Presentation given to joint meeting of the Institute of STructural Engineers and the West Midlands Concrete Society in Birmingham on 24/05/11. The presentation discusses how to optimise the properties of concrete with reference to Eurocode 2.
Lecture - 01: Introduction to Reinforced Concrete DesignHezb
The document outlines the course content and structure for a Reinforced Concrete Design-II class taught by Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali, including topics that will be covered in the midterm and final terms such as one-way slab design, two-way slab design, earthquake design, and retaining walls. The grading policy and availability of course materials online are also mentioned. The document serves as an introduction and overview for students taking the Reinforced Concrete Design-II course.
This document discusses the equivalent frame method for analyzing two-way slabs. It introduces the equivalent frame method, which transforms a 3D structural system into a 2D system by representing the stiffness of slab and beam members as Ksb, and the modified stiffness of columns as Kec. This allows the 3D behavior to be analyzed using conventional 2D frame analysis methods. The document then covers determining the values of Ksb and Kec to represent the slab and column stiffness in the equivalent frame.
This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete, including its key components and purposes. Reinforced concrete is a composite material made of concrete, which resists compression well but has low tensile strength, and steel reinforcing bars, which resist tension well. Together they create an economical and strong structural material. The document outlines structural elements, design considerations for safety, reliability, and economy, and limit state design principles which ensure structures do not fail under expected loads. It also discusses factors that affect concrete durability and different failure modes in reinforced concrete depending on steel reinforcement ratios.
- The document describes the design and detailing of flat slabs, which are concrete slabs supported directly by columns without beams.
- Key aspects covered include dimensional considerations, analysis methods, design for bending moments including division of panels and limiting negative moments, shear design and punching shear, deflection and crack control, and design procedures.
- An example problem is provided to illustrate the full design process for an internal panel with drops adjacent to edge panels.
This publication provides a concise compilation of selected rules in the Eurocode 8, together with relevant Cyprus National Annex, that relate to the design of common forms of concrete building structure in the South Europe. It id offers a detail view of the design of steel framed buildings to the structural Eurocodes and includes a set of worked examples showing the design of structural elements with using software (CSI ETABS). It is intended to be of particular to the people who want to become acquainted with design to the Eurocodes. Rules from EN 1998-1-1 for global analysis, type of analysis and verification checks are presented. Detail design rules for steel composite beam, steel column, steel bracing and composite slab with steel sheeting from EN 1998-1-1, EN1993-1-1 and EN1994-1-1 are presented. This guide covers the design of orthodox members in steel frames. It does not cover design rules for regularities. Certain practical limitations are given to the scope.
This document summarizes the key aspects of flat slab construction and design according to Indian code IS 456-2000. It defines flat slabs as slabs that are directly supported by columns without beams, and describes four common types based on whether drops and column heads are used. The main topics covered include guidelines for proportioning slabs and drops, methods for determining bending moments and shear forces, requirements for slab reinforcement, and an example problem demonstrating the design of an interior flat slab panel.
1. The document introduces reinforced concrete structures and provides an overview of their design process. It discusses common building elements like beams, slabs, columns, and foundations.
2. The design process involves analyzing loads, selecting an efficient structural form, evaluating safety, and planning construction. Designs must consider strength, serviceability, and safety factors.
3. Reinforced concrete is designed using limit state theory according to code BS 8110. Designs consider ultimate and serviceability limit states, and evaluate different load combinations and factors of safety.
This document provides details on the design and construction of flat slab structures. It discusses the benefits of flat slabs such as flexibility in layout, reduced building height and faster construction. Key considerations for design include wall and column placement, structural layout optimization, deflection checks, crack control and punching shear. Analysis involves dividing the slab into strips and determining moment and shear distributions. Reinforcement is arranged in two directions and detailing includes reinforcement lapping and service penetrations.
Lecture - 01: Introduction to Reinforced Concrete DesignHezb
The document outlines the course content and structure for a Reinforced Concrete Design-II class taught by Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali, including topics that will be covered in the midterm and final terms such as one-way slab design, two-way slab design, earthquake design, and retaining walls. The grading policy and availability of course materials online are also mentioned. The document serves as an introduction and overview for students taking the Reinforced Concrete Design-II course.
This document discusses the equivalent frame method for analyzing two-way slabs. It introduces the equivalent frame method, which transforms a 3D structural system into a 2D system by representing the stiffness of slab and beam members as Ksb, and the modified stiffness of columns as Kec. This allows the 3D behavior to be analyzed using conventional 2D frame analysis methods. The document then covers determining the values of Ksb and Kec to represent the slab and column stiffness in the equivalent frame.
This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete, including its key components and purposes. Reinforced concrete is a composite material made of concrete, which resists compression well but has low tensile strength, and steel reinforcing bars, which resist tension well. Together they create an economical and strong structural material. The document outlines structural elements, design considerations for safety, reliability, and economy, and limit state design principles which ensure structures do not fail under expected loads. It also discusses factors that affect concrete durability and different failure modes in reinforced concrete depending on steel reinforcement ratios.
- The document describes the design and detailing of flat slabs, which are concrete slabs supported directly by columns without beams.
- Key aspects covered include dimensional considerations, analysis methods, design for bending moments including division of panels and limiting negative moments, shear design and punching shear, deflection and crack control, and design procedures.
- An example problem is provided to illustrate the full design process for an internal panel with drops adjacent to edge panels.
This publication provides a concise compilation of selected rules in the Eurocode 8, together with relevant Cyprus National Annex, that relate to the design of common forms of concrete building structure in the South Europe. It id offers a detail view of the design of steel framed buildings to the structural Eurocodes and includes a set of worked examples showing the design of structural elements with using software (CSI ETABS). It is intended to be of particular to the people who want to become acquainted with design to the Eurocodes. Rules from EN 1998-1-1 for global analysis, type of analysis and verification checks are presented. Detail design rules for steel composite beam, steel column, steel bracing and composite slab with steel sheeting from EN 1998-1-1, EN1993-1-1 and EN1994-1-1 are presented. This guide covers the design of orthodox members in steel frames. It does not cover design rules for regularities. Certain practical limitations are given to the scope.
This document summarizes the key aspects of flat slab construction and design according to Indian code IS 456-2000. It defines flat slabs as slabs that are directly supported by columns without beams, and describes four common types based on whether drops and column heads are used. The main topics covered include guidelines for proportioning slabs and drops, methods for determining bending moments and shear forces, requirements for slab reinforcement, and an example problem demonstrating the design of an interior flat slab panel.
1. The document introduces reinforced concrete structures and provides an overview of their design process. It discusses common building elements like beams, slabs, columns, and foundations.
2. The design process involves analyzing loads, selecting an efficient structural form, evaluating safety, and planning construction. Designs must consider strength, serviceability, and safety factors.
3. Reinforced concrete is designed using limit state theory according to code BS 8110. Designs consider ultimate and serviceability limit states, and evaluate different load combinations and factors of safety.
This document provides details on the design and construction of flat slab structures. It discusses the benefits of flat slabs such as flexibility in layout, reduced building height and faster construction. Key considerations for design include wall and column placement, structural layout optimization, deflection checks, crack control and punching shear. Analysis involves dividing the slab into strips and determining moment and shear distributions. Reinforcement is arranged in two directions and detailing includes reinforcement lapping and service penetrations.
This document summarizes a research paper on using a k-means clustering method to detect brain tumors in MRI images. The paper introduces brain tumors and MRI imaging. It then describes using k-means clustering for tumor segmentation, which groups similar image patterns into clusters to identify the tumor region. The paper presents results of applying k-means to two MRI images, including statistical measures of segmentation accuracy, tumor area comparison, and timing. The k-means method achieved average rand index of 0.8358, low average errors, and tumor areas close to manual segmentation in under 3 seconds, demonstrating potential for accurate and efficient brain tumor detection.
The document describes a student project that aims to develop an automated system to detect and classify breast cancer using higher order spectra and data mining techniques. The project uses mammogram images of 80 normal breasts, 75 benign breasts, and 50 cancerous breasts from a public database. Image features are extracted using techniques like Radon transform and higher order spectra. These features are then classified using support vector machines and Gaussian mixture models. The results show the accuracy of the different classifiers in identifying the three types of mammograms.
Influence of social division in politics leads toGodwin Michael
Social division in society can influence politics and lead to chaos if exploited. The document discusses how society is divided along lines of gender, caste, and religion. It notes that women are often relegated to domestic roles and paid less than men for the same work. The caste system in India historically divided people by occupation but over time birth became the determinant of caste status, oppressing lower castes. When political parties compete based on social divisions like religion it can exacerbate tensions and potentially lead to conflict and violence. However, political expression of social divisions can also help marginalized groups voice grievances and seek government remedies.
Children often play together and enjoy a variety of sports and activities. Some of their favorite sports include athletics, martial arts, gymnastics, football, basketball, track, volleyball, and swimming. The document discusses playing with balls, kites, scooters, and skipping ropes. It also mentions that while it's fun to win, it's not the end of the world to lose, and that participating is what really matters.
This sequence from the film Vampire's Assistant uses visual elements like animation, darkness, and gothic backgrounds to set the tone of a comedy horror genre targeted at a younger audience. Shots progress like a storybook, with strands of DNA and connections between coffins implying an impending change and unity amongst characters. Characters revealed have stylized scary features like red eyes to create a dark feeling. The puppetry and split frames with contrasting colors imply all characters have an evil side and lack control over unfolding events, driven by a domineering main antagonist.
The marketing plan outlines the agent's strategy for selling a home. It involves pre-marketing activities like taking photos and videos, informing other agents of the upcoming listing, and preparing ads. The plan then discusses MLS marketing, ongoing marketing reviews, negotiating strategy, and post-offer support through closing. The document emphasizes representing the homeowner, obtaining the best price and terms, and ensuring a successful sale.
The volleyball team for boys under 16 is coached by Mr. Noah Ward. Mr. Ward has been coaching volleyball for 10 years and has led previous teams to state championships. This year the team hopes to improve on their regional runner-up finish from last season under Mr. Ward's leadership.
This document contains tips for students to succeed in a course, including arriving on time prepared with materials, attempting all homework, reviewing notes daily, asking questions, getting extra help when needed, forming study groups, setting aside regular homework time, participating in blogs and emails. It also references Sisyphus and the curve of forgetting.
This document summarizes a research paper on using a k-means clustering method to detect brain tumors in MRI images. The paper introduces brain tumors and MRI imaging. It then describes using k-means clustering for tumor segmentation, which groups similar image patterns into clusters to identify the tumor region. The paper presents results of applying k-means to two MRI images, including statistical measures of segmentation accuracy, tumor area comparison, and timing. The k-means method achieved average rand index of 0.8358, low average errors, and tumor areas close to manual segmentation in under 3 seconds, demonstrating potential for accurate and efficient brain tumor detection.
The document describes a student project that aims to develop an automated system to detect and classify breast cancer using higher order spectra and data mining techniques. The project uses mammogram images of 80 normal breasts, 75 benign breasts, and 50 cancerous breasts from a public database. Image features are extracted using techniques like Radon transform and higher order spectra. These features are then classified using support vector machines and Gaussian mixture models. The results show the accuracy of the different classifiers in identifying the three types of mammograms.
Influence of social division in politics leads toGodwin Michael
Social division in society can influence politics and lead to chaos if exploited. The document discusses how society is divided along lines of gender, caste, and religion. It notes that women are often relegated to domestic roles and paid less than men for the same work. The caste system in India historically divided people by occupation but over time birth became the determinant of caste status, oppressing lower castes. When political parties compete based on social divisions like religion it can exacerbate tensions and potentially lead to conflict and violence. However, political expression of social divisions can also help marginalized groups voice grievances and seek government remedies.
Children often play together and enjoy a variety of sports and activities. Some of their favorite sports include athletics, martial arts, gymnastics, football, basketball, track, volleyball, and swimming. The document discusses playing with balls, kites, scooters, and skipping ropes. It also mentions that while it's fun to win, it's not the end of the world to lose, and that participating is what really matters.
This sequence from the film Vampire's Assistant uses visual elements like animation, darkness, and gothic backgrounds to set the tone of a comedy horror genre targeted at a younger audience. Shots progress like a storybook, with strands of DNA and connections between coffins implying an impending change and unity amongst characters. Characters revealed have stylized scary features like red eyes to create a dark feeling. The puppetry and split frames with contrasting colors imply all characters have an evil side and lack control over unfolding events, driven by a domineering main antagonist.
The marketing plan outlines the agent's strategy for selling a home. It involves pre-marketing activities like taking photos and videos, informing other agents of the upcoming listing, and preparing ads. The plan then discusses MLS marketing, ongoing marketing reviews, negotiating strategy, and post-offer support through closing. The document emphasizes representing the homeowner, obtaining the best price and terms, and ensuring a successful sale.
The volleyball team for boys under 16 is coached by Mr. Noah Ward. Mr. Ward has been coaching volleyball for 10 years and has led previous teams to state championships. This year the team hopes to improve on their regional runner-up finish from last season under Mr. Ward's leadership.
This document contains tips for students to succeed in a course, including arriving on time prepared with materials, attempting all homework, reviewing notes daily, asking questions, getting extra help when needed, forming study groups, setting aside regular homework time, participating in blogs and emails. It also references Sisyphus and the curve of forgetting.
7. Voids
Voids within C-S-H 0.001 m
CH
0.01 m
CH Capillary voids
0.1 m
CH
CH
1.0 m
10 m
CH
CH
100 m
CH
1mm
CH Entrapped voids
10mm
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9. Cement Additions
• Portland cement (20 m)
• GGBS (<20 m) 2100X
• Fly ash (10 m)
• Silica fume (0.1 m)
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10. Cement Additions
• Portland cement (20 m)
1000X
• GGBS (<20 m)
• Fly ash (10 m)
• Silica fume (0.1 m)
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11. Cement Additions
2,000,000 SF grains : 1 PC grain
• Portland cement (20 m)
• GGBS (<20 m)
• Fly ash (10 m)
• Silica fume (0.1 m)
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37. Calculating Shrinkage
• Combination of
• Autogenous shrinkage (typically <100µε) Important for
•Reinforcement
• Drying shrinkage
requirements
(plastic shrinkage ignored) •Deflections
•Wall / column
shortening
•Loss of pre-stress
•Stress relaxation
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38. Autogenous Shrinkage
• Autogenous shrinkage
• Significant in high strength concrete
εca(∞) for C90/105 = 200µε
• BE EN 1992-1-1 recommends should be specifically considered
when new concrete cast against hardened concrete
Strength
Age
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39. Drying Shrinkage
Cement class
Strength
Relative Humidity
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40. Drying Shrinkage over time
Geometry
Age, curing period, geometry
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41. Drying Shrinkage
300
C35/45
250 R
RH 80%
200
S
εcd(t)
150
100
50
0
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Days
450mm thick suspended slab cured for 9 days
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42. Understanding cement class
Class Cement Type
The R & N in EN1992-1-1 are
different to R & N in EN197-1
R CEM42.5R,
CEM52.5N,
CEM52.5R
N CEM32.5R,
CEM42.5N,
S CEM32.5N
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43. Understanding cement class
Class Cement Type
…. and BS8500-2 introduces
an L designation
R CEM42.5R,
CEM52.5N,
CEM52.5R
N CEM32.5R,
CEM42.5N,
S CEM32.5N
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44. Effect of additions on autogenous
shrinkage
From CIRIA C660 Appendix A4
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45. How to reduce shrinkage
• Aggregate content
(71 to 74% ~ 20%
reduction!)
• Aggregate size
(impacts paste volume)
• Aggregate type
• Admixtures
(water / shrinkage reducing)
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46. How to reduce shrinkage
• Aggregate content
(71 to 74% ~ 20%
reduction!)
• Aggregate size
(impacts paste volume)
• Aggregate type
• Admixtures
(water / shrinkage reducing)
www.urs-scottwilson.com
47. How to reduce shrinkage
• Aggregate content
(71 to 74% ~ 20%
reduction!)
• Aggregate size
(impacts paste volume)
• Aggregate type
• Admixtures
(water / shrinkage
reducing)
www.urs-scottwilson.com
48. How to reduce shrinkage
• Aggregate content
(71 to 74% ~ 20%
reduction!)
• Aggregate size
(impacts paste volume)
• Aggregate type
• Admixtures
(water / shrinkage
reducing)
www.urs-scottwilson.com
49. How to reduce shrinkage
• Aggregate content
(71 to 74% ~ 20%
reduction!)
• Aggregate size 0.05
(impacts paste volume) 0.04
Length change (%)
0.03
• Aggregate type 0.02
0.01
• Admixtures
0
(water / shrinkage reducing) -0.01
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Days
-0.02
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