health

1. GROUP 5 PALLIATIVE CARE
Group members:
1. Kisembo Ivan
2. Kabategyeki Eunice
3. Okabo Walter
4. Womayi Ivaan
5. Tumwesigye Stephen
6. Tumusiime Prisca
7. Awor Molly

2. Learning Objectives
• By the end of this lesson learners should be able to:
1. Define non verbal communication skills
2. Know the Types of non verbal communication skills
3. Know the important of Nonverbal Communication skills
4. Explain how to make non verbal communication skills better

3. Definition
• Means conveying information without using words.
• This might involve using certain facial expressions or hand gestures to
make a specific point, or it could involve the use (or non-use) of eye
contact, physical proximity, and other nonverbal cues to get a
message across.
• The way of communication is by means of space, gestures, facial
expressions, touching, vocal variation, and silence for example

4. • “It is estimated that NVC most often conveys a larger share of social
information(65% or more) while verbal communication plays a less
salient role(35% or less). So much information is communicated
nonverbally that frequently the verbal aspect is negligible.”
• Every day, we respond to thousands of nonverbal cues and behaviors,
including postures, facial expressions, eye gaze, gestures, and tone of
voice. From our handshakes to our hairstyles, our nonverbal
communication reveals who we are and impacts how we relate to
other people.

5. • When you are trying to understand a communication words are only
part of the story. To analyse it properly you need to see and feel what
is being said as well.
• Only 7% of meaning is in the words spoken.
• 38% of meaning is paralinguistic (the way that the words are
said).
• 55% is in facial expression.
(source: Albert Mehrabian)

6. Types of Nonverbal Communication
• Research has identified nine types of nonverbal communication.
These nonverbal communication types are:
1) Facial expressions
2) Gestures
3) Paralinguistics (such as loudness or tone of voice)
4) Body language
5) Proxemics or personal space
6) Eye gaze, haptics (touch)
7) Appearance
8) Artifacts (objects and images)

7. Facial Expressions
• Are responsible for a huge proportion of nonverbal communication.
Consider how much information can be conveyed with a smile or a
frown. The look on a person's face is often the first thing we see, even
before we hear what they have to say.
• While nonverbal communication and behavior can vary dramatically
between cultures, the facial expressions for happiness, sadness,
anger, and fear are similar throughout the world.

8. Cont.
These usually convey
emotions.
There are 6 Universal
emotions
• Surprise
• Fear
• Sadness
• Anger
• Happiness
• Disgust
 The expression on a person's face can even help
determine if we trust or believe what the individual is
saying.
 we make judgments about people's intelligence based
upon their faces and expressions.
 One study found that the most trustworthy facial
expression involved a slight raise of the eyebrows and
a slight smile. This expression, the researchers
suggested, conveys both friendliness and confidence.
 individuals who had narrower faces and more
prominent noses were more likely to be perceived as
intelligent. People with smiling, joyful expression were
also judged as being more intelligent than those with
angry expressions.

9. Universal facial expression

10. Facial Management Techniques
• Intensifying – to exaggerate a feeling
• De-intensifying – to underplay a feeling
• Neutralizing – to hide a feeling
• Masking – to replace or substitute the expression of one emotion or
another

11. The eye /Oculesics
• The eyes are frequently referred to as the "windows to the soul" since
they are capable of revealing a great deal about what a person is feeling or
thinking.
• As you engage in conversation with another person, taking note of eye
movements is a natural and important part of the communication process.
• Some common things you may notice include whether people are making
direct eye contact or averting their gaze, how much they are blinking, or if
their pupils are dilated.
• The best way to read someone's body language is to pay attention. Look
out for any of the following eye signals.

12. Eye Gaze
 The eyes play a role in nonverbal communication, with such things as
looking, staring, and blinking being important cues. For example,
when you encounter people or things that you like, your rate of
blinking increases and your pupils dilate.
 When a person looks directly into your eyes while having a
conversation, it indicates that they are interested and paying
attention. However, prolonged eye contact can feel threatening. For
example in China.
 People's eyes can indicate a range of emotions, including hostility,
interest, and attraction.

13. • People also often utilize eye gaze cues to gauge a person's honesty. Normal,
steady eye contact is often taken as a sign that a person is telling the truth and is
trustworthy. Shifty eyes and an inability to maintain eye contact, on the other
hand, is frequently seen as an indicator that someone is lying or being deceptive.
• On the other hand, breaking eye contact and frequently looking away might
indicate that the person is distracted, uncomfortable, or trying to conceal his or
her real feelings
• While in some cases, a lack of eye contact indicates untrustworthiness, for
instance, it doesn't mean you automatically can't trust someone who isn't
looking at you in the eyes. It could be they are distracted and thinking about
something else. Or, again, it could be a cultural difference at play.

14. Blinking
Blinking is natural, but you should also pay attention to
whether a person is blinking too much or too little.
People often blink more rapidly when they are feeling
distressed or uncomfortable. Infrequent blinking may
indicate that a person is intentionally trying to control his or
her eye movements.7
For example, a poker player might blink less frequently
because he is purposely trying to appear unexcited about
the hand he was dealt.

15. Pupil Size
Pupil size can be a very subtle nonverbal communication signal.
While light levels in the environment control pupil dilation,
sometimes emotions can also cause small changes in pupil size.
For example, you may have heard the phrase "bedroom eyes" used
to describe the look someone gives when they are attracted to
another person. Highly dilated eyes, for example, can indicate that a
person is interested or even aroused

16.  Mouth expressions and
movements can also be essential
in reading body language. For
example, chewing on the bottom
lip may indicate that the
individual is experiencing feelings
of worry, fear, or insecurity.
Covering the mouth may be an
effort to be polite if the person is
yawning or coughing, but it may
also be an attempt to cover up a
frown of disapproval.

17.  Smiling is perhaps one of the greatest body language signals, but
smiles can also be interpreted in many ways.
 A smile may be genuine, or it may be used to express false happiness,
sarcasm, or even cynicism.
 When evaluating body language, pay attention to the following mouth
and lip signals:
 Pursed lips. Tightening the lips might be an indicator of distaste,
disapproval, or distrust.
 Lip biting. People sometimes bite their lips when they are worried,
anxious, or stressed.

18. Covering the mouth. When people want to hide an emotional
reaction, they might cover their mouths in order to avoid displaying
smiles or smirks.
Turned up or down. Slight changes in the mouth can also be subtle
indicators of what a person is feeling. When the mouth is slightly
turned up, it might mean that the person is feeling happy or
optimistic.
On the other hand, a slightly down-turned mouth can be an indicator
of sadness, disapproval, or even an outright grimace.

19. Gestures
Deliberate movements and signals are an important way to communicate meaning
without words.
Common gestures include waving, pointing, and giving a "thumbs up" sign. Other
gestures are arbitrary and related to culture.
For example, in the U.S., putting the index and middle finger in the shape of a "V" with
your palm facing out is often considered to be a sign of peace or victory. Yet, in Britain,
Australia, and other parts of the world, this gesture can be considered an insult.
Nonverbal communication via gestures is so powerful and influential that some judges
place limits on which ones are allowed in the courtroom, where they can sway juror
opinions. An attorney might glance at their watch to suggest that the opposing lawyer's
argument is tedious, for instance. Or they may roll their eyes during a witness's
testimony in an attempt to undermine that person's credibility.

20. Body Gestures
• Can be Emblems
• Can be use as
Illustrators
• Can Affect Displays
• Regulators have got to
be careful with body
gestures
• People are to Adapt to
different body gestures
and movements

21. Emblems
• Emblems are
limited by
both time
and culture.

22. Legs and arms

24. • The arms and legs can also be useful in conveying nonverbal
information. Crossing the arms can indicate defensiveness.
Crossing legs away from another person may indicate dislike
or discomfort with that individual.
• Other subtle signals such as expanding the arms widely may
be an attempt to seem larger or more commanding, while
keeping the arms close to the body may be an effort to
minimize oneself or withdraw from attention.

25. When you are evaluating body language, pay attention to
some of the following signals that the arms and legs may
convey:
Crossed arms might indicate that a person feels defensive, self-protective,
or closed-off.
Standing with hands placed on the hips can be an indication that a person
is ready and in control, or it can also possibly be a sign of aggressiveness.
Clasping the hands behind the back might indicate that a person is feeling
bored, anxious, or even angry.
Rapidly tapping fingers or fidgeting can be a sign that a person is bored,
impatient, or frustrated.
Crossed legs can indicate that a person is feeling closed-off or in need of
privacy.

26. Paralinguistics
• Paralinguistics refers to vocal communication that is
separate from actual language. This form of nonverbal
communication includes factors such as tone of voice,
loudness, inflection, and pitch.
• For example, consider the powerful effect that tone of
voice can have on the meaning of a sentence. When said in a
strong tone of voice, listeners might interpret a statement
as approval and enthusiasm. The same words said in a
hesitant tone can convey disapproval and a lack of interest.

27. • Paralanguage cues are used
for forming impressions, for
identifying emotional states,
and for making judgments
of credibility, intelligence,
and objectivity.
• Paralanguage is the vocal (but
nonverbal) dimension of
speech. It refers to the way
you say something, rather
than what you say.
• By stressing different words
in a sentence, you can change
the meaning completely
without doing anything to the
structure of it.

29. Posture
How we hold our bodies can also serve as an
important part of body language.
The term posture refers to how we hold our
bodies as well as the overall physical form of an
individual.
Posture can convey a wealth of information about
how a person is feeling as well as hints about
personality characteristics, such as whether a
person is confident, open, or submissive.
Sitting up straight, for example, may indicate that
a person is focused and paying attention to what's
going on. Sitting with the body hunched forward,
on the other hand, can imply that the person is
bored or indifferent.
When you are trying to read body language, try to
notice some of the signals that a person's posture
can send.

30. • Open posture involves keeping the trunk of the body open and
exposed. This type of posture indicates friendliness, openness, and
willingness.
• Closed posture involves hiding the trunk of the body often by
hunching forward and keeping the arms and legs crossed. This type of
posture can be an indicator of hostility, unfriendliness, and anxiety.

31. Proxemics
• Proxemics is the study of spatial
communication and how we use it (Devito)
• Termed coined by founder, Edward
Hall, in 1968 in “his book The Silent
Language”.
• Hall’s research concluded that there are
four distances we utilize in everyday
interpersonal communication and these
are culturally defined.
• There are also five dimensions used to
assign the importance of space in status.

32. • The term proxemics, coined by anthropologist Edward T. Hall, refers to
the distance between people as they interact.
• Just as body movements and facial expressions can communicate a
great deal of nonverbal information, so can the physical space
between individuals.
• If we are forced to be closer than this e.g. lifts, trains, etc., we tend to
use other methods to increase the distance e.g. turning away,
avoiding eye contact, etc.

33. • Hall described four levels of social distance that occur in different situations.
• Intimate Distance: 6 to 18 inches
• This level of physical distance often indicates a closer relationship or greater
comfort between individuals. It usually occurs during intimate contact such
as hugging, whispering, or touching.
• Personal Distance: 1.5 to 4 feet
• Physical distance at this level usually occurs between people who are family
members or close friends. The closer the people can comfortably stand
while interacting can be an indicator of the level of intimacy in their
relationship.

34. • Social Distance: 4 to 12 feet.
• This level of physical distance is often used with individuals who are
acquaintances.
• With someone you know fairly well, such as a co-worker you see
several times a week, you might feel more comfortable interacting at
a closer distance.
• In cases where you do not know the other person well, such as a
postal delivery driver you only see once a month, a distance of 10 to
12 feet may feel more comfortable.

35. • Public Distance: 12 to 25 feet
• Physical distance at this level is often used in public speaking situations.
Talking in front of a class full of students or giving a presentation at
work are good examples of such situations.
• It is also important to note that the level of personal distance that
individuals need to feel comfortable can vary from culture to culture.
• One oft-cited example is the difference between people from Latin
cultures and those from North America. People from Latin countries
tend to feel more comfortable standing closer to one another as they
interact, while those from North America need more personal distance.

36. Dimensions of Space (Athos)
• More is better than less
• Assign importance or status based
on how much space a person has
• Private is better than public
• It is better not to have to share
space
• We desire to exclude people to
mark boundaries of our space
• Closing doors is an important
signal that a conversation is both
intimate and important
Dimensions of Space (con.)
• Higher is better than lower
• Imagery is often in terms of up and
down
• Houses that are on higher land are
often more expensive
• Near is better than far
• It is more valued to have a office near
the boss
• It is also more valued to be at a
position near the host at a dinner
party
• In is better than out
• Home field advantage in sports
teams

37. Territory
• Territory is the possessive reaction to a particular area or objects (Devito)
• Primary territory—belongs to you
• Boundary markers
• Secondary territory—not belonging to you, but associated with you
• Central markers
• Public territories—areas like parks that belong to all people

38. Haptics
Communicating through touch is another important nonverbal
communication behavior. Touch can be used to communicate affection,
familiarity, sympathy, and other emotions.
In her book Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters, author
Julia Wood writes that touch is also often used to communicate both status
and power. High-status individuals tend to invade other people's personal
space with greater frequency and intensity than lower-status individuals.
Sex differences also play a role in how people utilize touch to communicate
meaning. Women tend to use touch to convey care, concern, and
nurturance. Men, on the other hand, are more likely to use touch to assert
power or control over others.

39. Appearance
We make instant judgements based on
appearance – this process is known as
Impression Formation
An informal or untidy appearance will give
people the impression you are informal in
your work aspects of life (Implicit Personality
Theory)
So, dress accordingly. You can start smart and
become casual, but not the reverse!

40. Artifacts
• Objects and images are also tools that can be used to communicate nonverbally.
On an online forum, for example, you might select an avatar to represent your
identity and to communicate information about who you are and the things you
like.
• People often spend a great deal of time developing a particular image and
surrounding themselves with objects designed to convey information about the
things that are important to them. Uniforms, for example, can be used to
transmit a tremendous amount of information about a person.
• A soldier will don fatigues, a police officer will wear a specific uniform, and a
doctor will wear a white lab coat. At a mere glance, these outfits tell others what
that person does for a living. That makes them a powerful form of nonverbal
communication.

43. Silence and its function
Time To Think: Time to formulate responses.
Weapon To Hurt Others (the silent treatment)
Response to Personal Anxiety: Remaining silent around strangers.
Prevent Communication: A defense mechanism against saying things that
you cant take back in the heat of the moment.
Communicate Emotional Responses: Pouting, Anger, Annoyance, Long
Stares into another’s eyes; love.
Achieve Specific Effects: Strategically placing pauses after or before
sentences to imply importance or seriousness.
Nothing To Say: Sometimes you just don’t have anything to say.

45. Roles of Nonverbal Communication
Body language plays many roles in social interactions. It can help facilitate
the following:
Earning trust: Engaging in eye contact, nodding your head while listening,
and even unconsciously mirroring another person's body language are all
signals that you and someone else are bonding.
Emphasizing a point: The tone of voice you use and the way you engage
listeners with your hand and arm gestures, or by how you take up space, are
all ways that affect how your message comes across.
Revealing truths: When someone's body language doesn't match what
they're saying, we might intuitively pick up on the fact that they are
withholding information, or perhaps not being honest about how they feel.

46. • Tuning in to your own needs: Our own body language can reveal a lot
about how we're feeling. For instance, are you in a slumped posture,
clenching your jaw and/or pursing your lips? This may be a signal that
the environment you're currently in is triggering you in some way. Your
body might be telling you that you're feeling unsafe, stressed, or any
number of emotions.
• Body language can tell you when someone feels anxious, angry, excited,
or any emotion. It may also suggest personality traits (i.e., whether
someone is shy or outgoing). But, body language can be misleading. It
is subject to a person's mood, energy level, and circumstances.

51. References
• Guyer JJ, Briñol P, Vaughan-Johnston TI, Fabrigar LR, Moreno L, Petty
RE. Paralinguistic features communicated through voice can affect
appraisals of confidence and evaluative judgments. J Nonverbal
Behav. 2021;45(4):479-504. doi:10.1007/s10919-021-00374-2.
• Hughes H, Hockey J, Berry G. Power play: the use of space to control
and signify power in the workplace. Culture and Organization.
2019;26(4):298-314. doi:10.1080/14759551.2019.1601722.
• Hall ET. A system for the notation of proxemic behavior. American
Anthropologist. October 1963;65(5):1003-1026.
doi:10.1525/aa.1963.65.5.02a00020.