The document discusses the history of the Panama Canal workforce and life in the Panama Canal Zone. It provides details on the various nationalities that worked on the canal's construction, including Americans, West Indians, Spaniards, and others. It describes the living conditions and communities that developed in the Canal Zone during U.S. control. It also outlines the tensions that arose between the U.S. and Panama in the early 1900s over economic issues and sovereignty in the Zone, culminating in the U.S. exit from Panama in the late 1900s.
The document discusses the history of the Panama Canal, beginning with the Spanish colonization of Panama in the early 1500s. It describes how the Spanish built a road called El Camino Real across the isthmus to transport gold and silver from South America to ships headed for Spain. Over time, the Spanish developed a system using the Chagres River to transport goods between the Caribbean and Pacific coasts. The California Gold Rush in 1848 increased traffic across Panama as prospectors sought a quicker route to California. This led to the development of steamship lines to facilitate transportation across the isthmus.
The Panama Canal has its origins in early Spanish explorers searching for a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the narrow Isthmus of Panama. France was the first to attempt construction of a sea-level canal in the late 1800s but failed. The United States later took over the project, completing the canal in 1914 and gaining control of the Panama Canal Zone. The canal remains an important commercial waterway connecting global shipping routes.
1) The Andromeda was a 4-masted steel barque built in 1890 in Glasgow, Scotland that was wrecked off the coast of Cornwall, England in 1915.
2) Under the command of Captain James Deeks, the Andromeda departed Tacoma, Washington in September 1914 carrying a cargo of wheat for Britain.
3) In the early hours of February 13, 1915 near Falmouth harbor, the Andromeda dragged its anchors and went aground on rocks during a storm, resulting in the loss of one crew member. Most of the crew were rescued but the ship was a total loss.
COPYRIGHT RADIO USER.
My article on RMS Lusitania.
Professional Freelance writer.
BSc Hons Maritime Studies 1999
MSc Maritime Operations Management 2018
PhD 1st year PGR at Liverpool John Moores University
Ferdinand Magellan Updated Ms. Vanko History Class!kvanko
Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe from 1519-1522. Sailing on behalf of Spain, Magellan proved that one could reach Asia by sailing west, though his route required navigating through the dangerous Strait of Magellan near the southern tip of South America. Of the original five ships and 270 crew members, only one ship and 18 sailors survived the arduous journey, having faced starvation, disease, and other hardships, but Magellan's voyage successfully established the Earth was round and paved the way for further exploration.
Ferdinand Magellan was born in Portugal in 1480 and embarked on his first major voyage at age 25 with the Portuguese navy. He had a disagreement with his commanding officer and left Portugal, renouncing his citizenship. He convinced King Charles I of Spain to fund a voyage to reach the Spice Islands by sailing west. In 1521, Magellan led the expedition that became the first to sail across the Pacific Ocean through the straits now named after him. However, Magellan was killed in the Philippines before the voyage was completed. One of his ships, the Victoria, eventually returned to Spain with 18 survivors, having been the first to circumnavigate the globe.
The Haunted Files Case 4, The RMS Queen MaryCharlie
I talk about the haunting of the RMS Queen Mary and also go over the history of the ocean liner and possible reasons for why people believe it to be haunted or why it may actually be haunted.
Vasco da Gama was born around 1468-1469 in Sines, Portugal. He came from a seafaring family and devoted himself to a nautical career. In 1497, he was chosen to lead the first European expedition to sail directly from Portugal to India by sea. After numerous hardships, the fleet arrived in Calicut, India on May 20, 1498, having traveled over 8,500 miles in just under two years. Da Gama established trade relations and alliances between Portugal and parts of India. He returned to Portugal in 1499, becoming a wealthy and honored man. Da Gama led two more voyages to India in 1502 and 1524, solidifying Portugal's maritime empire
The document discusses the history of the Panama Canal, beginning with the Spanish colonization of Panama in the early 1500s. It describes how the Spanish built a road called El Camino Real across the isthmus to transport gold and silver from South America to ships headed for Spain. Over time, the Spanish developed a system using the Chagres River to transport goods between the Caribbean and Pacific coasts. The California Gold Rush in 1848 increased traffic across Panama as prospectors sought a quicker route to California. This led to the development of steamship lines to facilitate transportation across the isthmus.
The Panama Canal has its origins in early Spanish explorers searching for a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the narrow Isthmus of Panama. France was the first to attempt construction of a sea-level canal in the late 1800s but failed. The United States later took over the project, completing the canal in 1914 and gaining control of the Panama Canal Zone. The canal remains an important commercial waterway connecting global shipping routes.
1) The Andromeda was a 4-masted steel barque built in 1890 in Glasgow, Scotland that was wrecked off the coast of Cornwall, England in 1915.
2) Under the command of Captain James Deeks, the Andromeda departed Tacoma, Washington in September 1914 carrying a cargo of wheat for Britain.
3) In the early hours of February 13, 1915 near Falmouth harbor, the Andromeda dragged its anchors and went aground on rocks during a storm, resulting in the loss of one crew member. Most of the crew were rescued but the ship was a total loss.
COPYRIGHT RADIO USER.
My article on RMS Lusitania.
Professional Freelance writer.
BSc Hons Maritime Studies 1999
MSc Maritime Operations Management 2018
PhD 1st year PGR at Liverpool John Moores University
Ferdinand Magellan Updated Ms. Vanko History Class!kvanko
Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe from 1519-1522. Sailing on behalf of Spain, Magellan proved that one could reach Asia by sailing west, though his route required navigating through the dangerous Strait of Magellan near the southern tip of South America. Of the original five ships and 270 crew members, only one ship and 18 sailors survived the arduous journey, having faced starvation, disease, and other hardships, but Magellan's voyage successfully established the Earth was round and paved the way for further exploration.
Ferdinand Magellan was born in Portugal in 1480 and embarked on his first major voyage at age 25 with the Portuguese navy. He had a disagreement with his commanding officer and left Portugal, renouncing his citizenship. He convinced King Charles I of Spain to fund a voyage to reach the Spice Islands by sailing west. In 1521, Magellan led the expedition that became the first to sail across the Pacific Ocean through the straits now named after him. However, Magellan was killed in the Philippines before the voyage was completed. One of his ships, the Victoria, eventually returned to Spain with 18 survivors, having been the first to circumnavigate the globe.
The Haunted Files Case 4, The RMS Queen MaryCharlie
I talk about the haunting of the RMS Queen Mary and also go over the history of the ocean liner and possible reasons for why people believe it to be haunted or why it may actually be haunted.
Vasco da Gama was born around 1468-1469 in Sines, Portugal. He came from a seafaring family and devoted himself to a nautical career. In 1497, he was chosen to lead the first European expedition to sail directly from Portugal to India by sea. After numerous hardships, the fleet arrived in Calicut, India on May 20, 1498, having traveled over 8,500 miles in just under two years. Da Gama established trade relations and alliances between Portugal and parts of India. He returned to Portugal in 1499, becoming a wealthy and honored man. Da Gama led two more voyages to India in 1502 and 1524, solidifying Portugal's maritime empire
The Explorers. Circumnavigating the World with Magellan, Elcano & Pigafetta. ...Fergus Ducharme
This is the very intriguing and interesting story of Magellan's "Circumnavigation" of the World in 1520, 1521 and 1522 with his two followers, Elcano and Pigafetta. It's a story of discovery, mutiny, privation, war and more.
1) In the early 1500s, Spain began exploring the Mariana Islands due to their strategic location for trade between Asia and Europe. This led to several encounters between the Spanish and the indigenous Chamorro people.
2) In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan landed on Guam due to low food and water supplies. A confrontation ensued when Chamorros boarded his ship and took items, leading the outnumbered Spanish to open fire and kill several Chamorros.
3) In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived in Guam and formally claimed the island for Spain, establishing Spanish rule and bringing Augustinian priests to spread Catholicism among the native Chamorros.
Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1480 in Portugal to a wealthy family which allowed him opportunities for education and exploration. In 1505, he joined an expedition led by Fransisco De Alemeida, establishing forts in Africa, but was later accused of illegal trading. In 1520, Magellan led four ships that successfully navigated the passage around South America now called the Strait of Magellan. However, Magellan was killed in the Philippines in 1521, leaving Jose Sebastian Elcano to captain the sole returning ship and be regarded as the first to circumnavigate the globe. Though Magellan did not complete the full voyage, he made important geographic discoveries along the way.
The document provides a history of California from 1533 to 1945. It discusses how California started as a peninsula mistaken for an island, then details its diverse geography and native populations. It also summarizes the major infrastructure projects in the early 20th century that brought water to Los Angeles and San Francisco. During World War II, over 110,000 Japanese people were placed in internment camps, and military bases were established across the state as California's economy and population boomed due to wartime industrial growth.
Lauren Robinson's Christopher Columbus 5P Projectlaurenrobinson98
Christopher Columbus made four voyages to the Americas between 1492 and 1504. While he was not the first European to reach the Americas, as Vikings had visited centuries earlier, his voyages opened the way for European colonization. The Columbian Exchange that resulted had major impacts, including the transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Old World and the Americas. Columbus faced controversies over his governance in the Americas and treatment of indigenous people, and died in 1506 in Spain.
Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer, secured funding from King Charles V of Spain to search for a western route to Asia. In 1519, Magellan led an expedition of 270 men with 5 ships. After surviving a mutiny and navigating the dangerous Strait of Magellan, he became the first European to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. However, Magellan was killed in the Philippines in 1521, leaving only one ship to complete the first circumnavigation of the globe under the command of Juan Sebastian Elcano.
Historic presentation on some of the women who traveled through southern New Mexico on the El Camino Real circa 1600, surviving the Jornada del Muerto.
The Sultana suffered the worst maritime disaster in U.S. history when three of its boilers exploded in 1865, killing around 1,700 Union soldiers who were passengers. The overloaded steamboat was carrying nearly 2,300 people, six times its capacity, as it traveled up the Mississippi River. When the boilers exploded near Memphis in the early morning hours, the ship split in two and sank within minutes, with only two lifeboats and 76 life preservers for the massive loss of life. Despite being such a catastrophic event, the sinking of the Sultana received little media coverage and attention at the time and has been largely forgotten by history books.
The document summarizes the impact of the Great Depression on the railroad industry in the 1930s. Unemployment rose significantly which meant fewer people could afford to travel by train. The growth of automobile use also reduced railroad ridership. As a result, railroad mileage and employment declined sharply during this period. The industry struggled financially but began developing new technologies like diesel locomotives and luxury trains to attract passengers again. Railroads also played an important role transporting troops during World War II and workers began organizing unions, improving pay and working conditions over time.
1) The document provides a historical overview of the development of the tram/streetcar system in Manila from the 1850s to the 1940s.
2) It traces the transition from horse-drawn carriages and trams to electric trams run by private companies.
3) During the Japanese occupation in World War 2, the tram system continued operating but faced challenges like overcrowding and lack of funds.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: USA AND PANAMA CANAL 1903-1914George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: USA AND PANAMA CANAL 1903-1914. Presentation 17 containing: overview Panama Canal, negotiations USA-Great Britain, Ferdinand de Lesseps, American interests in the canal, tensions USA-Colombia, Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty 1903.
Panama was originally explored by Columbus in 1502 and Balboa in 1513. It joined Colombia after independence from Spain but attempted unsuccessfully to break away multiple times between 1850-1900. The US backed Panama's independence from Colombia in 1903 in order to build the Panama Canal. The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and was completed in 1914. Spanish is the main language and Roman Catholicism the dominant religion.
The document provides an overview of the history and construction of the Panama Canal. It describes early efforts by the Spanish and French to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama in the 1500s and 1800s. The United States took over the project in 1904 and overcame immense challenges, such as tropical disease and difficult terrain, to complete the canal in 1914. It shortened transoceanic voyages significantly by allowing ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans without having to navigate around South America.
The document provides information about the history and construction of the Panama Canal. It describes early efforts by the Spanish and French to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama in the 1500s and 1800s. The French began construction in 1881 but the project failed after 20,000 workers died and it cost $287 million. The United States took over the project in 1904 and opened the canal in 1914, which shortened ocean travel times significantly. Building the canal presented enormous challenges due to the tropical climate and terrain.
This document provides an overview of lessons from a 2014-2015 curriculum at Bryson Elementary School about westward expansion. Lesson 1 discusses how the natural environment affected travel to the West. Lesson 2 examines how railroads influenced western development. Lesson 3 explores the lives of different groups that lived in the West, including homesteaders on the Great Plains who faced challenges in harsh conditions. Lesson 4 considers how westward expansion impacted Native Americans.
I believe there is a strong relationship between creativity, democracy and prosperity. This presentation was given at the final session of "Civics 101" at i c stars, June 2013. Tom Tresser, Instructor, tom@civiclab.us.
The document provides a history of Richmond's Iron Triangle neighborhood, beginning with its origins in the late 19th/early 20th century. It describes how the neighborhood got its name and boundaries from surrounding railroad tracks. The arrival of the railroad transformed Richmond from a rural to industrial city. Over time, the Iron Triangle became a diverse, working-class neighborhood home to many immigrant groups working in nearby factories. Industrial and population growth in the early 1900s established the Iron Triangle as Richmond's commercial center.
This document summarizes the transformation of the United States from a rural, agricultural nation after the Civil War into a industrialized, urbanized country by the early 20th century. The industrial revolution, powered by new technologies like railroads, steamboats, and factories, dramatically changed the US economy and society. Massive industrial and population growth centered in cities, which became the hubs of manufacturing. By 1900, the US had become the world's leading industrial power and first modern society, though it still retained aspects of its original character.
010 How To Write Creativeay Report Example Sample College ExamplesSamantha Martinez
A Car Rental Company was established in 1957 in St. Louis, Missouri and has grown to become the largest car rental company in the U.S. and worldwide with over 5400 home locations and 419 airport locations. It started with a small fleet of 7 vehicles and now also oversees commercial fleet management, used car sales, and commercial truck rentals. The company was originally named Executive Leasing Company after the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise and goes by the slogan "We'll pick you up".
The document summarizes the events of the California Gold Rush that began in 1848. It describes how gold was discovered by James Marshall in California's American River which sparked a major migration to the region by 'forty-niners' seeking to strike it rich. By 1852, over 100,000 prospectors had arrived in California to search for gold along riverbeds and in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains, fueling the rapid growth of San Francisco and other towns.
The Explorers. Circumnavigating the World with Magellan, Elcano & Pigafetta. ...Fergus Ducharme
This is the very intriguing and interesting story of Magellan's "Circumnavigation" of the World in 1520, 1521 and 1522 with his two followers, Elcano and Pigafetta. It's a story of discovery, mutiny, privation, war and more.
1) In the early 1500s, Spain began exploring the Mariana Islands due to their strategic location for trade between Asia and Europe. This led to several encounters between the Spanish and the indigenous Chamorro people.
2) In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan landed on Guam due to low food and water supplies. A confrontation ensued when Chamorros boarded his ship and took items, leading the outnumbered Spanish to open fire and kill several Chamorros.
3) In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived in Guam and formally claimed the island for Spain, establishing Spanish rule and bringing Augustinian priests to spread Catholicism among the native Chamorros.
Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1480 in Portugal to a wealthy family which allowed him opportunities for education and exploration. In 1505, he joined an expedition led by Fransisco De Alemeida, establishing forts in Africa, but was later accused of illegal trading. In 1520, Magellan led four ships that successfully navigated the passage around South America now called the Strait of Magellan. However, Magellan was killed in the Philippines in 1521, leaving Jose Sebastian Elcano to captain the sole returning ship and be regarded as the first to circumnavigate the globe. Though Magellan did not complete the full voyage, he made important geographic discoveries along the way.
The document provides a history of California from 1533 to 1945. It discusses how California started as a peninsula mistaken for an island, then details its diverse geography and native populations. It also summarizes the major infrastructure projects in the early 20th century that brought water to Los Angeles and San Francisco. During World War II, over 110,000 Japanese people were placed in internment camps, and military bases were established across the state as California's economy and population boomed due to wartime industrial growth.
Lauren Robinson's Christopher Columbus 5P Projectlaurenrobinson98
Christopher Columbus made four voyages to the Americas between 1492 and 1504. While he was not the first European to reach the Americas, as Vikings had visited centuries earlier, his voyages opened the way for European colonization. The Columbian Exchange that resulted had major impacts, including the transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Old World and the Americas. Columbus faced controversies over his governance in the Americas and treatment of indigenous people, and died in 1506 in Spain.
Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer, secured funding from King Charles V of Spain to search for a western route to Asia. In 1519, Magellan led an expedition of 270 men with 5 ships. After surviving a mutiny and navigating the dangerous Strait of Magellan, he became the first European to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. However, Magellan was killed in the Philippines in 1521, leaving only one ship to complete the first circumnavigation of the globe under the command of Juan Sebastian Elcano.
Historic presentation on some of the women who traveled through southern New Mexico on the El Camino Real circa 1600, surviving the Jornada del Muerto.
The Sultana suffered the worst maritime disaster in U.S. history when three of its boilers exploded in 1865, killing around 1,700 Union soldiers who were passengers. The overloaded steamboat was carrying nearly 2,300 people, six times its capacity, as it traveled up the Mississippi River. When the boilers exploded near Memphis in the early morning hours, the ship split in two and sank within minutes, with only two lifeboats and 76 life preservers for the massive loss of life. Despite being such a catastrophic event, the sinking of the Sultana received little media coverage and attention at the time and has been largely forgotten by history books.
The document summarizes the impact of the Great Depression on the railroad industry in the 1930s. Unemployment rose significantly which meant fewer people could afford to travel by train. The growth of automobile use also reduced railroad ridership. As a result, railroad mileage and employment declined sharply during this period. The industry struggled financially but began developing new technologies like diesel locomotives and luxury trains to attract passengers again. Railroads also played an important role transporting troops during World War II and workers began organizing unions, improving pay and working conditions over time.
1) The document provides a historical overview of the development of the tram/streetcar system in Manila from the 1850s to the 1940s.
2) It traces the transition from horse-drawn carriages and trams to electric trams run by private companies.
3) During the Japanese occupation in World War 2, the tram system continued operating but faced challenges like overcrowding and lack of funds.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: USA AND PANAMA CANAL 1903-1914George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: USA AND PANAMA CANAL 1903-1914. Presentation 17 containing: overview Panama Canal, negotiations USA-Great Britain, Ferdinand de Lesseps, American interests in the canal, tensions USA-Colombia, Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty 1903.
Panama was originally explored by Columbus in 1502 and Balboa in 1513. It joined Colombia after independence from Spain but attempted unsuccessfully to break away multiple times between 1850-1900. The US backed Panama's independence from Colombia in 1903 in order to build the Panama Canal. The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and was completed in 1914. Spanish is the main language and Roman Catholicism the dominant religion.
The document provides an overview of the history and construction of the Panama Canal. It describes early efforts by the Spanish and French to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama in the 1500s and 1800s. The United States took over the project in 1904 and overcame immense challenges, such as tropical disease and difficult terrain, to complete the canal in 1914. It shortened transoceanic voyages significantly by allowing ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans without having to navigate around South America.
The document provides information about the history and construction of the Panama Canal. It describes early efforts by the Spanish and French to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama in the 1500s and 1800s. The French began construction in 1881 but the project failed after 20,000 workers died and it cost $287 million. The United States took over the project in 1904 and opened the canal in 1914, which shortened ocean travel times significantly. Building the canal presented enormous challenges due to the tropical climate and terrain.
This document provides an overview of lessons from a 2014-2015 curriculum at Bryson Elementary School about westward expansion. Lesson 1 discusses how the natural environment affected travel to the West. Lesson 2 examines how railroads influenced western development. Lesson 3 explores the lives of different groups that lived in the West, including homesteaders on the Great Plains who faced challenges in harsh conditions. Lesson 4 considers how westward expansion impacted Native Americans.
I believe there is a strong relationship between creativity, democracy and prosperity. This presentation was given at the final session of "Civics 101" at i c stars, June 2013. Tom Tresser, Instructor, tom@civiclab.us.
The document provides a history of Richmond's Iron Triangle neighborhood, beginning with its origins in the late 19th/early 20th century. It describes how the neighborhood got its name and boundaries from surrounding railroad tracks. The arrival of the railroad transformed Richmond from a rural to industrial city. Over time, the Iron Triangle became a diverse, working-class neighborhood home to many immigrant groups working in nearby factories. Industrial and population growth in the early 1900s established the Iron Triangle as Richmond's commercial center.
This document summarizes the transformation of the United States from a rural, agricultural nation after the Civil War into a industrialized, urbanized country by the early 20th century. The industrial revolution, powered by new technologies like railroads, steamboats, and factories, dramatically changed the US economy and society. Massive industrial and population growth centered in cities, which became the hubs of manufacturing. By 1900, the US had become the world's leading industrial power and first modern society, though it still retained aspects of its original character.
010 How To Write Creativeay Report Example Sample College ExamplesSamantha Martinez
A Car Rental Company was established in 1957 in St. Louis, Missouri and has grown to become the largest car rental company in the U.S. and worldwide with over 5400 home locations and 419 airport locations. It started with a small fleet of 7 vehicles and now also oversees commercial fleet management, used car sales, and commercial truck rentals. The company was originally named Executive Leasing Company after the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise and goes by the slogan "We'll pick you up".
The document summarizes the events of the California Gold Rush that began in 1848. It describes how gold was discovered by James Marshall in California's American River which sparked a major migration to the region by 'forty-niners' seeking to strike it rich. By 1852, over 100,000 prospectors had arrived in California to search for gold along riverbeds and in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains, fueling the rapid growth of San Francisco and other towns.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of railroads and trams in the Philippines from the 1880s to 1940s. It describes the transition from horse-drawn trams to electric trams to steam locomotives to diesel and gas-powered trains. It also discusses the role of railroads during the Japanese occupation in World War 2 and their use as a vehicle for economic development and connecting inland and coastal regions.
The document proposes 3 potential sites - Panama, Costa Rica, and St. Thomas - for hosting the 2013 NABSW International Conference, providing details on accommodations, tours, and costs for each location, with the Panama site featuring the Riu Panama Plaza hotel and tours of Panama City and surrounding areas, the Costa Rica site featuring the Ramada Herradura hotel and tours of San Jose and surrounding volcanoes and gardens, and the St. Thomas site featuring the Frenchman's Reef Resort and tours of the island.
The document discusses the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad in the United States in the 1860s. It describes how the Central Pacific Railroad worked to lay track eastward from Sacramento, California, while the Union Pacific Railroad worked to lay track westward from Omaha, Nebraska, with the goal of having the lines meet. Four investors, known as "The Big Four", financed the Central Pacific Railroad - Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Mark Hopkins, and Charles Crocker. On May 10, 1869, the two lines were joined at Promontory Summit, Utah, uniting the country with a transcontinental railroad.
The document lists various topics in American history that could be covered for a Pre-AP history class, including: Christopher Columbus's treatment of indigenous people in 1492; the transatlantic slave trade from 1500-1600; Bacon's Rebellion in 1676; the Salem Witch Trials of 1692; the Zenger Trial and freedom of the press in 1735; slavery and the American Revolution; the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798; debtors prisons in the 18th-19th centuries; the Temperance Movement; the Indian Removal Act and Trail of Tears in 1830; the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793; Nativism and the Know Nothings in 1854; the Chinese Ex
The document provides an overview of Chapter 3 from the textbook "America: Pathways to the Present". It covers four main sections: 1) An Empire and Its Colonies, discussing how the English Civil War and mercantilism impacted colonial development. 2) Life in Colonial America, describing colonial society, occupations, education, and women's roles. 3) African Americans in the Colonies, focusing on slavery, the Middle Passage, and laws controlling slaves. 4) Emerging Tensions, covering western expansion, reactions from Native Americans and the French, and religious tensions in the colonies. Assessment questions are included at the end of each section.
The document discusses the history and impacts of the transcontinental railroad in the United States. It describes how the railroad connected the eastern and western parts of the country, facilitating travel, trade, and settlement of the West. The railroad was built between 1863-1869 by the Central Pacific and Union Pacific companies, with much of the Central Pacific portion constructed by Chinese immigrant workers. The completion of the transcontinental railroad transformed the US economy and way of life.
The South struggled after the Civil War with discrimination against African Americans and little industry or cities. The Reconstruction Amendments aimed to protect rights, but Jim Crow laws later enforced racial segregation. Native Americans were forced onto reservations by the government to take their land, often facing violence and disease, while settlers expanded West seeking land and opportunity through policies like the Homestead Act. The transcontinental railroad and other infrastructure changes connected areas but also displaced tribes and cultures.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
1. Panama Canal - Class #2
The Panama Canal
100 Years of Service to World Commerce
Day 3
The Workforce
Life in the Panama Canal Zone
The United States Exit from Panama
Recent Panamanian Events
The Panama Canal Today
The Canal Expansion Project
11. Panama Canal - Class #3
Retired, 12/31/45, $1.89 / hr.Hired, 8/11/06, $0.65 / hr.
The Workforce.…
12. Panama Canal - Class #3
Isthmian Canal Commission, Culebra, August of 1910
Maurice Thatcher
Colonel Goethals
Joseph Bishop
The Workforce.…
13. Panama Canal - Class #3
The Workforce.…
Chief Engineer , Colonel George Washington Goethals
14. Panama Canal - Class #3
Bishop: “The last visitor of the morning is big Bill Morrison, the Socialist blacksmith from
Gorgona, and he comes, not with a kick, but with an invitation. “
Morrison: “The boys in the shops are going to give a banquet to celebrate the breaking up
of the old camp and they want the Colonel to be there.”
Colonel Goethals: “Can I get such a breakfast next morning as I had at Mrs. Morrison’s in
1907? That was the best I had on the Isthmus.”
Morrison: “Sure”
Colonel Goethals: “Then I’ll come.”
Bishop: “He passes over the cigarettes and the two sit down as amicably as if there was not
a shoulder strap nor a red flag in the world.”
Morrison: “Colonel did you see much of Socialism when you were in Germany?”
Colonel Goethals: “The Kaiser told me he was going to stamp it all out.”
Morrison: “Bismarck tried that you know.”
Colonel Goethals: “Now look here Morrison, you mustn’t say we have Socialism down here.
Introduce the franchise and we’d go to pieces. It’s a despotism; and that’s the best form of
government.”
Morrison: “It is, agrees the big Socialist with a laugh, if you’ve got a good despot.”
Genius of the Panama Canal by Joseph Buchlin Bishop,
1930, page 248
The Workforce.…
15. The Workforce.…
My Dad, Inspector of Weights &
Measures & C.V. Brathwaite, helper
Engineers and skilled workers
were U.S. citizens and
numbered about 6,000.
16. Panama Canal - Class #3
The Workforce.…
My Dad retires at age 56 after 36 years
, 7 months, & 6 days of employment
with the Panama Canal Company
17. My Mom, Secretary to 5700th Wing Commander, Albrook AFB, C.Z.
The Workforce.…
18. The Workforce.…
The vast majority of the workers on the isthmus during the American construction
period were unskilled laborers recruited from islands throughout the Caribbean.
Workers also came from other parts of the world, with Spain, Greece, Italy, and
India.
Chief Engineer Stevens tried to use Chinese labor, ala railroad construction in the
western U.S., but strong anti-Chinese sentiments both at home and in Panama made
this impossible. Panama Canal - Class #3
19. Panama Canal - Class #3
The Workforce.…
Trinidad, Barbados. Guadeloupe
20. Panama Canal - Class #3
These men are paid from 16 to 20 cents an hour (about $5.00 per hour in todays
dollars).
The Workforce.…
21. Panama Canal - Class #3
Laborers were so attracted by the good
pay, fair treatment, and excellent living
conditions that more than 2,000 came from
Spain and Italy during 1910 alone.
Laborers who had left the work to go to Brazil
and South American countries returned to the
Isthmus in large numbers, seeking re-
employment.
The Workforce.…
The popularity of the work on the Isthmus became so
great that it is no longer necessary for the Canal
Commission to bring in recruits from the West Indies
and Europe.
22. Employees are divided into two categories
Those paid in gold, who form the
"gold roll."
Those paid in silver, the "silver roll."
Americans belong to the former, and the
West Indians and Panamanians to the
latter.
The Workforce.…
23. Panama Canal - Class #3
Workers received daily meal tickets for 30 cents after they have done one's
work, entitling them to three meals.
The three-meals cost the Commission 27.29 cents.
The Workforce.…
42. Panama Canal - Class #3
The Workforce.…
Performance
recognition
22 years of
service
Elevator Operator,
34 years of service
43. Panama Canal - Class #3
The Workforce.…
Business Manager of Local Union
397, International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers & Panama Canal Personnel
Bureau Director awards a scholarship to a
Pedro Miguel lock operator.
44. Panama Canal - Class #2
Life in the
Panama Canal
Zone
The Panama Canal
100 Years of Service to World Commerce
45. Panama Canal - Class #3
Life in the C.Z.…
My Dad & Siblings,
1917
1906
74. Panama Canal - Class #3
Life in the C.Z.…
Balboa Police Station
75. Panama Canal - Class #3
Life in the C.Z.…
Balboa Police Station
76. Panama Canal - Class #3
Balboa Fire Station
Life in the C.Z.…
77. Panama Canal - Class #3
Tivoli Hill of Rome
Tivoli Hotel
(Guest House)
Life in the C.Z.…
78. Panama Canal - Class #3
Life in the C.Z.…
“Joltin Joe” DiMaggio &
New York Yankees
79. Panama Canal - Class #3
Publication of accurate information
Progress by week, by month, by year
Social life, Amusements, Sports
Letters from employees with only restriction that they be respectful and signed with
name and address of writer
Life in the C.Z.…
Joseph B. Bishop
80. Panama Canal - Class #3
Panama Canal Review
Life in the C.Z.…
82. Panama Canal - Class #3Border at Ancon, C.Z.
Life in the C.Z.…
83. Panama Canal - Class #2
The U.S. Exit
from the Panama
Canal Zone
The Panama Canal
100 Years of Service to World Commerce
84. Panama Canal - Class #3
1928: The gradual reversal of U.S. policy was heralded with the formal disavowal of
the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.
The Roosevelt Corollary was articulated by President Teddy Roosevelt in his State
of the Union Address in 1904 stating that the U.S. will intervene in conflicts
between European Nations and Latin American countries to enforce
legitimate claims, rather than having the Europeans press their claims
directly.
Tensions in the C.Z.
1933: In his inaugural address in
1933, President Franklin Roosevelt
enunciated the Good Neighbor Policy.
That same year, the U. S. expressed a
qualified acceptance of the principle of non-
intervention.
1936: the United States approved this
principle without reservation.
85. Panama Canal - Class #3
1932: Panama began opposition to the sale of 3.2 % beer in the C.Z. competing
with Panamanian beers.
1933: High unemployment in Panama and friction over the C.Z. commissaries.
1933: President Harmodio Arias went to Washington. The U.S. pledged
sympathetic consideration of future arbitration requests involving economic
issues that did not affect the vital aspects of canal operation.
1934: President Roosevelt visited Panama preparing the way for future
negotiations..
Tensions in the C.Z.
Overview of U.S. – Panama Relations
86. Panama Canal - Class #3
1935: discussions on a replacement for the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty continued,
1936: Secretary of State Cordell Hull signed a new treaty--the Hull-Alfaro Treaty.
The Hull-Alfaro revisions, radically altered the special rights of the U.S. in the
Isthmus, and the Senate was reluctant to accept the alterations.
1939: A reluctant US Senate passed the Hull-Alfaro Treaty .
1946 & 1947: U.S. intentions to extend its hold on military bases outside of the CZ
met with violence. When the Panamanian National Assembly met in 1947 to
consider ratification, a mob of 10,000 Panamanians armed with
stones, machetes, and guns rioted.
1948: U.S. evacuated all occupied bases and sites outside the Canal Zone.
1952: Jose Antonio Remon Cantera, a former police commander in chief, won
the presidential election in Panama campaigning against the U.S., which was the
normal approach, with the slogan "Ni millones ni limosnas, queremos justicia."
("Not millions nor alms, we want justice".)
January 25,1955: The Remon-Eisenhower Treaty was signed that further
updated and amended the original Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903 . Aspects of
the treaty covered local trade /worker rights, upgrades and military base usage
and was characterized by the hardness and unwillingness to negotiate of the
Panamanians.
Tensions in the C.Z.Overview of U.S. – Panama Relations
87. President Remon was assassinated on
January 2, 1955 at the Juan Franco Racetrack
some three weeks before the Treaty was signed.
Tensions in the C.Z.
88. Panama Canal - Class #3
Tensions in the C.Z.
Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid
89. Panama Canal - Class #3
1956: Egyptian nationalization of the Suez Canal raised new hopes in
Panama, because the two canals were frequently compared in the world press.
1956: John Foster Dulles's unqualified statement on the Suez issue that the U. S.
did not fear similar nationalization of the Panama Canal because the U.S.
possessed "rights of sovereignty" there inflamed Panamanian Nationalists.
1956: Panamanian public opinion was further inflamed by a United States
Department of the Army statement implied that the 1955 treaty had not in fact
envisaged a total equalization of wage rates. The United States attempted to
clarify the issue by explaining that the only exception to the "equal pay for equal
labor" principle would be a 25 % differential that would apply to all citizens
brought from the continental United States.
1958: Students demonstrating against the United States clashed with the
Panamanian National Guard. The violence of these riots, in which nine died, was a
forecast of the far more serious difficulties that followed a year later.
Tensions in the C.Z.
Overview of U.S. – Panama Relations
90. Panama Canal - Class #3
November 1959: Anti-U.S. demonstrations occurred during the two Panamanian
independence holidays aroused by the media, particularly by articles in
newspapers owned by Harmodio Arias.
Panamanians began to threaten a "peaceful invasion" of the C. Z., to raise the flag
of Panama there as tangible evidence of Panama's sovereignty.
Fearful that Panamanian mobs might actually force entry into the C. Z., the U.S.
called out troops.
Several hundred Panamanians crossed barbed wire restraints and clashed with
C. Z. police and troops. A second wave of Panamanian citizens was repulsed by the
Panamanian National Guard, supported by the U.S.
U. S. authorities then erected a fence along the border of the Canal Zone,
Tensions in the C.Z.
Overview of U.S. – Panama Relations
91. Panama Canal - Class #3
Tensions in the C.Z.
1959 Disturbances
92. Panama Canal - Class #3
March 1, 1960: On Constitution Day student and labor groups threatened another
march into the C. Z. Widespread disorders of the previous fall had had a sobering
effect on the political elite, who seriously feared that new rioting might be
transformed into a revolutionary movement against the social system itself.
Both major coalitions contesting the coming elections sought to avoid further
difficulties, and influential merchants, who had been hard hit by the November 1959
riots, were apprehensive.
September, 1961: Agreement to raise the Panamanian and United States flags
side by side at one location along the C.Z. border with Panama.
Tensions in the C.Z.Overview of U.S. – Panama Relations
93. Panama Canal - Class #3
A permanent bridge over the
canal had been proposed as a
major priority as early as 1923.
Panama Today.…
In 1955, the Remon -
Eisenhower Treaty
committed the U.S. to
building a bridge at a cost
of $20 million to be paid for
by the U.S.
The inauguration of the
bridge took place on
October 12, 1962, with great
ceremony.
Thatcher Ferry
Thatcher Ferry Bridge
94. Panama Canal - Class #3
Undersecretary of State George W. Ball was to deliver the keynote address.
The President of Panama, Roberto F. Chiari attended
The ribbon was cut by Maurice Thatcher, the only living original ICC Commission
member.
Panama Today.…
Public opinion in Panama was
against the naming of the bridge
after Maurice Thatcher.
Canal Zone Police, alerted to
planned demonstrations, were
dispatched to the bridge to protect
the dignitaries in the event the
demonstrators became violent.
95. Panama Canal - Class #3
At the height of the ceremonial proceedings, a crowd of over 5,000 turned hostile.
A Canal Zone Police contingent of fifty-five police officers removed the dignitaries
from the platform and directed them to safety..
Demonstrators, having successfully marred the dedication ceremonies, poured onto
the center-span of the bridge and marched back and forth displaying anti-
American banners.
The two commemorative plaques set at the entrance to each bridge approach were
pried loose and destroyed.
Panama Today.…
96. Panama Canal - Class #3
1964: Public demonstrations continued, but the rioting that occurred 1964 was much
more intense. The incident began with a symbolic dispute over the flying of the
Panamanian flag in the Canal Zone.
For some time the flag issue had been seriously complicated by differences of
opinion on that issue between the Department of Defense and the Department of
State.
Panamanians remained dissatisfied as their flag appeared at only one location in
the Canal Zone, while the United States flag flew alone at numerous other sites.
President Eisenhower ordered that at several points in the Canal Zone the U. S.
and Panamanian flags would be flown side by side.
President Kennedy had further extended this to all locations in the Canal
Zone.
Tensions in the C.Z.
Overview of U.S. – Panama Relations
97. Panama Canal - Class #2
Tensions in the C.Z.
At some point in late 1963, Canal Zone Officials decided that no flags would be
flown in front of schools in the Canal Zone
Students of at Balboa High School on two consecutive days (January 7th & 8th)
hoisted the American flag alone in front of their school.
Word of the gesture soon spread across the border, and on the evening of January
9, 1964, nearly 200 Panamanian students marched into the Canal Zone with their
flag. A struggle ensued, and the Panamanian flag was torn. After that
provocation, thousands of Panamanians stormed the border fence. Rioting lasted 3
days, and resulted in more than 20 deaths, serious injuries to several hundred
persons, and more than $2 million of property damage.
98. Panama Canal - Class #3
Tensions in the C.Z.
Balboa High School
January 7th and 8th of 1964
99. Panama Canal - Class #3
Tensions in the C.Z.
Balboa High School
January 9th of 1964
106. Panama Canal - Class #3
President Johnson confers with Special Envoy Robert B. Anderson who will represent
the U.S. in upcoming discussions with official of Panama regarding the Canal Zone
dispute.
Tensions in the C.Z.
107. Panama Canal - Class #3
Ford / Carter Debate – October 6 of 1976
Candidate Jimmy Carter stated he “would never give up practical or operational
control of the Panama Canal”.
11 months later, Carter signed a treaty immediately giving up control of the Canal
Zone and total control over the operation of the Panama Canal on December 31 of
1999.
U.S. Exit.…
109. Panama Canal - Class #3
U.S. Exit.…
Henry Kissinger, Secretary of state to Presidents Nixon and Gerald Ford, served as
the principal negotiator for the U. S. with Panama beginning in 1973 and reached an
agreement with Panamanian officials in September, 1977.
The treaty governed the operations and defense of the Canal through
December 31, 1999, and guaranteed the permanent neutrality of the Canal.
110. Panama Canal - Class #3
1966: Attained rank of Lt. Colonel in the Guardia Nacional.
1968: Along with Major Boris Martínez led a successful coup d'état against the
recently elected president of Panama, Arnulfo Arias, after only eleven days in
office.
1968: Torrijos was promoted to full Colonel and named commandant of the National
Guard.
1968: Political activity was outlawed, legislature shut down, seized control of
three newspapers owned by Arias' brother, Harmodio.
1969: Exiled Martínez and promoted himself to Brigadier General.
U.S. Exit.…
1972: Regime held a
controlled election of an
Assembly of Community
Representatives, with a single
opposition member.
The assembly approved a
new Constitution which made
Torrijos the actual head of
government, with near-
absolute powers for six
years.
General Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera
112. Panama Canal - Class #3
Torrijos was regarded by his supporters as the first Panamanian leader to represent
the majority population of Panama, poor, native Indian, mixed heritage as opposed
to the light-skinned, political and social elite of pure Spanish heritage, often referred
to as rabiblancos, "white-tails“.
U.S. Exit.…
113. Panama Canal - Class #3
July 31 of 1981 General Torrijos died at the age
of 52 when his aircraft, a DeHavilland Twin Otter
, crashed. The aircraft disappeared from radar
during severe weather.
Due to the limited nature of Panama's radar
coverage at the time, the plane was not reported
missing for nearly a day. The crash site was
located several days later by U.S. Special
Forces in the first few days of August.
U.S. Exit.…
114. Panama Canal - Class #3
Operation Just Cause.…
Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno
Supreme Military Governor of
Panama from 1983 to 1989
115. Panama Canal - Class #3
Operation Just Cause.…
The military incursion into Panama began on the 20th of
December 1989, at 1:00 a.m. local time.
The operation involved 27,684 U.S. troops and over
300 aircraft.
117. Panama Canal - Class #3
According to official Pentagon
figures, 516 Panamanians were
killed during the invasion;
however, an internal Army memo
estimated the number at 1,000.
The UN estimated 500 deaths
while Americas Watch found that
around 300 civilians died.
President Guillermo Endara said
that "less than 600 Panamanians"
died during the entire invasion.[
The U.S. lost 23 troops and 325
were wounded.
Operation Just Cause.…
118. Panama Canal - Class #3
About 2,700 families that were displaced by the Chorrillo fire were each given
$6,500 by the U.S. to build a new house or apartment in selected areas in or near
the city. However, numerous problems were reported with the new constructions
just two years after the invasion.
Operation Just Cause.…
119. Panama Canal - Class #3
During the invasion, General, and dictator Manuel Noriega was deposed.
President-elect Guillermo Endara was sworn into office at Fort Clayton, and
the Panamanian Defense Force was dissolved.
Guillermo Endara
Operation Just Cause.…
120. Panama Canal - Class #3
Operation Just Cause.…
Predictably the invasion provoked
international outrage. Some countries
charged that the U.S. had committed an act
of aggression by invading Panama and was
trying to conceal a new manifestation of its
interventionist policy of force in Latin
America.
On 22 December, the Organizational of
American States passed a resolution
deploring the invasion and calling for
withdrawal of U.S. troops.
On 29 December, the General Assembly of
the U.N. voted 75–20, with 40
abstentions, to condemn the invasion as a
flagrant violation of international law.
121. Panama Canal - Class #3
Military Governor of Panama from 1983 to
1989.
In the 1989 invasion by the U.S. he was
removed from power as a prisoner of
war, and taken to the U.S.
Tried on eight counts of drug
trafficking, racketeering, and money
laundering in April 1992.
U.S. prison sentence ended in September
of 2007.
Extradited to France in April 2010.
Found guilty and sentenced to seven
years in jail in July 2010.
A conditional release was granted on
September 23, 2011, to be extradited to
serve 20 years in Panama.
He arrived back in Panama on
December 11, 2011.
Operation Just Cause.…
Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno
122. Panama Canal - Class #3
U.S. Exit.…
December “30th” of 1999
123. Panama Canal - Class #3
U.S. Exit.…
Some 95 years after
acquiring the Panama
Canal Zone in 1904, the
United States is presence
is over.
124. Panama Canal - Class #3
U.S. Exit.…
Panama Canal Authority Directors
Panama Canal Authority Chairman & Minister
for Canal Affairs Ricardo Martinelli
Canal Authority Board of Directors
125. Panama Canal - Class #3
Completed his high school at Staunton Military Academy.
Graduated with a B.S. in Business Administration from the University of Arkansas in
1973
Earned a M.A. in Business Administration from the INCAE Business School in
1977, located in Nicaragua.
Martinelli is the President and
Director of the board of
Panamanian supermarket chain
Super 99. and of two other
companies
He sits on the boards of at least
eight other companies
Panama Today.…
President Ricardo Martinelli
127. Panama Canal - Class #3
As soon as the world became aware of the intent of the U.S. government to
surrender the Panama Canal to the Panamanian government , a Hong Kong
international trading company, Hutchison-Whampoa, owned by a Hong Kong
billionaire , quietly began adding the Panamanian seaports along each coast of the
Isthmus of Panama to its world-wide seaport holdings.
Ten per-cent of this new venture, Panama Ports, is owned by China
Resources, the commercial arm of the Peoples Republic of China's Ministry of
Trade and Economic Cooperation.
Panama gave Hutchison Whampoa the right to build new port facilities in
Balboa, the canal's only Pacific port, and a major Atlantic port in
Cristobal, and to operate the ports for the next half-century.
Later Panama's gave Hutchison Whampoa the right to control anchorages
on both ends of the canal, to hire new pilots , to block all passage that
interferes with the company's business, to take control of key public roads
near the canal and to have right of first refusal for control of some former
U.S. military bases.
China is in Panama for the long haul. A Chinese corporation called Great Wall
Panama has secured a lease for 60 years for an export zone on the Atlantic side.
Panama Today.…
128. Panama Canal - Class #3
Panama Today.…
Centennial Bridge, opened in 2004
Designed by T.Y. International.
Built by German company Bilfinger Berger using resources from its Australian
subsidiary Baulderstone Hornibrook.
Structural engineering awarded to German firm of Leonhardt, Andrä and Partner.
132. Panama Canal - Class #3
HK Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Co. Ltd (HKND), recently won
Nicaraguan approval to build a canal across that nation.
The company says a second canal is needed to accommodate expanding
international trade and the growing number of ships too big to use the Panama
Canal..
Panama Today.…
133. Panama Canal - Class #3
Panama Today.…
HKND will receive much of the financing coming from the Chinese government
estimated at $40 Billion.
In 2013 the Sandinista National Liberation Front pushed through a vote in
Nicaragua’s National Congress to give HKND has sole rights to:
Build an inter-oceanic canal deeper and wider than the Panama Canal and
operate it for 50 years and option for 50 more.
Shielded from lawsuits over environmental damages
May plan to build and run a parallel railway “dry canal”.
Construct an oil pipeline.
Operate deep-water ports at either end.
Operate at least one major airport and free trade zone.
Daniel Ortega
134. Panama Canal - Class #3
Colombia and China are collaborating on a "dry canal" .
China would fund the project, which would link Colombia's Atlantic and Pacific
coasts together by rail linking the Atlantic coast city of Cartagena with the Pacific
port of Buenaventura.
Colombia is the world’s fifth biggest producer of "high quality coal in easily-worked
surface mines close to the Caribbean end of the proposed route.
Panama Today.…
135. Panama Canal - Class #3
Panama Today.…
Chinese Presence
136. Panama Canal - Class #2
The Canal
Expansion
The Panama Canal
100 Years of Service to World Commerce
146. Panama Canal - Class #3
The Maersk Line Triple E class is a family of large, fuel-efficient container ships.
The name "Triple E" is derived from the class's three design principles:
Economy of Scale
Energy Efficient
Environmentally Improved
They will be the most efficient containerships per twenty foot equivalent unit (TEU)
of cargo with a capacity of 18,000 containers!
The Future.…
147. The following words of Theodore Roosevelt are displayed in the
Rotunda of the Panama Canal Administration Building, Balboa, C.Z.