Cara Menggugurkan Kandungan Dengan Cepat Selesai Dalam 24 Jam Secara Alami Bu...
Oral Dosage Forms and their description.
1. Exercise to be written in journal
ORS & Dosage forms,
inhalational, oral, parenteral,
topical II term
2. Exercise 1
Describe the types, their ingredients and the
quantity of oral rehydration solution
3. Types of ORS :
ORS – Bicarbonate
• Sodium chloride 3.5 g
• Sodium bicarbonate 2.5 g
• Potassium chloride 1.5 g
• Glucose 20 g
• Portable water 1 lit.
• Glucose: helps in absorption of Na
• Na2CO3: Prevent acidosis
4. Types of ORS (contd.) :
ORS – Citrate
• Sodium chloride 3.5 g
• Trisodium citrate dehydrate 2.9 g
• Potassium chloride 1.5 g
• Glucose 20 g
• Portable water 1 lit.
Advantages of ORS-citrate :
• Based on cholera stools
• Citrate: prevent acidosis and gives longer shelf life to ORS.
Disadvantages of ORS-citrate :
• Edema: excess of Na
• ↑ stool frequency: excess glucose acts as laxative
5. Types of ORS (contd.) :
New formula WHO ORS – Citrate
• Sodium chloride 2.6 g
• Tri-sodium citrate dehydrate 2.9 g
• Potassium chloride 1.5 g
• Glucose 13.5 g
• Portable water 1 lit.
• Based on rota virus stools.
6.
7. Exercise 2.Describe the action of every ingredient
in oral rehydration solution
• Sodium chloride: Facilitate water absorption in small
intestine in addition to replacement of Na losses
• Potassium chloride: Maintains nerve muscle activity
• Trisodium citrate: corrects acidosis
• Glucose: Facilitate sodium and water absorption due to
sodium-glucose symport
• Water: To replace fluid loss and as vehicle
8. Exercise 3.Describe uses of oral rehydration
solution
• Mild to moderate dehydration due to diarrhea or to
replace fluid & electrolyte losses due to any other
reasons like vomiting, excess sweating, burns, etc
• In mild dehydration (body wt. loss <5%), requiring 50
ml/kg of ORS within 4-6 hrs in small divided doses at ½-
1 hrly interval
• In moderate dehydration (body wt. loss 6-10%), requiring
100 ml/kg of ORS within 4-6 hrs. in small divided doses
at ½- 1 hrly interval
• Maintainence doses of ORS is equal to rate of fluid loss
and is approx. 100-200 ml/kg/day
9. Exercise 4. Enumerate precautions in using oral
rehydration solution
• Precipitation of congestive heart failure, edema
and hypertension
10. Exercise 5.Describe the importance of proper
storage of oral rehydration solution
• Oral rehydration salt is to be protected from moisture
and stored at cool & dry place.
• If not stored properly, caking and brown discoloration of
oral rehydration salt can occur due to formation of
furfural compounds (was more with bicarbonate but is
less with trisodium citrate and thus shelf life of ORS
powder is increased.)
• Oral rehydration solution when prepared is to be
refrigerated and is to be consumed within 24 hours.
11. Exercise 6. Describe the steps in the preparation
of Oral Rehydration Solution from ORS packet
1. Readymade ORS packet may be available for 1000ml
or 200ml of ORS
2. Take the ORS packet as per patients requirement and
storage facility
3. Check its expiry date and ensure that packet is air tight.
4. Read the instruction for preparation and use.
5. For ORS packet of 1 Litre - take 1 Litre boiled and
cooled filtered/mineral water – Add all the contents of
the packet
6. Mix well till the whole ORS powder is dissolved properly
7. Refrigerate ORS prepared and use within 24 hours
12. Exercise 7
• Describe the steps to prepare Oral Rehydration
Solution at home, instructions to patient and
advantages of home made ORS.
13. 1. Take 1 Litre boiled and cooled filtered/mineral water
2. Add 6 medium size level teaspoons (30g approx.) of
sugar or 3 teaspoons of glucose
3. Add half level teaspoon of common salt
4. Add a pinch of baking soda (if available) or half to one
lemon juice
5. Mix all the contents properly and use within 24 hours.
14. Exercise 8. State the advantages and
disadvantages of Inhalational dosage forms
ADVANTAGES
• Onset of action is fast
Systemic toxicity is less
eg.steroid in asthma
• Targeted delivery of drug
Less amount of drug is
needed
DISADVANTAGES
• Reflex bronchospasm
• Oral candidiasis
(steroids)
• Patient has to learn the
technique
17. Exercise 11. Mention the steps for drug
administration by MDI
1. Check that the inhaler is correctly assembled and
thoroughly dry. If the inhaler is being used for the first
time or after a long time, test-fire once in the air
(priming).
2. Shake the inhaler well. Take a few deep breaths and
breathe out.
3. Hold the inhaler with the canister upside down and the
mouthpiece downwards.
4. Grip the mouth piece of the inhaler firmly with lips (do
not bite).
5. Tilt head slightly backwards and start inhaling deeply.
18. Exercise11. Mention the steps for drug
administration by MDI
6. Just as you start inhaling, activate the inhaler
(Actuation). This is done by pressing the drug canister
down to the full extent and requires some practice. After
completing inhalation, remove inhaler from mouth quickly
and hold breath for as long as you can (10 sec). Then
breathe out slowly.
7. If you require more than one puff, repeat the procedure
after waiting for at least one minute.
8. Rinse the throat thoroughly to clear deposits.
19. Exercise 11. Mention the steps for drug
administration by MDI
Precautions:
1. Clean inhaler at least once a week, but not the drug
canister. Dry thoroughly afterwards.
2. While replacing drug canisters or cleaning the inhaler,
make sure that the inhaler is reassembled correctly.
3. Do not expose canister to flame, heat, direct sunlight
and do not try to force open a canister
20. Exercise 12. What are the advantages of using a
Spacer?
Advantages of using spacer with MDI
1. Less deposition of drug in oral cavity ( less adverse
drug reactions )
2. Preferred in children, elderly and also can be used
during emergency when nebulizer is not available.
3. Synchronization between actuation and inhalation is
not needed
21. Exercise 13. What are the difference between
MDI and nebulizer?
MDI
• Needs coordination with
breathing
• Difficult to use by children
and elderly
• Difficult to use in severe
attack
• Convenient handheld
device which can be
carried along One
formulation can be given
at a time
NEBULIZER
• Does not need
coordination with
breathing
• Preferred in children and
elderly
• Can be used in severe
attack
• Large device, usually has
to be used at patient's
bed side More than one
drug can be nebulized
simultaneously
22. Exercise 14. Mention the steps for drug
administration by using Rotahaler?
1. Hold the Rotahaler vertically and position the two halves of
the Rotahaler such that the fin is not directly below the
rotacap hole.
2. Remove the rotacap from its bottle and insert it into the
rotacap hole with its transparent end facing downwards
3. Hold the mouth piece firmly with one hand and rotate the
base.
4. Breathe out fully and place the mouthpiece of the Rotahaler
between your teeth. Close your lips tightly around it & tilt
your head slightly backward & breathe in through the mouth
rapidly & deeply.
5. Hold your breath for 10 seconds or for as long as you are
comfortable and then breathe out normally. In case some
powder remains repeat step 4
23. Exercise 14. Mention the steps for drug
administration by using Rotahaler?
Simple steps to clean rotahaler
1. Separate the two halves of the Rotahaler
2. Discard the empty rotacap shell
3. Rinse the two halves in clean running water
4. Shake well to remove excess water and leave to air dry
Note:
• Never use Rotahaler when it is wet
• Do not push any cloth or instrument into the mouthpiece
as this may damage the Rotahaler
• Keep the rotacap bottle tightly closed to avoid exposure to
moisture and remove a rotacap from its bottle and insert it
into the Rotahaler just before use.
