febri samar

1. DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL............................................................................................................i
LEMBARAN PENERIMAAN JUDUL.............................................................................ii
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN..............................................................................................iii
KATA PENGANTAR..........................................................................................................iv
DAFTAR ISI.........................................................................................................................viii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN....................................................................................................1
1.1 LATARBELAKANG PENULISAN..............................................................................1
1.2 TUJUAN PENULISAN...................................................................................................6
1.3 METODE PENULISAN.................................................................................................6
1.4 SISTEMATIKA PENULISAN........................................................................................7
BAB II RIWAYAT HIDUP DAN POKOK-POKOK PEMIKIRAN FILOSOFIS
MICHEL FOUCAULT................................................................................................ 9
2.1. RIWAYAT SINGKAT...................................................................................................9
2.2. POKOK-POKOK PEMIKIRAN FOUCAULT DALAM
KARYA-KARYANYA..................................................................................................12
2.2.1. The Order of Things (1973).........................................................................................12
2.2.2. The Discourse on Language (1971).............................................................................15
2.2.3. Madness and Civilization (1961).................................................................................16
2.2.4. The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969)......................................................................17
2.2.5. Discipline and Punish (1975).......................................................................................18
2.2.6. The History of Sexuality I, II dan III (1976)..............................................................20
2.3 PERKEMBANGAN PEMIKIRAN FILOSOFISNYA...................................................22
2.4 MICHEL FOUCAULT DAN STRUKTURALISME.....................................................25
2.5 EPISTEME SEBAGAI STRUKTUR..............................................................................25
2.6 TOKOH-TOKOH YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP FOUCAULT...................26
2.6.1 Friedrich Nietzsche.......................................................................................................27
2.6.2 Karl Marx......................................................................................................................28
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2. 2.7 METODE FILSAFAT MICHEL FOUCAULT...............................................................29
2.7.1Metode Arkeologi..........................................................................................................29
2.7.2 Metode Genealogi.........................................................................................................31
BAB III KONSEP DASAR MICHEL FOUCAULT TENTANG KUASA
DAN POLITIK DEMOKRASI DI INDONESIA....................................................34
3.1 LATAR BELAKANG PEMIKIRAN FOUCAULT........................................................34
3.2 KUASA MENURUT MICHEL FOUCAULT................................................................37
3.2.1. Pandangan Umum Foucault Tentang Kuasa................................................................38
3.2.2 Apa Itu Kuasa...............................................................................................................38
3.2.2.1 Kuasa Adalah Relasi..................................................................................................40
3.2.2.2 Kuasa Bukanlah Milik, Melainkan Strategi...............................................................41
3.2.2.3 Kuasa Tidak Dapat Dilokalisasi.................................................................................43
3.2.2.4 Pengetahuan dan Kuasa.............................................................................................43
3.2.2.5 Kuasa Muncul Dari Bawah dan Secara Esensial Bukan Represif.............................45
3.2.2.6 Di mana Ada Kuasa di sana Ada Resistans...............................................................45
3.2.3 Kuasa dan Wacana (Diskursus)....................................................................................46
3.2.4 Kuasa dan Formasi Dirkursif.......................................................................................49
3.3 KUASA: KEHENDAK UNTUK MEMPEROLEH KEBENARAN..............................50
3.4 SEKILAS TENTANG DEMOKRASI...........................................................................52
3.4.1 Apa Itu Demokrasi?......................................................................................................52
3.4.2 Dua Konsep Dasar Demokrasi: Demokrasi Normatif dan Demokrasi Empirik...........55
3.4.3 Karakteristik Demokrasi...............................................................................................56
3.4.3.1 Liberal atau Kebebasan..............................................................................................56
3.4.3.2 Keadilan atau Persamaan...........................................................................................58
3.4.3.3 Kedaulatan.................................................................................................................58
BAB IV “KUASA” MICHEL FOUCAULT DAN RELEVANSINYA BAGI
PRAKSIS DEMOKRASI DI INDONESIA.......................................................................60
4.1 PENGANTAR.................................................................................................................60
4.2 REALITAS PRAKTEK DEMOKRASI DI INDONESIA .............................................61
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3. 4.2.1 Masa Republik Indonesia I (1945-1959): Demokrasi Konstitusional..........................61
4.2.2 Masa Republik Indonesia II (1959-1965): Demokrasi Terpimpin .............................63
4.2.3 Masa Republik Indonesia III (1965-1998): Masa Demokrasi Pancasila......................64
4.2.4 Masa Republik Indonesia IV (1998-sekarang): Masa Reformasi.................................66
4.3 KUASA FOUCAULT DAN RELEVANSINYA BAGI PRAKSIS
DEMOKRASI INDONESIA ..........................................................................................67
4.3.1 Relasi Kuasa Bagi Politik Demokrasi Indonesia..........................................................69
4.3.2 Retaknya Relasi Kuasa Antar Aktor Demokrasi..........................................................70
4.3.3 Relasi Kuasa Antar Struktur Yang Timpang................................................................73
4.3.4 Trisula Demokrasi Harus Bekerja Komprehensif.........................................................75
4.3.5 Pemerintahan Yang Demokratis...................................................................................76
4.3.5.1 Kedaulatan Rakyat.....................................................................................................77
4.3.5.2 Kesetaraan politik......................................................................................................78
4.3.5.3 Konsultasi Rakyat......................................................................................................79
4.3.5.4 Kekuasaan Mayoritas.................................................................................................79
4.4 DEMOKRASI SEBAGAI PROSES PEMBEBASAN KEKUASAAN..........................80
4.4.1 Hakekat Etis Demokrasi...............................................................................................80
4.4.2 Hakekat Empiris Demokrasi.........................................................................................81
4.4.3 Demokrasi Sebagai Pembebasan Kekuasaan................................................................83
4.5 CATATAN KRITIS.........................................................................................................84
BAB V PENUTUP................................................................................................................87
5.1 KESIMPULAN................................................................................................................87
5.2 SARAN............................................................................................................................89
DAFTAR PUSTAKA...........................................................................................................91
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