :Cd  ‫א‬ K   :D  ‫א‬  
  • 11.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 104 -          ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٧ WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Cd  ‫א‬   F ٥  J ٨ E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W     F ٥  J ٨ E           u k e C B H u k d ′ − = ′ − 2 1 / 2    W   :H  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   :k  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K :u’  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   B D H WE   ) ‫ج‬ (
  • 12.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 105 - ‫א‬   F ٥  J ٢ E  ( ) u k ′  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١ WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ (kg/m3 )  (Dry sand)   ١٦٠٠    (Ordinary sand)   ١٨٤٠    (Wet sand)   ١٩٢٠    (Damp sand)   ١٩٢٠    (Saturated clay)   ٢٠٨٠    (Saturated topsoil)   ١٨٤٠    (Sand and damp topsoil)   ١٦٠٠       ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٨ WE ‫א‬‫א‬ Cd K    
  • 13.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 106 - ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٢ WE  ( ) u k ′  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ( ) u k ′    (Cohesionless granular soil) ٠{١٩٢    (Sand and gravel)   ٠{١٦٥    (Saturated topsoil)   ٠{١٥٠    (Saturated clay)   ٠{١٣٠    (Saturated clay)   ٠{١١٠      F ٥  J ٣ WE   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣{٦  ، ‫א‬ ٦٠٠   K ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬ ( ) H  W   Z ‫א‬ –  ‫א‬   m H 0 . 3 6 . 0 6 . 3 = − =    ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١ E ‫א‬ W   3 2080 m kg W =    ‫א‬  F ٢  J ٥ E ‫א‬ W   110 . 0 = ′ u k   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ( ) m mm D B 2 . 1 1200 300 600 5 . 1 300 5 . 1 = = + × = + =   ‫א‬ F ٨  J ٥ E ‫א‬ Cd W  
  • 14.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 107 - ( ) ( ) 2 . 2 11 . 0 2 1 2 1 2 . 1 3 11 . 0 2 / 2 = × − = ′ − = − ′ − e u k e C B H u k d ‫א‬‫א‬ WE W   m kg WB C W d E 2 . 5491 2 . 1 2080 2 . 2 = × × = =     ٥  J ٧  J ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ٥  J ٩ KE  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٣ E  F ٥  J ٤ KE     ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٩ WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٣ WE ‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  
  • 15.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 108 - ‫א‬ ‫א‬                  0.0   1.00  1.00  1.00   1.00   0.5   0.85  0.86  0.88   0.89   1.0   0.72  0.75  0.77   0.80   1.5   0.61  0.64  0.67   0.72   2.0   0.52  0.55  0.59   0.64   3.0   0.37  0.41  0.45   0.51   4.0   0.27  0.31  0.35   0.41   5.0   0.19  0.23  0.27   0.33   6.0   0.14  0.17  0.20   0.26   8.0   0.07  0.09  0.12   0.17   10.0   0.04  0.05  0.07   0.11     ‫א‬  F ٥  J ٤ WE ‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬                  0.0   1.00  1.00  1.00   1.00   0.5   0.77 0.78  0.79 0.81   1.0   0.59  0.61  0.63   0.66   1.5   0.46  0.48  0.51   0.54   2.0   0.35  0.38  0.40   0.44   2.5   0.27  0.29  0.32   0.35   3.0   0.21  0.23  0.25   0.29   4.0   0.12  0.14  0.16   0.19   5.0   0.07  0.09  0.10   0.13   6.0   0.04  0.05  0.06   0.08   8.0   0.02  0.02  0.03   0.04   10.0   0.01  0.01  0.01   0.02    
  • 16.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 109 - ٥  J ٧  J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   F ٥  J ٩ E           [ ] B L E f W W W L + =    W   Lf W ‫א‬ (Load Factor)   WE W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (External Load)  ‫א‬    WL W ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (Live Load)  ‫א‬   WB W ‫א‬ (Three-edge bearing strength)   ٥  J ٧  J ٤ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ FS  ‫א‬ W   • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W 1 = s F • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W 5 . 1 25 . 1 − = s F ٥  J ٧  J ٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   F ٥  J ١٠ E          S L f E B F W L W W ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ + = 5 . 1     ٥  J ٨ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    
  • 17.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 110 - • ‫א‬   • ‫א‬   •  ‫א‬‫א‬   • ‫א‬‫א‬   • ‫א‬‫א‬    W ‫א‬‫א‬،،   F ٥  J ١٠ KE   ‫א‬   ٦٠   ٧٠  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   •  F ١ × ١   E  •  F ٠{٨  ×  ١{٢   E   • ‫א‬ ١           ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١٠ WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ٥  J ٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    F  E ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢٠٠   ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢٠  ،  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٦٠٠  ‫א‬ ٦٠   ٨٠   K  
  • 18.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 111 - ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧٠٠   ١٢٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠٠   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K     ٥  J ١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ١W٥٠٠    ١W١٠٠٠   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K   ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ٥  J ١١  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ٢ K ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١١ E ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K ٣ K   ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٥  ‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١١ E ‫א‬، K ٤ K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ K ٥ K   ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  
  • 19.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 112 -   ١  J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ٢  J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ٣  J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  F ٥  J ١١ WE  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  
  • 20.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 113 - ٥  J ١٢ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ٢ K   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ٣ K    ‫א‬‫א‬   K ٤ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٠  ‫א‬   K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W • ‫א‬ ٢٠٠   W ٢   • ‫א‬ ٢٥٠   W ٣{١   • ‫א‬ ٣٠٠   W ٤{٥   ٥ K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K  
  • 21.    ٢٥٤     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   - 114 -  W   ١ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢ K ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ K ‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٥ K  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦ K       ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧ K     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨ K ‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬ ٩ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠ K ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ٣٠٠  ‫א‬ ٣   K