!
"
#
$
OPINION
How armed police officers on campus have become a ubiquitous
part of American college life
Angela Wright: Over 100 American universities have contracts with the U.S. Department of Defense. This has
allowed universities to procure grenade launchers, armoured vehicles and military assault riBes like the M-16.
By Angela Wright
June 25, 2020
Police arrest an African-American protester, whose face is bloodied following a confrontation with police, during an anti-Vietnam War protest near 14th street in
Manhattan, New York City, New York following the Kent State shooting, May 7, 1970. (Stuart Lutz/Gado/Getty)
Angela Wright is a writer and political analyst based in Toronto.
It was just after midnight. I was finishing up what had become a nightly routine: a late-night study session with
friends at the library. It was a cool fall night, and my friend offered to drive us to our on-campus apartments. Just as
we pulled into the parking lot of my friend’s apartment complex on campus, bright headlights flooded the
windshield.
20 Ingenious Inventions 2020
They're selling like crazy.Everybody
wants them
Techgadgetstrends.com
How armed police officers on campus have become a ubiquitou... https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/how-armed-police-officers-on...
1 of 4 9/9/20, 9:23 PM
A police officer appro
dropping us off, my o
reminded that I wasn’t in Canada anymore. In the United States, campus police carry guns. I sat in the back seat in
sheer silence, staring at my friend’s campus parking pass hanging from the rearview mirror.
With the world’s eyes fixated on the violence of municipal police forces, the central role of armed police forces on
American university campuses have flown under the radar. And the history that brought so many armed police
officers to campuses across the U.S. is marred with controversy as well as death.
MORE: Hal Johnson: ‘Yes, there is systemic racism in Canada’
The first college police force was formed in 1894 at Yale University, but it wasn’t until the 1960s that armed police
officers on campus became a ubiquitous part of American college life. Unlike municipal police forces, who are
funded with municipal budgets and paid with local taxes, university police departments are employed directly by
universities.
As Baby Boomers entered university, the 1960s anti-segregation protests gave way to a growing anti-war protest
against the U.S. military’s increasing involvement in Vietnam. But in 1965, the military made changes to draft
eligibility: previously, young men enrolled as undergraduate and graduate students in universities were exempt
from the draft. Now, desperate for more soldiers, only the highest-achieving students would be exempt. Using
various testing methods, universities ranked their students, and only those whose scores tested above a certain cut
off would be exempt from the draft.
University students staged anti-war teach-ins across campuses and protested their universities’ ...
(U) WHAT INSIGHTS ARE DERIVED FROM OPERATION ANACONDA IN REGARDS TMoseStaton39
(U) WHAT INSIGHTS ARE DERIVED FROM OPERATION ANACONDA IN REGARDS TO THE NCO COMMON CORE COMPENTENCY (NCOCCC) OF OPERATIONS?
The NCOCCC of Operations is a combination of operational skill sets that, when mastered by senior leaders can save lives and ensure effective unified action. Some of its key tenets include: Large-scale combat operations; understanding operational and mission variables; resolving complex, ill-structured problems with the use of Mission Command; and understanding how to integrate the different branches of the military into successful joint operations (Department of the Army [DA], 2020, pp. 2-3). This final principle of conducting joint operations becomes increasingly important as contemporary conflicts continue to venture further into the realm of multi-domain warfare (Marr, 2018, pp. 10-11). In order to execute such a complex task, Joint Force Commanders (JFC) must “integrate, synchronize, and direct joint operations” through the use of seven Joint Functions (Joint Chiefs of Staff [JCS], 2017, p. III-1). One of these functions, Command and Control, is how the JFC directs the forces toward accomplishment of the mission, and its essential task is to “Communicate and ensure the flow of information across the staff and joint force” (JCS, 2017, p. III-2). This task is critical to the creation of a shared understanding, which allows the separate branches to work seamlessly together toward a common goal. The absence of this unifying component hinders missions and increases casualties. In Operation ANACONDA, JFC Major General (MG) Hagenbeck failed to create such a shared understanding with his subordinate Air Force assets, which contributed to increasing the amount of casualties his forces incurred. Although the warning order was published on 6 January, MG Hagenbeck did not notify the Combined Force Air Component Commander of Operation ANACONDA until 23 February, just days before the operation began (Fleri et al., 2003). This failure to ensure the flow of information across the joint force, caused downstream effects in planning and preparation that led to diminished air support during the initial stages of the operation. As noted by Lambeth (2005) in his comprehensive analysis, “because so little air support had been requested…coalition troops entered the fight virtually unprotected by any preparatory and suppressive fire” (pp. 204-205). Operation Anaconda provides a clear case of how proficiency in the realm of Operations can result in fewer U.S. casualties.
M451: Decisive Action
Case Study Defense Support of Civil Authorities
1. Scenario
Good morning, welcome to VNN -- local officials are celebrating this morning as a new industrial
park is being christened in our community, there’s a ribbon-cutting scheduled for 10am this
morning. Officials say the new Hampton Industrial Park will bring millions of dollars of new tax
revenues and thousands of new jobs to state and local communities. But a group of activi ...
(Remarks)Please keep in mind that the assiMoseStaton39
(Remarks)
Please keep in mind that the assignment states, "Each of your sections’ content must be at least one full page in length, in Times New Roman 12-pt. font, double-spaced, with 1” margins." When you turn something in that is about half of the required length, you take a bit of a double hit. The first hit is for not meeting minimum expectations for the assignment. The second hit is for not going into as much detail as needed to get a high grade. I can see that you are ahead on the sections. That is not a problem as those have not been graded yet. However, understand that as is, they will also have significant point deductions.
1
4
A Pollution Prevention Plan (P3) Pre-Assessment Study
[Student name here…remove brackets]
Columbia Southern University
ENV 4301: Pollution Prevention
[Instructor name here…remove brackets]
[Date here…remove brackets]
Abstract
Block one full paragraph (no indenting the first line or any subsequent lines). Provide one full sentence here for each unit as you complete a level 1 heading section, describing what material or calculations were presented in that section. By the time the Unit VII material is complete, you will have six or seven sentences in this abstract (one for each unit, for Units II–VII).
Pollution Prevention Plan (P3) Pre-Assessment Study
General Operational Characteristics
Start typing here for Unit II in non-italicized font (despite the different font types and sizes allowed with APA 7th edition, please stay in Times New Roman 12-pt. font for this document, since this template is already in that font and size), citing with
CSU APA Citation Guide p. 6 styled citations to defend what you state as fact.
Potential Ecological Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit II. Remove each blank section before submittal in each unit.
Potential Human Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit III.
Potential Societal Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit IV.
Risk Assessment and Regulatory Requirements
Fill this in for Unit V.
Pollution Prevention Technologies
Fill this in for Unit VI.
Engineering Opportunities for Pollution Prevention
Fill this in for Unit VII.
References
Brusseau, M. L., Pepper, I. L., & Gerba, C. P. (2019).
Environmental and pollution science (3rd ed.). Academic Press. https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780128147207
List additional references here alphabetically (you may need to list some before the textbook reference). Be sure to double-space and use a hanging indent for each subsequent line in each reference entry, formatting according to CSU APA Citation Guide pp. 8–11.
1
4
A Pollution Prevention Plan (P4) Pre-Assessment Study
Abstract
This undertaking essentially entails a Pre-Assessment study on behalf of the board of directors at ABC Agriculture Production Inc; it explores the general operational characteristics, potential ecological health effects, potential human health impacts, potential societal health impacts, risk ...
(This is provided as an example of the paper layout and spacMoseStaton39
This document provides an outline and instructions for a business report on improving the hiring process at Maryland Technology Consultants (MTC). The report should include: an introduction explaining the context and purpose of the report; an analysis of how improving hiring supports MTC's business strategy and competitive advantage; objectives and metrics for strategic goals; how decision-making roles would use information from the new system; and a process analysis of the current and improved hiring processes. The report should follow APA style guidelines and include references.
(Student Name)Date of EncounterPreceptorClinical SiteClMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Grivel J. Hera Gomez APRN, FNP-C
Soap Note # ____ Main Diagnosis ______________
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name:
Age:
Gender at Birth:
Gender Identity:
Source:
Allergies:
Current Medications:
·
PMH:
Immunizations:
Preventive Care:
Surgical History:
Family History:
Social History:
Sexual Orientation:
Nutrition History:
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint:
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is …
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
RESPIRATORY:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
GENITOURINARY:
MUSCULOSKELETAL:
SKIN:
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS:
GENERAL APPREARANCE:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
RESPIRATORY:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
MUSKULOSKELETAL:
INTEGUMENTARY:
ASSESSMENT:
Main Diagnosis
(Include the name of your Main Diagnosis along with its ICD10 I10. (Look at PDF example provided) Include the in-text reference/s as per APA style 6th or 7th Edition.
Differential diagnosis (minimum 3)
-
-
-
PLAN:
Labs and Diagnostic Test to be ordered (if applicable)
· -
· -
Pharmacological treatment:
-
Non-Pharmacologic treatment:
Education (provide the most relevant ones tailored to your patient)
Follow-ups/Referrals
References (in APA Style)
Examples
Codina Leik, M. T. (2014). Family Nurse Practitioner Certification Intensive Review (2nd ed.).
ISBN 978-0-8261-3424-0
Domino, F., Baldor, R., Golding, J., Stephens, M. (2010). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2010
(25th ed.). Print (The 5-Minute Consult Series).
(Student Name)
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Dr. David Trabanco DNP, APRN, AGNP-C, FNP-C
Soap Note # Main Diagnosis ( Exp: Soap Note #3 DX: Hypertension)
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Mr. DT
Age: 68-year-old
Gender at Birth: Male
Gender Identity: Male
Source: Patient
Allergies: PCN, Iodine
Current Medications:
· Atorvastatin tab 20 mg, 1-tab PO at bedtime
· ASA 81mg po daily
· Multi-Vitamin Centrum Silver
PMH: Hypercholesterolemia
Immunizations: Influenza last 2018-year, tetanus, and hepatitis A and B 4 years ago.
Preventive Care: Coloscopy 5 years ago (Negative)
Surgical History: Appendectomy 47 years ago.
Family History: Father- died 81 does not report information
Mother-alive, 88 years old, Diabetes Mellitus, HTN
Daughter-alive, 34 years old, healthy
Social History: No smoking history or illicit drug use, occasional alcoholic beverage consumption on social celebrations. Retired, widow, he lives alone.
Sexual Orientation: Straight
Nutrition History: Diets off and on, Does not each seafood
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “headaches” that started two weeks ago
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is 65 years old male who complaining of episodes of headaches and on 3 different occasions blood pressure was measured, which was high (159/100, 158/98 and 160/100 respectively). Patient noticed the problem started two weeks ago and somet ...
(TITLE)Sung Woo ParkInternational American UniversityFINMoseStaton39
(TITLE)
Sung Woo Park
International American University
FIN 500: Financial management
Vahick Yedgarian, Ph.D., J.D., M.B.A., M.S.
April 15th, 2021
TITLE
According to the market analysis of Walmart, the retail firm is considered an unstoppable retail force. It is ranked as the first or number retail firm and the largest business organization in revenue and employee size. The company's total number of employees is estimated to be 2.2 million employees across its different stores. Apart from the retail business line, it also undertakes wholesale business activities (Tan, 2017). It provides all types of assortment merchandise as well as services for affordable costs. In this research paper, the main objective is to undertake a cash flow analysis statement of Walmart and its Relevance to its investors (Tan, 2017).
A cash flow statement is an important financial statement. A cash flow statement is understood as the financial statement that summarizes the financial or cash amounts. It is a summary of the amount in cash and cash equivalents (Murphy, 2021). In other words, it reflects the amount of cash entering and leaving an organization. The cash flow statement provides measures of a company’s financial strength and reflects its position in terms of revenue (Murphy, 2021). Besides, it helps investors to make the right financial decision.
The cash flow statement is an important financial document to investors. Investors always have a trait of looking at how a company is performing by evaluating the progress, the trends among other issues, and deciding whether to invest in the company. Investment decision-making in an in-depth analysis is usually achieved by looking at the cash flow performance based on an analysis of different elements of the statement.
The cash flow statement for Walmart is an important document to its investors. The cash flow statement of Walmart is an important measure of the profitability of the company. Besides, it provides investors with a clear picture and future projection outlook of how the company will be. Based on the analysis of the company’s cash flow statement company has been recording high levels of revenue over the past few years. As a result, it has been ranked as the largest company in terms of revenue collected. Such a specific entity of the company is a clear reflection that Walmart is indeed a profitable firm in profitability (Tan, 2017). Hence, it is a clear reflection to the investors that the company is making money instead of losses. For instance, over the past few years, the company has recorded a revenue increment and stability. The economic analysis measures the company revenue growth in terms of net sales changes to be 7.2% (WMT | Walmart Inc. Annual Cash Flow Statement | Market Watch. Market Watch, 2021). Such a growth rate is indeed admirable and attractive to investors searching for companies to invest in. The company's revenue level is a general overview and clear or direct instant and r ...
(Student Name) UniversityDate of EncounterPreceptorCliniMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor:
Soap Note # Main Diagnosis ( Exp: Soap Note #3 DX: Hypertension)
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Mr. DT
Age: 68-year-old
Gender at Birth: Male
Gender Identity: Male
Source: Patient
Allergies: PCN, Iodine
Current Medications:
· Atorvastatin tab 20 mg, 1-tab PO at bedtime
· ASA 81mg po daily
· Multi-Vitamin Centrum Silver
PMH: Hypercholesterolemia
Immunizations: Influenza last 2018-year, tetanus, and hepatitis A and B 4 years ago.
Preventive Care: Coloscopy 5 years ago (Negative)
Surgical History: Appendectomy 47 years ago.
Family History: Father- died 81 does not report information
Mother-alive, 88 years old, Diabetes Mellitus, HTN
Daughter-alive, 34 years old, healthy
Social History: No smoking history or illicit drug use, occasional alcoholic beverage consumption on social celebrations. Retired, widow, he lives alone.
Sexual Orientation: Straight
Nutrition History: Diets off and on, Does not each seafood
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “headaches” that started two weeks ago
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is 65 years old male who complaining of episodes of headaches and on 3 different occasions blood pressure was measured, which was high (159/100, 158/98 and 160/100 respectively). Patient noticed the problem started two weeks ago and sometimes it is accompanied by dizziness. He states that he has been under stress in his workplace for the last month. Patient denies chest pain, palpitation, shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting.
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL: Denies fever or chills. Denies weakness or weight loss. NEUROLOGIC: Headache and dizziness as describe above. Denies changes in LOC. Denies history of tremors or seizures.
HEENT: HEAD: Denies any head injury, or change in LOC. Eyes: Denies any changes in vision, diplopia or blurred vision. Ear: Denies pain in the ears. Denies loss of hearing or drainage. Nose: Denies nasal drainage, congestion. THROAT: Denies throat or neck pain, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing.
RESPIRATORY: Patient denies shortness of breath, cough or hemoptysis.
CARDIOVASCULAR: No chest pain, tachycardia. No orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal
dyspnea.
GASTROINTESTINAL: Denies abdominal pain or discomfort. Denies flatulence, nausea, vomiting or
diarrhea.
GENITOURINARY: Denies hematuria, dysuria or change in urinary frequency. Denies difficulty starting/stopping stream of urine or incontinence.
MUSCULOSKELETAL: Denies falls or pain. Denies hearing a clicking or snapping sound.
SKIN: No change of coloration such as cyanosis or jaundice, no rashes or pruritus.
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS: Temperature: 98.5 °F, Pulse: 87, BP: 159/92 mmhg, RR 20, PO2-98% on room air, Ht- 6’4”, Wt 200 lb, BMI 25. Report pain 2/10.
GENERAL APPREARANCE: The patient is alert and oriented x 3. No acute distress noted. NEUROLOGIC: Alert, CNII-XII grossly intact, oriented to person, ...
(Student Name)Miami Regional UniversityDate of EncounterMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Miami Regional University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Patricio Bidart MSN, APRN, FNP-C
Soap Note # ____ Main Diagnosis ______________
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name:
Age:
Gender at Birth:
Gender Identity:
Source:
Allergies:
Current Medications:
·
PMH:
Immunizations:
Preventive Care:
Surgical History:
Family History:
Social History:
Sexual Orientation:
Nutrition History:
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint:
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is …
Review of Systems (ROS) (This section is what the patient says, therefore should state Pt denies, or Pt states….. )
CONSTITUTIONAL:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
RESPIRATORY:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
GENITOURINARY:
MUSCULOSKELETAL:
SKIN:
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS:
GENERAL APPREARANCE:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
RESPIRATORY:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
MUSKULOSKELETAL:
INTEGUMENTARY:
ASSESSMENT:
(In a paragraph please state “your encounter with your patient and your findings ( including subjective and objective data)
Example : “Pt came in to our clinic c/o of ear pain. Pt states that the pain started 3 days ago after swimming. Pt denies discharge etc… on examination I noted this and that etc.)
Main Diagnosis
(Include the name of your Main Diagnosis along with its ICD10 I10. (Look at PDF example provided) Include the in-text reference/s as per APA style 6th or 7th Edition.
Differential diagnosis (minimum 3)
-
-
-
PLAN:
Labs and Diagnostic Test to be ordered (if applicable)
· -
· -
Pharmacological treatment:
-
Non-Pharmacologic treatment:
Education (provide the most relevant ones tailored to your patient)
Follow-ups/Referrals
References (in APA Style)
Examples
Codina Leik, M. T. (2014). Family Nurse Practitioner Certification Intensive Review (2nd ed.).
ISBN 978-0-8261-3424-0
Domino, F., Baldor, R., Golding, J., Stephens, M. (2010). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2010
(25th ed.). Print (The 5-Minute Consult Series).
Nutrition and Diet.
Semester:
Spring
Course:
MSN6150C Advanced Practice Pediatrics
Preceptor:
REYES-CHOUZA, CARLOS
Clinical Site:
IDEAL MEDICAL CENTER
Setting Type:
Patient Demographics
Age:
12 years
Race:
Black or African American
Gender:
Male
Insurance:
Medicaid
Referral:
No referral
Clinical Information
Time with Patient:
25 minutes
Consult with Preceptor:
15 minutes
Type of Decision-Making:
Moderate complexity
Reason for Visit:
New Consult
Chief Complaint:
Felling pressure behaving my eyes
Type of HP:
Detailed
Social Problems Addressed:
Sanitation/Hygiene
Emotional
Prevention
Procedures/Skills (Observed/Assisted/Performed)
Physical Assessment - Physical Assessment (Perf)
General Skills - Vital Signs (Perf)
ICD-10 Diagnosis Codes
#1 -
J01.10 - ACUTE FRONTAL SINUSITIS, UNSPECIFIED
CPT Billing Codes
#1 -
99214 - OFFICE/OP VISIT, EST PT, MEDICALLY APPROPRIATE HX/EXAM; MODERATE LEVEL MED DECISION; 30-39 MIN
Birth & Delivery
Medications
# OTC Drugs taken regularly:
0
# Prescriptions currently pre ...
(Student Name)Miami Regional UniversityDate of EncounterPMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Miami Regional University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Dr. David Trabanco DNP, APRN, AGNP-C, FNP-C
Soap Note #1 DX: Allergic Rhinitis
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Ms. JD
Age: 23-year-old
Gender at Birth: Female
Gender Identity: Female
Source: Patient
Allergies: NKDA
Current Medications:
· Cetirizine 10mg/d
· Mucinex-D
PMH:
Immunizations: Tetanus.
Preventive Care: No history.
Surgical History: No history of surgery.
Family History: Father- alive, 60 years old, healthy.
Mother-alive, 54 years old, HTN, hyperlipidemia.
Sister-alive, 20 years old, Asthma.
Social History: Denies alcohol, tobacco or illicit drugs use. College student, lives alone in campus hostels. Physically active and occasionally does exercise.
Sexual Orientation: Active
Nutrition History: Eats balance diet but avoids excessive junk food.
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “stuffy nose” that has lasted for two weeks.
Symptom analysis/HPI:
Ms. JD is a 23-year-old patient who presents with complaints of a stuffy nose, rhinorrhea, congestion and sneezing. She reports a spontaneous start of the symptoms that have remained consistent. Indicates no particular aggravating symptoms but reports higher severity of the symptoms in the morning. She complains of a sore throat and itchy eyes. She reports an all-day clear runny nose. She indicates consistent outdoor handball practice routine. She reports using Cetirizine and Mucinex-D which do not help. She denies vision or taste changes. She denies fever or chills. Denies diagnosis with allergies.
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL: Denies change in weight, fatigue, fever, night sweats or chills. NEUROLOGIC: Denies seizure, numbness or blackout.
HEENT: HEAD: Denies headache. Eyes: Reports itchy eyes. Denies vision change. Ear: Denies hearing loss, pain or discharge. Nose: Admits stuffiness, nasal congestion and clear discharge. Denies nose bleeds. THROAT: Reports a sore throat.
RESPIRATORY: Patient denies breathing difficulties, cough, wheezing, TB, pneumonia.
CARDIOVASCULAR: No palpitations or chest pain. No edema, PND or orthopnea.
GASTROINTESTINAL: Denies nausea, abdominal pains, vomiting and diarrhea. Denies ulcers hx.
GENITOURINARY: Denies change in urine color, urgency and frequency. Regular menses cycle. Denies ovulation pain. Denies hematuria and dysuria.
MUSCULOSKELETAL: Denies back and joint pains or stiffness.
SKIN: No skin rashes or lesions.
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS: Temperature: 36.7 °C, Pulse: 78, BP: 119/87 mmHg, RR 20, PO2-97% on room air, Ht- 1.60m, Wt 67kg, BMI 26.
GENERAL APPREARANCE: Healthy appearing. Alert and oriented x 3. No acute distress. Well-groomed and responds appropriately.
NEUROLOGIC: Alert, oriented, posture erect, clear speech. gait. to person, place, and time.
HEENT: Head: Normocephalic, atraumatic, symmetric, non-tender. Maxillary sinuses mild tenderness. Eyes: Bilateral conjunctival inject ...
(U) WHAT INSIGHTS ARE DERIVED FROM OPERATION ANACONDA IN REGARDS TMoseStaton39
(U) WHAT INSIGHTS ARE DERIVED FROM OPERATION ANACONDA IN REGARDS TO THE NCO COMMON CORE COMPENTENCY (NCOCCC) OF OPERATIONS?
The NCOCCC of Operations is a combination of operational skill sets that, when mastered by senior leaders can save lives and ensure effective unified action. Some of its key tenets include: Large-scale combat operations; understanding operational and mission variables; resolving complex, ill-structured problems with the use of Mission Command; and understanding how to integrate the different branches of the military into successful joint operations (Department of the Army [DA], 2020, pp. 2-3). This final principle of conducting joint operations becomes increasingly important as contemporary conflicts continue to venture further into the realm of multi-domain warfare (Marr, 2018, pp. 10-11). In order to execute such a complex task, Joint Force Commanders (JFC) must “integrate, synchronize, and direct joint operations” through the use of seven Joint Functions (Joint Chiefs of Staff [JCS], 2017, p. III-1). One of these functions, Command and Control, is how the JFC directs the forces toward accomplishment of the mission, and its essential task is to “Communicate and ensure the flow of information across the staff and joint force” (JCS, 2017, p. III-2). This task is critical to the creation of a shared understanding, which allows the separate branches to work seamlessly together toward a common goal. The absence of this unifying component hinders missions and increases casualties. In Operation ANACONDA, JFC Major General (MG) Hagenbeck failed to create such a shared understanding with his subordinate Air Force assets, which contributed to increasing the amount of casualties his forces incurred. Although the warning order was published on 6 January, MG Hagenbeck did not notify the Combined Force Air Component Commander of Operation ANACONDA until 23 February, just days before the operation began (Fleri et al., 2003). This failure to ensure the flow of information across the joint force, caused downstream effects in planning and preparation that led to diminished air support during the initial stages of the operation. As noted by Lambeth (2005) in his comprehensive analysis, “because so little air support had been requested…coalition troops entered the fight virtually unprotected by any preparatory and suppressive fire” (pp. 204-205). Operation Anaconda provides a clear case of how proficiency in the realm of Operations can result in fewer U.S. casualties.
M451: Decisive Action
Case Study Defense Support of Civil Authorities
1. Scenario
Good morning, welcome to VNN -- local officials are celebrating this morning as a new industrial
park is being christened in our community, there’s a ribbon-cutting scheduled for 10am this
morning. Officials say the new Hampton Industrial Park will bring millions of dollars of new tax
revenues and thousands of new jobs to state and local communities. But a group of activi ...
(Remarks)Please keep in mind that the assiMoseStaton39
(Remarks)
Please keep in mind that the assignment states, "Each of your sections’ content must be at least one full page in length, in Times New Roman 12-pt. font, double-spaced, with 1” margins." When you turn something in that is about half of the required length, you take a bit of a double hit. The first hit is for not meeting minimum expectations for the assignment. The second hit is for not going into as much detail as needed to get a high grade. I can see that you are ahead on the sections. That is not a problem as those have not been graded yet. However, understand that as is, they will also have significant point deductions.
1
4
A Pollution Prevention Plan (P3) Pre-Assessment Study
[Student name here…remove brackets]
Columbia Southern University
ENV 4301: Pollution Prevention
[Instructor name here…remove brackets]
[Date here…remove brackets]
Abstract
Block one full paragraph (no indenting the first line or any subsequent lines). Provide one full sentence here for each unit as you complete a level 1 heading section, describing what material or calculations were presented in that section. By the time the Unit VII material is complete, you will have six or seven sentences in this abstract (one for each unit, for Units II–VII).
Pollution Prevention Plan (P3) Pre-Assessment Study
General Operational Characteristics
Start typing here for Unit II in non-italicized font (despite the different font types and sizes allowed with APA 7th edition, please stay in Times New Roman 12-pt. font for this document, since this template is already in that font and size), citing with
CSU APA Citation Guide p. 6 styled citations to defend what you state as fact.
Potential Ecological Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit II. Remove each blank section before submittal in each unit.
Potential Human Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit III.
Potential Societal Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit IV.
Risk Assessment and Regulatory Requirements
Fill this in for Unit V.
Pollution Prevention Technologies
Fill this in for Unit VI.
Engineering Opportunities for Pollution Prevention
Fill this in for Unit VII.
References
Brusseau, M. L., Pepper, I. L., & Gerba, C. P. (2019).
Environmental and pollution science (3rd ed.). Academic Press. https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780128147207
List additional references here alphabetically (you may need to list some before the textbook reference). Be sure to double-space and use a hanging indent for each subsequent line in each reference entry, formatting according to CSU APA Citation Guide pp. 8–11.
1
4
A Pollution Prevention Plan (P4) Pre-Assessment Study
Abstract
This undertaking essentially entails a Pre-Assessment study on behalf of the board of directors at ABC Agriculture Production Inc; it explores the general operational characteristics, potential ecological health effects, potential human health impacts, potential societal health impacts, risk ...
(This is provided as an example of the paper layout and spacMoseStaton39
This document provides an outline and instructions for a business report on improving the hiring process at Maryland Technology Consultants (MTC). The report should include: an introduction explaining the context and purpose of the report; an analysis of how improving hiring supports MTC's business strategy and competitive advantage; objectives and metrics for strategic goals; how decision-making roles would use information from the new system; and a process analysis of the current and improved hiring processes. The report should follow APA style guidelines and include references.
(Student Name)Date of EncounterPreceptorClinical SiteClMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Grivel J. Hera Gomez APRN, FNP-C
Soap Note # ____ Main Diagnosis ______________
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name:
Age:
Gender at Birth:
Gender Identity:
Source:
Allergies:
Current Medications:
·
PMH:
Immunizations:
Preventive Care:
Surgical History:
Family History:
Social History:
Sexual Orientation:
Nutrition History:
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint:
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is …
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
RESPIRATORY:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
GENITOURINARY:
MUSCULOSKELETAL:
SKIN:
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS:
GENERAL APPREARANCE:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
RESPIRATORY:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
MUSKULOSKELETAL:
INTEGUMENTARY:
ASSESSMENT:
Main Diagnosis
(Include the name of your Main Diagnosis along with its ICD10 I10. (Look at PDF example provided) Include the in-text reference/s as per APA style 6th or 7th Edition.
Differential diagnosis (minimum 3)
-
-
-
PLAN:
Labs and Diagnostic Test to be ordered (if applicable)
· -
· -
Pharmacological treatment:
-
Non-Pharmacologic treatment:
Education (provide the most relevant ones tailored to your patient)
Follow-ups/Referrals
References (in APA Style)
Examples
Codina Leik, M. T. (2014). Family Nurse Practitioner Certification Intensive Review (2nd ed.).
ISBN 978-0-8261-3424-0
Domino, F., Baldor, R., Golding, J., Stephens, M. (2010). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2010
(25th ed.). Print (The 5-Minute Consult Series).
(Student Name)
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Dr. David Trabanco DNP, APRN, AGNP-C, FNP-C
Soap Note # Main Diagnosis ( Exp: Soap Note #3 DX: Hypertension)
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Mr. DT
Age: 68-year-old
Gender at Birth: Male
Gender Identity: Male
Source: Patient
Allergies: PCN, Iodine
Current Medications:
· Atorvastatin tab 20 mg, 1-tab PO at bedtime
· ASA 81mg po daily
· Multi-Vitamin Centrum Silver
PMH: Hypercholesterolemia
Immunizations: Influenza last 2018-year, tetanus, and hepatitis A and B 4 years ago.
Preventive Care: Coloscopy 5 years ago (Negative)
Surgical History: Appendectomy 47 years ago.
Family History: Father- died 81 does not report information
Mother-alive, 88 years old, Diabetes Mellitus, HTN
Daughter-alive, 34 years old, healthy
Social History: No smoking history or illicit drug use, occasional alcoholic beverage consumption on social celebrations. Retired, widow, he lives alone.
Sexual Orientation: Straight
Nutrition History: Diets off and on, Does not each seafood
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “headaches” that started two weeks ago
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is 65 years old male who complaining of episodes of headaches and on 3 different occasions blood pressure was measured, which was high (159/100, 158/98 and 160/100 respectively). Patient noticed the problem started two weeks ago and somet ...
(TITLE)Sung Woo ParkInternational American UniversityFINMoseStaton39
(TITLE)
Sung Woo Park
International American University
FIN 500: Financial management
Vahick Yedgarian, Ph.D., J.D., M.B.A., M.S.
April 15th, 2021
TITLE
According to the market analysis of Walmart, the retail firm is considered an unstoppable retail force. It is ranked as the first or number retail firm and the largest business organization in revenue and employee size. The company's total number of employees is estimated to be 2.2 million employees across its different stores. Apart from the retail business line, it also undertakes wholesale business activities (Tan, 2017). It provides all types of assortment merchandise as well as services for affordable costs. In this research paper, the main objective is to undertake a cash flow analysis statement of Walmart and its Relevance to its investors (Tan, 2017).
A cash flow statement is an important financial statement. A cash flow statement is understood as the financial statement that summarizes the financial or cash amounts. It is a summary of the amount in cash and cash equivalents (Murphy, 2021). In other words, it reflects the amount of cash entering and leaving an organization. The cash flow statement provides measures of a company’s financial strength and reflects its position in terms of revenue (Murphy, 2021). Besides, it helps investors to make the right financial decision.
The cash flow statement is an important financial document to investors. Investors always have a trait of looking at how a company is performing by evaluating the progress, the trends among other issues, and deciding whether to invest in the company. Investment decision-making in an in-depth analysis is usually achieved by looking at the cash flow performance based on an analysis of different elements of the statement.
The cash flow statement for Walmart is an important document to its investors. The cash flow statement of Walmart is an important measure of the profitability of the company. Besides, it provides investors with a clear picture and future projection outlook of how the company will be. Based on the analysis of the company’s cash flow statement company has been recording high levels of revenue over the past few years. As a result, it has been ranked as the largest company in terms of revenue collected. Such a specific entity of the company is a clear reflection that Walmart is indeed a profitable firm in profitability (Tan, 2017). Hence, it is a clear reflection to the investors that the company is making money instead of losses. For instance, over the past few years, the company has recorded a revenue increment and stability. The economic analysis measures the company revenue growth in terms of net sales changes to be 7.2% (WMT | Walmart Inc. Annual Cash Flow Statement | Market Watch. Market Watch, 2021). Such a growth rate is indeed admirable and attractive to investors searching for companies to invest in. The company's revenue level is a general overview and clear or direct instant and r ...
(Student Name) UniversityDate of EncounterPreceptorCliniMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor:
Soap Note # Main Diagnosis ( Exp: Soap Note #3 DX: Hypertension)
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Mr. DT
Age: 68-year-old
Gender at Birth: Male
Gender Identity: Male
Source: Patient
Allergies: PCN, Iodine
Current Medications:
· Atorvastatin tab 20 mg, 1-tab PO at bedtime
· ASA 81mg po daily
· Multi-Vitamin Centrum Silver
PMH: Hypercholesterolemia
Immunizations: Influenza last 2018-year, tetanus, and hepatitis A and B 4 years ago.
Preventive Care: Coloscopy 5 years ago (Negative)
Surgical History: Appendectomy 47 years ago.
Family History: Father- died 81 does not report information
Mother-alive, 88 years old, Diabetes Mellitus, HTN
Daughter-alive, 34 years old, healthy
Social History: No smoking history or illicit drug use, occasional alcoholic beverage consumption on social celebrations. Retired, widow, he lives alone.
Sexual Orientation: Straight
Nutrition History: Diets off and on, Does not each seafood
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “headaches” that started two weeks ago
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is 65 years old male who complaining of episodes of headaches and on 3 different occasions blood pressure was measured, which was high (159/100, 158/98 and 160/100 respectively). Patient noticed the problem started two weeks ago and sometimes it is accompanied by dizziness. He states that he has been under stress in his workplace for the last month. Patient denies chest pain, palpitation, shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting.
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL: Denies fever or chills. Denies weakness or weight loss. NEUROLOGIC: Headache and dizziness as describe above. Denies changes in LOC. Denies history of tremors or seizures.
HEENT: HEAD: Denies any head injury, or change in LOC. Eyes: Denies any changes in vision, diplopia or blurred vision. Ear: Denies pain in the ears. Denies loss of hearing or drainage. Nose: Denies nasal drainage, congestion. THROAT: Denies throat or neck pain, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing.
RESPIRATORY: Patient denies shortness of breath, cough or hemoptysis.
CARDIOVASCULAR: No chest pain, tachycardia. No orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal
dyspnea.
GASTROINTESTINAL: Denies abdominal pain or discomfort. Denies flatulence, nausea, vomiting or
diarrhea.
GENITOURINARY: Denies hematuria, dysuria or change in urinary frequency. Denies difficulty starting/stopping stream of urine or incontinence.
MUSCULOSKELETAL: Denies falls or pain. Denies hearing a clicking or snapping sound.
SKIN: No change of coloration such as cyanosis or jaundice, no rashes or pruritus.
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS: Temperature: 98.5 °F, Pulse: 87, BP: 159/92 mmhg, RR 20, PO2-98% on room air, Ht- 6’4”, Wt 200 lb, BMI 25. Report pain 2/10.
GENERAL APPREARANCE: The patient is alert and oriented x 3. No acute distress noted. NEUROLOGIC: Alert, CNII-XII grossly intact, oriented to person, ...
(Student Name)Miami Regional UniversityDate of EncounterMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Miami Regional University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Patricio Bidart MSN, APRN, FNP-C
Soap Note # ____ Main Diagnosis ______________
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name:
Age:
Gender at Birth:
Gender Identity:
Source:
Allergies:
Current Medications:
·
PMH:
Immunizations:
Preventive Care:
Surgical History:
Family History:
Social History:
Sexual Orientation:
Nutrition History:
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint:
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is …
Review of Systems (ROS) (This section is what the patient says, therefore should state Pt denies, or Pt states….. )
CONSTITUTIONAL:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
RESPIRATORY:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
GENITOURINARY:
MUSCULOSKELETAL:
SKIN:
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS:
GENERAL APPREARANCE:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
RESPIRATORY:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
MUSKULOSKELETAL:
INTEGUMENTARY:
ASSESSMENT:
(In a paragraph please state “your encounter with your patient and your findings ( including subjective and objective data)
Example : “Pt came in to our clinic c/o of ear pain. Pt states that the pain started 3 days ago after swimming. Pt denies discharge etc… on examination I noted this and that etc.)
Main Diagnosis
(Include the name of your Main Diagnosis along with its ICD10 I10. (Look at PDF example provided) Include the in-text reference/s as per APA style 6th or 7th Edition.
Differential diagnosis (minimum 3)
-
-
-
PLAN:
Labs and Diagnostic Test to be ordered (if applicable)
· -
· -
Pharmacological treatment:
-
Non-Pharmacologic treatment:
Education (provide the most relevant ones tailored to your patient)
Follow-ups/Referrals
References (in APA Style)
Examples
Codina Leik, M. T. (2014). Family Nurse Practitioner Certification Intensive Review (2nd ed.).
ISBN 978-0-8261-3424-0
Domino, F., Baldor, R., Golding, J., Stephens, M. (2010). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2010
(25th ed.). Print (The 5-Minute Consult Series).
Nutrition and Diet.
Semester:
Spring
Course:
MSN6150C Advanced Practice Pediatrics
Preceptor:
REYES-CHOUZA, CARLOS
Clinical Site:
IDEAL MEDICAL CENTER
Setting Type:
Patient Demographics
Age:
12 years
Race:
Black or African American
Gender:
Male
Insurance:
Medicaid
Referral:
No referral
Clinical Information
Time with Patient:
25 minutes
Consult with Preceptor:
15 minutes
Type of Decision-Making:
Moderate complexity
Reason for Visit:
New Consult
Chief Complaint:
Felling pressure behaving my eyes
Type of HP:
Detailed
Social Problems Addressed:
Sanitation/Hygiene
Emotional
Prevention
Procedures/Skills (Observed/Assisted/Performed)
Physical Assessment - Physical Assessment (Perf)
General Skills - Vital Signs (Perf)
ICD-10 Diagnosis Codes
#1 -
J01.10 - ACUTE FRONTAL SINUSITIS, UNSPECIFIED
CPT Billing Codes
#1 -
99214 - OFFICE/OP VISIT, EST PT, MEDICALLY APPROPRIATE HX/EXAM; MODERATE LEVEL MED DECISION; 30-39 MIN
Birth & Delivery
Medications
# OTC Drugs taken regularly:
0
# Prescriptions currently pre ...
(Student Name)Miami Regional UniversityDate of EncounterPMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Miami Regional University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Dr. David Trabanco DNP, APRN, AGNP-C, FNP-C
Soap Note #1 DX: Allergic Rhinitis
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Ms. JD
Age: 23-year-old
Gender at Birth: Female
Gender Identity: Female
Source: Patient
Allergies: NKDA
Current Medications:
· Cetirizine 10mg/d
· Mucinex-D
PMH:
Immunizations: Tetanus.
Preventive Care: No history.
Surgical History: No history of surgery.
Family History: Father- alive, 60 years old, healthy.
Mother-alive, 54 years old, HTN, hyperlipidemia.
Sister-alive, 20 years old, Asthma.
Social History: Denies alcohol, tobacco or illicit drugs use. College student, lives alone in campus hostels. Physically active and occasionally does exercise.
Sexual Orientation: Active
Nutrition History: Eats balance diet but avoids excessive junk food.
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “stuffy nose” that has lasted for two weeks.
Symptom analysis/HPI:
Ms. JD is a 23-year-old patient who presents with complaints of a stuffy nose, rhinorrhea, congestion and sneezing. She reports a spontaneous start of the symptoms that have remained consistent. Indicates no particular aggravating symptoms but reports higher severity of the symptoms in the morning. She complains of a sore throat and itchy eyes. She reports an all-day clear runny nose. She indicates consistent outdoor handball practice routine. She reports using Cetirizine and Mucinex-D which do not help. She denies vision or taste changes. She denies fever or chills. Denies diagnosis with allergies.
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL: Denies change in weight, fatigue, fever, night sweats or chills. NEUROLOGIC: Denies seizure, numbness or blackout.
HEENT: HEAD: Denies headache. Eyes: Reports itchy eyes. Denies vision change. Ear: Denies hearing loss, pain or discharge. Nose: Admits stuffiness, nasal congestion and clear discharge. Denies nose bleeds. THROAT: Reports a sore throat.
RESPIRATORY: Patient denies breathing difficulties, cough, wheezing, TB, pneumonia.
CARDIOVASCULAR: No palpitations or chest pain. No edema, PND or orthopnea.
GASTROINTESTINAL: Denies nausea, abdominal pains, vomiting and diarrhea. Denies ulcers hx.
GENITOURINARY: Denies change in urine color, urgency and frequency. Regular menses cycle. Denies ovulation pain. Denies hematuria and dysuria.
MUSCULOSKELETAL: Denies back and joint pains or stiffness.
SKIN: No skin rashes or lesions.
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS: Temperature: 36.7 °C, Pulse: 78, BP: 119/87 mmHg, RR 20, PO2-97% on room air, Ht- 1.60m, Wt 67kg, BMI 26.
GENERAL APPREARANCE: Healthy appearing. Alert and oriented x 3. No acute distress. Well-groomed and responds appropriately.
NEUROLOGIC: Alert, oriented, posture erect, clear speech. gait. to person, place, and time.
HEENT: Head: Normocephalic, atraumatic, symmetric, non-tender. Maxillary sinuses mild tenderness. Eyes: Bilateral conjunctival inject ...
(Monica)Gender rarely shapes individual experience in isolation buMoseStaton39
(Monica)Gender rarely shapes individual experience in isolation but is instead linked to other social statuses in the effects it has on our lives. The gender distinction reflects what we see as appropriate “masculine” or “feminine.” For example, some societies expect men to be more aggressive and competitive and women to be emotionally nurturing. I was playing with dolls one day and was playing with two dolls: a female doll and a male doll. Upon passing by, an uncle of mine saw me playing with my toys and frowned. When I asked what was wrong, he seemed uncomfortable. In this statement, he suggested that girls should act like girls and play with girlie things, while boys should play with boy things, including boy dolls. The family experiences that taught me about gender and gender roles are vividly in my memory. Throughout my childhood, my mother and father stressed how essential it is for me to understand and know that I am a girl, and I should always act and carry myself accordingly.
I found conversations like that to be overly exaggerated at the time, but I subsequently understood why my parents did what they did. We were a family of six, with five girls and one boy. As a child, my parents, specifically my mother, stressed what clothing the girls wore. Our mother was always careful not to let us wear anything provocative, and we were to get married and have our own families. Girls are often told that it's alright to cry because girls cry, and if I was a boy, I'd be made to suck it up and deal with it. In addition, my mother taught me that women nurture and that we take care of the home, including cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the children. As girls, we could not play any sports that were deemed "too rough" or to be performed by boys. From a young age, we chose professional careers. All these careers involved female dominating industries, such as nursing, teaching, caretaking, and hairdressing. They all contributed to the construction of my gender.
Multiple ways are available to conceptualize gender; essentialists see it as a binary division, which classifies you as male or female at birth. In contrast, mainstream social scientists take a constructionist approach to gender. Page 242 argues that gender is a constructed concept that has been shaped through culture and history. Finally, people internalize the social expectations they are introduced to.(Ferris & Stein, 2020) (Links to an external site.)
Resources
Ferris, T., & Stein, J. (2020). Chapter 9/ Page 242. In The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology (7th ed., pp. 236–242). essay, W.W. Norton.
...
(Monica) A summary of my decision-making process starts with flippMoseStaton39
(Monica) A summary of my decision-making process starts with flipping through ads to find a job, I was concerned with what companies offered for pay, the type of work I would be doing, and how long would the job last. There were a few companies that were only looking to hire temporarily and again not an ideal situation if I am already concerned with having a steady income. Between the three ads, Office temp, a server at a restaurant making $2.13hr plus tips with hours varying, and a warehouse position, starting at $14Hr with hours from 12 pm to 7 pm. I chose to pick the warehouse position since it offers the most money and a set schedule. Continuing with the simulation, my monthly take-home pay after taxes is $1,224, making my weekly pay only $306. Ideally $1,224 is not enough funds to help sustain a family, barely one person. During this time, I have to pick my insurance, which is a requirement through the Affordable Care Act. Luckily my child is covered and I picked the cheapest plan that I could afford, the bronze plan and it costs $303 a month, which averages to almost $76 a paycheck. I have to ensure I have a place to live, paying rent over $720 and traveling puts my monthly rental and traveling costs at more than 800 dollars a month. The results of me living further away from my job, so that my rent is lower also increased gas costs. According to the simulation, every working household that saves a dollar spends 77 cents on transportation. My balance jumps from $1000 to $192 after paying rent only to find out my apartment is too small for my things, so I chose to have a yard sale. I only made $150 from the yard sale and made the decision to get paid by the piece, since I am barely making a living wage on an hourly paycheck, and in doing so my paycheck decreased by 25cents. I skipped my grandfather’s memorial service because I can not afford to travel, I paid $25 to replace a broken item I fixed, even though considered hiding the evidence. Grocery shopping is next on my to-do list, spending only 30 for things I needed, I felt was hardly enough food, but could not really afford to splurge and spend on extra things. During this time my stress levels are at an all-time high, but I turn the offer for a cigarette down because I do not want to get addicted. As a result, the simulation states there is a misconception that smoking relieves stress during difficult situations in life.
Now that I have come to payday, I decided to start my fitness journey by asking a friend to be my running partner. On the way to work, something blew in the car and needed to get fixed, and asking a friend to look at the issue saved money. The landlord decided to raise rent and $150 had to be paid or I could spend more on legal fees fighting it in court. On the way out to work, someone stole my gas from my car, so I had to make the decision to take the bus and the result where it took me three buses and fives times longer to get there, making me miss a few hours of p ...
(Note This case study is based on many actual cases. All the nameMoseStaton39
Marci is a 22-year-old college student who was arrested five months ago for a DUI. She has a history of regular alcohol and marijuana use since high school. Her family has a history of substance use disorders and mental health issues. While Marci's grades have declined due to her substance use, she does not feel she has a problem with alcohol or marijuana. She is concerned about legal and academic consequences but does not want to change her substance use behaviors.
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)DMoseStaton39
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)
Discussion Forum Instructions:
1. You must post at least three times each week.
2. Your initial post is due Tuesday of each week and the following two post are due before Sunday.
3. All post must be on separate days of the week.
4. Post must be at least 150 words and cite all of your references even it its the book.
Discussion Topic:
Describe how the lives of students with disabilities from culturally and/or linguistically diverse backgrounds have changed since the advent of IDEA. What do you feel are some things that can or should be implemented to better assist with students that have disabilities? Tell me about these ideas and how would you integrate them?
ANOVA
ANOVA
• Analysis of Variance
• Statistical method to analyzes variances to determine if the means from more than
two populations are the same
• compare the between-sample-variation to the within-sample-variation
• If the between-sample-variation is sufficiently large compared to the within-sample-
variation it is likely that the population means are statistically different
• Compares means (group differences) among levels of factors. No
assumptions are made regarding how the factors are related
• Residual related assumptions are the same as with simple regression
• Explanatory variables can be qualitative or quantitative but are categorized
for group investigations. These variables are often referred to as factors
with levels (category levels)
ANOVA Assumptions
• Assume populations , from which the response values for the groups
are drawn, are normally distributed
• Assumes populations have equal variances
• Can compare the ratio of smallest and largest sample standard deviations.
Between .05 and 2 are typically not considered evidence of a violation
assumption
• Assumes the response data are independent
• For large sample sizes, or for factor level sample sizes that are equal,
the ANOVA test is robust to assumption violations of normality and
unequal variances
ANOVA and Variance
Fixed or Random Factors
• A factor is fixed if its levels are chosen before the ANOVA investigation
begins
• Difference in groups are only investigated for the specific pre-selected factors
and levels
• A factor is random if its levels are choosen randomly from the
population before the ANOVA investigation begins
Randomization
• Assigning subjects to treatment groups or treatments to subjects
randomly reduces the chance of bias selecting results
ANOVA hypotheses statements
One-way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
Hypotheses statements
Test statistic
=
𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Under the null hypothesis both the between and within group variances estimate the
variance of the random error so the ratio is assumed to be close to 1.
Null Hypothesis
Alternate Hypothesis
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA Excel Output
Treatme
(Kaitlyn)To be very honest I know next to nothing about mythology,MoseStaton39
(Kaitlyn)To be very honest I know next to nothing about mythology, it has never been something that I have had around me or taught in school, I guess it was one of those subjects that got kind of, overlooked. But history is history and in my opinion, it’s important to know what happened in the past to prevent future mishaps or wrongdoings. Therefore I don't know anything about mythology to start, but I am eager to learn more about all these different gods, goddesses, etc., and am surprised to find out that entire towns or civilizations would support the myths or people I am reading about.
The gods and goddesses seem to all have their sanction of what was claimed as their own, one wraps his arms around the earth floating the continents with his aqua arms, and another is essentially the undertaker and decides whose soul belongs where. The people are peasants and they are unequal to those that are considered the higher power, they are the protected and shall not reach out to become a protector. From what I have read it doesn't seem like the gods step on each other’s territory or have competitions to push each other out, it seems as though all that made it up there are respected and get to look down on those that are less than them.
While reading I noticed that there is a bit of a divide between men and women the same as we have today. A big part of societal issues today is gender equality and the general outlook on how each gender is portrayed without any prior information. Men are supposed to be large, strong, and tall, to protect and conquer for the interest of mankind. Women are supposed to be dainty and spread love, make a house a home, and show endearing qualities. I can see the reverse argument for Cupid who is the God of Love being that Eros is a male, being portrayed as the, "fairest of the deathless gods," (Hamilton, 36) but that is one instance in an array of different people. It seems that even though we have come a long way to today with working on gender-specific stereotypes, for these "myths" to be ancient and long ago, it doesn't seem like we have come that far. Yes women are seen as loving and they can be attractive to people around them, but in the man’s brain, they are simply there to be of service to the man, and to man the home when they are not present. It's interesting because even though the language of the reading may be hard for me to get used to, being that it is not in modern English, I can still very well understand one thing. Women like Aphrodite would "...[laugh] sweetly or mockingly at those her wiles had conquered, the irresistible goddess who stole away even the wits of the wise" (Hamilton, 32). Being a woman I translated this to essentially smiling in the faces of those who either are factually in the wrong, or have done wrong to you, and that is something that is still very much alive today. From history, we know that women were seen as property or disposable at the discretion of the man that homed her, and f ...
(Harry)Dante’s Inferno is the first of the three-part epic poem, DMoseStaton39
(Harry)Dante’s Inferno is the first of the three-part epic poem, Divine Comedy, written by Dante Alighieri. The Inferno depicts Dante’s journey through Hell, accompanied and guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil. In his poem, Dante describes Hell’s topography consisting of nine circles, each representing the seriousness of the sin committed by its offenders, these sins are categorized (by the Catholic Church), grouped, and commonly known as the nine deadly sins. Each level of Hell represent places of torment where the first level is home to less serious offenders, and increase in severity in each circle. As they go deeper into each level, our characters, Dante and Virgil encounter offenders within each ring of hell who have committed more serious offenses and the sins are more egregious. We find that the lowest part of hell houses the betrayers, and punishment here is more severe. Punishment in the poem is handed out in a poetic justice fashion Dante calls contrapasso. In this last (deepest) level or ring of Hell the betrayers of Julius Caesar: Brutus and Cassius are prime tenants, along with Judas, who had betrayed Jesus.
As I read this poem, I can agree with how Hell was organized, and as it sits currently, those guilty of child sexual abuse could reside along with those who are being tortured in the second circle: Lust. But Dante seemed to portray these sins as less severe. But personally, I think that those guilty of committing child sexual abuse should be in the ninth circle of Hell, along with those committing treachery because what is child sexual abuse if not treachery! It is treacherous against the innocent children, who fall betrayed by those who they must respect and obey (adults or those older then they), it is an act of treason to the victim who may have trusted the person committing such a heinous act. But after much contemplation, I still cannot agree with this placement. Child sexual abuse and child sexual assault is, in a very real way, equal to those types of betrayals. The innocence of a child makes those crimes so bad that I feel so uncomfortable writing about. As defined on their website, child sexual abuse includes: any sexual act between an adult and a minor, or between two minors, when one exerts power over the other, forcing, coercing or persuading a child to engage in any type of sexual act, non-contact acts such as exhibitionism, exposure to pornography, voyeurism, and communicating in a sexual manner by phone or Internet. In Dante’s world, those guilty of child sexual assault are far more wicked than those guilty of other sexual sins, and even worse than those guilty of aberrant sexual behavior (as it was understood at the time). Therefore, these sinners would have their very own special place below the ninth circle.
For sinners tormented in the tenth circle, the torture must be as gruesome as the act committed by the sinners. For someone who has committed such a abominable act as is child sexual abuse, assault, ...
(Lucious)Many steps in the systems development process may cause aMoseStaton39
(Lucious)Many steps in the systems development process may cause a project to balloon out of control, affecting the scope's size, where the budget and timeline remain the same. Unfortunately, this is a widespread problem known as scope creep during an IS development. Scope creep is an unexpected demand that moves a project past its predetermined limits. Projects are always documented with a planning outline, which covers in-depth details on boundaries, schedules, major deliverables, time, and budget. Unfortunately, individuals involved in the project may intentionally or unintentionally cause a project to not meet its goals due to the unpredictable nature of adding tasks to a project in progress. Project managers can ensure that the scope is clear by referring to the project planning outline, where all the boundaries and parameters of the project stipulate all deliverables. Spending extra time finalizing the plan can dial in a clear and detailed scope for everyone involved in the project. A project manager needs to engage directly with the clients by speaking with them and thoroughly walking them through all the parameters and deliverables. Closely collaborating with clients throughout the various stages of the project can prevent hiccups that may occur. If issues arise during project development, it is always best to be transparent with the client about every problem. Being able to work through solutions with clients will ease the anxieties as strategies are planned. To ensure deliverables are to the client's expectations, necessary features should be identified as critical for delivering a usable end product. For example, managing a scope creep can be difficult if not handled correctly. However, managing change in a project development does not have to be a battle of wills. Knowing how to address change can be beneficial. It can be outlined in the project planning document with parameters that will deliver the best product for the client without derailing the project. (Joseph S. Valacich, 2015)
REFERENCES
Joseph S. Valacich, J. F. (2015). Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design Sixth Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.
i1v2e5y5pubs
W21153
NEDBANK GROUP: LEADERSHIP AND ADAPTIVE SPACE FOR
DIGITAL INNOVATION
Caren Scheepers, Jill Bogie, and Michael Arena wrote this case solely to provide material for class discussion. The authors do not
intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The authors may have disguised certain names
and other identifying information to protect confidentiality.
This publication may not be transmitted, photocopied, digitized, or otherwise reproduced in any form or by any means without the
permission of the copyright holder. Reproduction of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights
organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Ivey Business Sch ...
(Eric)Technology always seems simple when it works and it is when MoseStaton39
The document summarizes the history of Versare, a company that manufactures portable room partitions. It describes how Versare was initially dependent on a large distributor for 95% of its sales. Over time, the relationship with the distributor became increasingly contentious as the distributor demanded price cuts and changes to Versare's products. By 2005, Versare's profitability had declined significantly due to its reliance on the problematic distributor relationship.
(ELI)At the time when I first had to take a sociology class in higMoseStaton39
(ELI)At the time when I first had to take a sociology class in high school, I was staunchly anti-feminism, as I felt it was unnecessary in first world countries and primarily focused on encouraging immodesty and considering women to be worth more than men. At that time, my only education on feminism or feminist issues had come from my parents during homeschooling. I clearly remember getting into a heated debate with a classmate whom I considered "the feminist equivalent of a vegan," (referring to the stereotypical joke, "How do you know if someone is a vegan? Don't worry, they'll tell you,") and I told her I simply could not see any situations in real life where women aren't being represented without a real reason. She introduced me to the term Bechdel Test, and encouraged me to spend a few weeks watching my usual shows, but counting how many times the female characters spoke to each other about anything other than men.
As my understanding of feminism and of the world around me has evolved, I have seen an increase in media that passes the Bechdel Test, but have also been surprised to find it is significantly less common than I expected. Additionally, the Bechdel Test only looks at named female characters who discuss something other than men. It does not look at factors of race, sexuality, topics of conversation, or visual presentation. Some argue that although media increasingly passes the test, the quality of that media is lacking and therefore the value of the Bechdel Test does not hold up (How does the Bechdel Test measure up in evaluating film representations of women, 2021). More detailed studies show that women remain underrepresented in media, both behind and before the camera (Smith et. al, 2016). The female characters that are portrayed in trend towards being young and traditionally attractive, reinforcing the "ideal" image as the standard and further raising the standard for the average woman. Additionally, women of color and women belonging to other racial or social minority groups are even less visible, impacting the expectations that society has of women based on how they are shown, and influencing what women consider "normal" in themselves.
How does the Bechdel Test measure up in evaluating film representations of women? (2021, April 19). UWIRE Text, 1.
Smith, S., Choueiti, M., & Pieper, K. (2016). Inclusion or invisibility? Comprehensive Annenberg Report on diversity in entertainment. Media, Diversity & Social Change Initiative. USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism.
...
(Executive Summary)MedStar Health Inc, a leader in the healthcMoseStaton39
(Executive Summary)
MedStar Health Inc, a leader in the healthcare industry regionally and nation-wide, is a constant target of the malicious attempts of cyber criminals. Over the past 6 years MedStar Health Inc. has faced several instances of data breach most notably, the 2016 breach that compromised 370 computer systems and halted its operations. As the organization continues to digitize and broaden the use of electronic medical records across its facilities, the threat of cyber-attack remains even more pervasive. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of MedStar Health Inc cybersecurity vulnerabilities, examine the overall causes and impact of the breaches and explore solutions to meet the organization’s cybersecurity challenges.
With a focal point on MedStar Health breaches, a literature-based study was conducted, and various news articles, academic journals and company publications were analyzed. It was found that the 2016 and 2020 data breaches were attacks on the organization’s internet servers. The 2020 hack compromised the records of 668 patients, whereas the 2016 hack was a result of a ransomware infection that compromised 7500 individuals’ records and halted the organizations’ operations. The cost of the virus infection was greater than the $19,000 ransom requested due to additional recovery and remediation costs. It was also revealed that the 2019 breach was due to human error.
To best combat the efforts of cyber criminals, it is recommended that MedStar Health Inc. place greater emphasis on cyber awareness training for employees/professionals, implementing multiple factor authentications and a strong password and identity management system to reinforce its IT infrastructure against future hacks. Failure to effectuate these measures pose significant risk to MedStar Health Inc., its affiliates and patients that extend beyond ransom payments, fines, imprisonment, lawsuits and costs incurred for subsequent identity theft protection services. The damage caused by data security breaches may prove fatal for patients, the company’s most valued asset, compromising public perception and the company’s mission to provide the highest quality of medical care and build long-term relationships with the patients they serve.)
Actual Technical Report
MedStar Medical Vs. Cybercrime
In the health sector, experts "see persistent cyber-attacks as the single greatest threat to the protection of healthcare data" (Moffith & Steffen, 2017). To the world at large, this is not the most absurd news or revelation. Healthcare data embodies some of the most marketable information, and for the black market this is Eldorado – the fictional tale of the city of gold. Healthcare organizations are tasked with fighting the uphill battle of providing quality medical care to their number one stakeholder – patients – while also ensuring that their valuable information is kept safe and secure. Despite their efforts, healthcare organizations sometimes fail in ...
(Diquan)Analog Transmission of Digital DataBefore describing theMoseStaton39
(Diquan)Analog Transmission of Digital Data
Before describing the analog transmission of digital data there are a few terms that we should be familiar with, modem, encoding and carrier wave. A modem is modulator, demodulator device that converts digital to analog and analog to digital. Encoding is the conversion of data to a format required and in this case the conversion of digital data to analog data. Carrier wave is a basic wave of constant frequency transmitted through a circuit.
To transmit digital data in an analog format first you must be connected to a modem which encodes the data and converts the digital data into analog data. It does this by populating the analog signal with a carrier wave and modulating the characteristics of the carrier wave which allows for the analog data to be encoded to digital data and digital data to be decoded to analog.
Digital Transmission of Analog Data
An example of the digital transmission of analog data would be Voice over IP (VOIP) or a more modern and relatable example would be a Zoom meeting. This is done through a couple different technologies a Codec and Pulse-code modulation (PCM). Codec stands for Code, Decode and it is a device or software that converts analog signal into digital form and vice versa. PCM on the other hand converts analog to digital by sampling the analog signal at regular intervals, measuring the amplitude of each sample, and then encoding or quantizing the amplitude as binary data. Through this sampling analog data such as your voice is encoded into digital data via the technologies previously mentioned.
Reference:
Samoilenko, S. (n.d.). Physical Layer: Data and Data Transmission.
...
(Christopher)With packet-switched networks its services allow multMoseStaton39
This document provides guidelines and a rubric for students to submit progress on their Historical Analysis Essay assignment. The essay is analyzing a historical event and its impact on American society. For this progress check, students are asked to submit portions of their essay body describing the causes, course, and consequences of the event as well as evidence supporting their analysis. They also communicate their essay's message tailored to the intended audience. The rubric evaluates these elements and provides criteria for receiving exemplary, proficient, needs improvement, or not evident scores.
(Chelsey)Das Bett, Katharina Grosse, 2004, Acrylic on various objeMoseStaton39
Voyage Airlines is a mock airline founded in 2011 with hubs on the west coast of the US and in the Caribbean. Its mission is to inspire excellence and dedication. The airline focuses on safety as its top priority and revenue generation. It analyzes customer location data to locate hubs in popular tourist areas. The airline sees higher passenger volumes in the summer and around Christmas. It adjusts flight numbers seasonally between hubs based on demand. The primary focus is achieving excellence in customer service as outlined in its mission statement.
(1) See page 20 for a discussion of non-IFRS measures.(2MoseStaton39
This document provides a summary of CWB Financial Group's annual report for 2020. It includes a 5-year financial summary, performance dashboard, messages from the President/CEO and Board Chair, and discusses the company's strategy and priorities. Key points include:
- Revenue grew to $897 million in 2020, with net income of $249 million.
- Total loans increased 6% to $30 billion and total assets grew 8% to $33.9 billion.
- The company is focused on transforming its business through initiatives like enhancing digital capabilities and transitioning to an AIRB capital methodology.
- CWB was recognized as one of Canada's best workplaces and aims to be an employer of choice
(Adams) While a database may seem like the solution to all data stMoseStaton39
(Adams) While a database may seem like the solution to all data storage problems, there are a few disadvantages you need to account for. The first one that comes to mind is the complexity. While anyone with the bare minimum technical experience can navigate a file system, you need someone trained to work on and navigate a database. The added level of complexity will require you to pay for training or likely hire someone with more technical experience, which would cost more. The other big disadvantage of a database is the single point of failure. It is certainly a best and wise practice to keep backups of your database, if you forget or lose those as well all of your data is gone. That one file being corrupted could lead to a disaster where losing a single file in a file system would only result in losing a single piece of data.
The file system comes with its own disadvantages though. The biggest disadvantage of a file system vs a database is losing the ability to query. The book defines a database query as a: specific request for data manipulation issued by the user (Coronel & Morris, 2018). Being able to query all data across the database can return valuable information at nearly the snap of a finger that could have taken days to sort through your file system. Another disadvantage is the potential for your file system to get messy and unorganized leading to data inconsistency. In a database you have each entity represented one time in a neat manner that protects data integrity. In a file system, you could mistakenly create a new entity when you need to update one or you could mistakenly update an old one when you were meant to create a new one. Either of the above mistakes you make in a database would lead to bad data, that you wouldn’t otherwise create in a database. Finally, relying on the file system can become unwieldy. If you end up creating thousands of entries, it is difficult to go through them all. With a database, you are able to continue adding data and merely query what you need.
Reference:
Coronel, C., & Morris, S. (2018). Database Principles: Fundamentals of Design, Implementation, and Management. Cengage.
...
(Adam)In an example like the Odebrecht case study from the book, iMoseStaton39
(Adam)In an example like the Odebrecht case study from the book, it is easy to find the fault of the firm as they were the ones conducting the business side of all the shady dealings. Their practice of using bribes and kickbacks is an obvious ethical problem. The amount of money they were throwing around to be awarded contracts would have been obvious to plenty of people in the organization and the misconduct went on for years before they were caught. While they likely had an anti-corruption plan, when people ignore or don’t follow it the plan is useless.
The other guilty parties are not as obvious and don’t get the same blame for their part in the scandal. The governments, organizations, and non-profits that accepted the bribes and/or kickbacks also have ethical questions. The book stated that Odebrecht paid nearly $100 million in bribes in Venezuela and some quick searching has shown zero convictions from anyone in that country (Pinto, 2019). The parties accepting the payments are just as ethically dubious as the parties offering the money.
It shouldn’t be difficult to establish corporate policies that create an ethical workplace, but it seems like there is always a corruption story somewhere in the world on the news. Most companies that deal with contracting have something on their external web page and/or an internal training that employees are mandated to take, but that isn’t enough. I think since the people who make these decisions and handle this type of money are almost always going to be near the top of the organization, it is going to come to the old cliché of “it starts at the top”. Hiring ethical executives who are accountable for the people directly beneath them is probably the best method to maintain integrity.
The idea of rewards and punishments is complicated when it comes to corruption. Punishments are easy, there should be a zero-tolerance policy. On top of the zero-tolerance policy I would explain that the organization would be looking at legal action against the individual. Regarding rewards, I think you could justify a payment to whistleblowers. At the same time, I don’t know if you should go too far because the employee would be doing something they are supposed to do anyway.
References:
Pinto, J. K. (2019). Project Management: Achieving Competitive Advantage. Pearson.
1 | I n t r o d u c t i o n t o C u r r i c u l u m f o r E a r l y C h i l d h o o d E d u c a t i o n
El Camino College
Childhood Education Department
CDEV 115 Introduction to Curriculum
Introduction to Curriculum
for
Early Childhood Educators
An Open Educational Resources Publication by College of the Canyons
2 | I n t r o d u c t i o n t o C u r r i c u l u m f o r E a r l y C h i l d h o o d E d u c a t i o n
Introduction to Curriculum for Early Childhood
Education
An Open Educational Resources Publication by College of the
Canyons
Created by Jennifer Paris, Kristin Beeve, and Clint Spri ...
(Alex)There are four phases of the systems development life cycle MoseStaton39
(Alex)There are four phases of the systems development life cycle (SDLC). The four phases are planning and selection, analysis, design, and implementation. (Valacich, George, & Hoffer, 2015) While the different phases are generally sequential in nature, a system may move from a later phase to an earlier phase as problems or issues arise during the SDLC. The analysis, design, and implementation phase have different fundamental purposes. In the planning phase, the need for a system is established and general expectations are laid out. The analysis phase has the primary purpose of exploring these expectations and requirements in more detail. The analysis phase is where the systems analyst conducts interviews with users, management, and other stakeholders to thoroughly determine the requirements, while also researching the current capabilities of the previous system, if there was one. The analyst generates rough solutions for the problem set, presents them to management, and enters the design phase once a potential solution is accepted by the customer. The design phase is where the system starts to take shape. Using the research conducted during the analysis phase, a logical design is developed. The logical design is essentially the steps and processes that the system should go through, independent of the hardware or software of the system. It is the blueprint that the physical design is based off of. With the physical design in hand, the implementation phase begins. “Construction” begins on the process with coders writing programs, testers testing the solution, and the implementation team installs the system onto new or existing hardware. This phase also includes training to users, evaluation of user experiences with the system, and ongoing support. This phase continues until the system no longer meets the needs of the organization, starting the cycle all over again. While these phases make up three fourths of the SDLC, the fundamental purposes are different in that they each correlate to different steps in the overall design process.
REFERENCES
Valacich, J. S., George, J. F., & Hoffer, J. A. (2015). Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
...
(2) conditions for language and literacy developmentConditioMoseStaton39
(2) conditions for language and literacy development
Conditions for Learning- Responsibility
Description- Encourage children to be accountable for their own learning
Implications for Educators - Include choice and problem solving in activities.
Conditions for Learning- Engagement
Description- Create a climate of meaningful language use.
Implications for Educators- Encourage children to read along
and engage in conversations.
...
(Monica)Gender rarely shapes individual experience in isolation buMoseStaton39
(Monica)Gender rarely shapes individual experience in isolation but is instead linked to other social statuses in the effects it has on our lives. The gender distinction reflects what we see as appropriate “masculine” or “feminine.” For example, some societies expect men to be more aggressive and competitive and women to be emotionally nurturing. I was playing with dolls one day and was playing with two dolls: a female doll and a male doll. Upon passing by, an uncle of mine saw me playing with my toys and frowned. When I asked what was wrong, he seemed uncomfortable. In this statement, he suggested that girls should act like girls and play with girlie things, while boys should play with boy things, including boy dolls. The family experiences that taught me about gender and gender roles are vividly in my memory. Throughout my childhood, my mother and father stressed how essential it is for me to understand and know that I am a girl, and I should always act and carry myself accordingly.
I found conversations like that to be overly exaggerated at the time, but I subsequently understood why my parents did what they did. We were a family of six, with five girls and one boy. As a child, my parents, specifically my mother, stressed what clothing the girls wore. Our mother was always careful not to let us wear anything provocative, and we were to get married and have our own families. Girls are often told that it's alright to cry because girls cry, and if I was a boy, I'd be made to suck it up and deal with it. In addition, my mother taught me that women nurture and that we take care of the home, including cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the children. As girls, we could not play any sports that were deemed "too rough" or to be performed by boys. From a young age, we chose professional careers. All these careers involved female dominating industries, such as nursing, teaching, caretaking, and hairdressing. They all contributed to the construction of my gender.
Multiple ways are available to conceptualize gender; essentialists see it as a binary division, which classifies you as male or female at birth. In contrast, mainstream social scientists take a constructionist approach to gender. Page 242 argues that gender is a constructed concept that has been shaped through culture and history. Finally, people internalize the social expectations they are introduced to.(Ferris & Stein, 2020) (Links to an external site.)
Resources
Ferris, T., & Stein, J. (2020). Chapter 9/ Page 242. In The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology (7th ed., pp. 236–242). essay, W.W. Norton.
...
(Monica) A summary of my decision-making process starts with flippMoseStaton39
(Monica) A summary of my decision-making process starts with flipping through ads to find a job, I was concerned with what companies offered for pay, the type of work I would be doing, and how long would the job last. There were a few companies that were only looking to hire temporarily and again not an ideal situation if I am already concerned with having a steady income. Between the three ads, Office temp, a server at a restaurant making $2.13hr plus tips with hours varying, and a warehouse position, starting at $14Hr with hours from 12 pm to 7 pm. I chose to pick the warehouse position since it offers the most money and a set schedule. Continuing with the simulation, my monthly take-home pay after taxes is $1,224, making my weekly pay only $306. Ideally $1,224 is not enough funds to help sustain a family, barely one person. During this time, I have to pick my insurance, which is a requirement through the Affordable Care Act. Luckily my child is covered and I picked the cheapest plan that I could afford, the bronze plan and it costs $303 a month, which averages to almost $76 a paycheck. I have to ensure I have a place to live, paying rent over $720 and traveling puts my monthly rental and traveling costs at more than 800 dollars a month. The results of me living further away from my job, so that my rent is lower also increased gas costs. According to the simulation, every working household that saves a dollar spends 77 cents on transportation. My balance jumps from $1000 to $192 after paying rent only to find out my apartment is too small for my things, so I chose to have a yard sale. I only made $150 from the yard sale and made the decision to get paid by the piece, since I am barely making a living wage on an hourly paycheck, and in doing so my paycheck decreased by 25cents. I skipped my grandfather’s memorial service because I can not afford to travel, I paid $25 to replace a broken item I fixed, even though considered hiding the evidence. Grocery shopping is next on my to-do list, spending only 30 for things I needed, I felt was hardly enough food, but could not really afford to splurge and spend on extra things. During this time my stress levels are at an all-time high, but I turn the offer for a cigarette down because I do not want to get addicted. As a result, the simulation states there is a misconception that smoking relieves stress during difficult situations in life.
Now that I have come to payday, I decided to start my fitness journey by asking a friend to be my running partner. On the way to work, something blew in the car and needed to get fixed, and asking a friend to look at the issue saved money. The landlord decided to raise rent and $150 had to be paid or I could spend more on legal fees fighting it in court. On the way out to work, someone stole my gas from my car, so I had to make the decision to take the bus and the result where it took me three buses and fives times longer to get there, making me miss a few hours of p ...
(Note This case study is based on many actual cases. All the nameMoseStaton39
Marci is a 22-year-old college student who was arrested five months ago for a DUI. She has a history of regular alcohol and marijuana use since high school. Her family has a history of substance use disorders and mental health issues. While Marci's grades have declined due to her substance use, she does not feel she has a problem with alcohol or marijuana. She is concerned about legal and academic consequences but does not want to change her substance use behaviors.
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)DMoseStaton39
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)
Discussion Forum Instructions:
1. You must post at least three times each week.
2. Your initial post is due Tuesday of each week and the following two post are due before Sunday.
3. All post must be on separate days of the week.
4. Post must be at least 150 words and cite all of your references even it its the book.
Discussion Topic:
Describe how the lives of students with disabilities from culturally and/or linguistically diverse backgrounds have changed since the advent of IDEA. What do you feel are some things that can or should be implemented to better assist with students that have disabilities? Tell me about these ideas and how would you integrate them?
ANOVA
ANOVA
• Analysis of Variance
• Statistical method to analyzes variances to determine if the means from more than
two populations are the same
• compare the between-sample-variation to the within-sample-variation
• If the between-sample-variation is sufficiently large compared to the within-sample-
variation it is likely that the population means are statistically different
• Compares means (group differences) among levels of factors. No
assumptions are made regarding how the factors are related
• Residual related assumptions are the same as with simple regression
• Explanatory variables can be qualitative or quantitative but are categorized
for group investigations. These variables are often referred to as factors
with levels (category levels)
ANOVA Assumptions
• Assume populations , from which the response values for the groups
are drawn, are normally distributed
• Assumes populations have equal variances
• Can compare the ratio of smallest and largest sample standard deviations.
Between .05 and 2 are typically not considered evidence of a violation
assumption
• Assumes the response data are independent
• For large sample sizes, or for factor level sample sizes that are equal,
the ANOVA test is robust to assumption violations of normality and
unequal variances
ANOVA and Variance
Fixed or Random Factors
• A factor is fixed if its levels are chosen before the ANOVA investigation
begins
• Difference in groups are only investigated for the specific pre-selected factors
and levels
• A factor is random if its levels are choosen randomly from the
population before the ANOVA investigation begins
Randomization
• Assigning subjects to treatment groups or treatments to subjects
randomly reduces the chance of bias selecting results
ANOVA hypotheses statements
One-way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
Hypotheses statements
Test statistic
=
𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Under the null hypothesis both the between and within group variances estimate the
variance of the random error so the ratio is assumed to be close to 1.
Null Hypothesis
Alternate Hypothesis
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA Excel Output
Treatme
(Kaitlyn)To be very honest I know next to nothing about mythology,MoseStaton39
(Kaitlyn)To be very honest I know next to nothing about mythology, it has never been something that I have had around me or taught in school, I guess it was one of those subjects that got kind of, overlooked. But history is history and in my opinion, it’s important to know what happened in the past to prevent future mishaps or wrongdoings. Therefore I don't know anything about mythology to start, but I am eager to learn more about all these different gods, goddesses, etc., and am surprised to find out that entire towns or civilizations would support the myths or people I am reading about.
The gods and goddesses seem to all have their sanction of what was claimed as their own, one wraps his arms around the earth floating the continents with his aqua arms, and another is essentially the undertaker and decides whose soul belongs where. The people are peasants and they are unequal to those that are considered the higher power, they are the protected and shall not reach out to become a protector. From what I have read it doesn't seem like the gods step on each other’s territory or have competitions to push each other out, it seems as though all that made it up there are respected and get to look down on those that are less than them.
While reading I noticed that there is a bit of a divide between men and women the same as we have today. A big part of societal issues today is gender equality and the general outlook on how each gender is portrayed without any prior information. Men are supposed to be large, strong, and tall, to protect and conquer for the interest of mankind. Women are supposed to be dainty and spread love, make a house a home, and show endearing qualities. I can see the reverse argument for Cupid who is the God of Love being that Eros is a male, being portrayed as the, "fairest of the deathless gods," (Hamilton, 36) but that is one instance in an array of different people. It seems that even though we have come a long way to today with working on gender-specific stereotypes, for these "myths" to be ancient and long ago, it doesn't seem like we have come that far. Yes women are seen as loving and they can be attractive to people around them, but in the man’s brain, they are simply there to be of service to the man, and to man the home when they are not present. It's interesting because even though the language of the reading may be hard for me to get used to, being that it is not in modern English, I can still very well understand one thing. Women like Aphrodite would "...[laugh] sweetly or mockingly at those her wiles had conquered, the irresistible goddess who stole away even the wits of the wise" (Hamilton, 32). Being a woman I translated this to essentially smiling in the faces of those who either are factually in the wrong, or have done wrong to you, and that is something that is still very much alive today. From history, we know that women were seen as property or disposable at the discretion of the man that homed her, and f ...
(Harry)Dante’s Inferno is the first of the three-part epic poem, DMoseStaton39
(Harry)Dante’s Inferno is the first of the three-part epic poem, Divine Comedy, written by Dante Alighieri. The Inferno depicts Dante’s journey through Hell, accompanied and guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil. In his poem, Dante describes Hell’s topography consisting of nine circles, each representing the seriousness of the sin committed by its offenders, these sins are categorized (by the Catholic Church), grouped, and commonly known as the nine deadly sins. Each level of Hell represent places of torment where the first level is home to less serious offenders, and increase in severity in each circle. As they go deeper into each level, our characters, Dante and Virgil encounter offenders within each ring of hell who have committed more serious offenses and the sins are more egregious. We find that the lowest part of hell houses the betrayers, and punishment here is more severe. Punishment in the poem is handed out in a poetic justice fashion Dante calls contrapasso. In this last (deepest) level or ring of Hell the betrayers of Julius Caesar: Brutus and Cassius are prime tenants, along with Judas, who had betrayed Jesus.
As I read this poem, I can agree with how Hell was organized, and as it sits currently, those guilty of child sexual abuse could reside along with those who are being tortured in the second circle: Lust. But Dante seemed to portray these sins as less severe. But personally, I think that those guilty of committing child sexual abuse should be in the ninth circle of Hell, along with those committing treachery because what is child sexual abuse if not treachery! It is treacherous against the innocent children, who fall betrayed by those who they must respect and obey (adults or those older then they), it is an act of treason to the victim who may have trusted the person committing such a heinous act. But after much contemplation, I still cannot agree with this placement. Child sexual abuse and child sexual assault is, in a very real way, equal to those types of betrayals. The innocence of a child makes those crimes so bad that I feel so uncomfortable writing about. As defined on their website, child sexual abuse includes: any sexual act between an adult and a minor, or between two minors, when one exerts power over the other, forcing, coercing or persuading a child to engage in any type of sexual act, non-contact acts such as exhibitionism, exposure to pornography, voyeurism, and communicating in a sexual manner by phone or Internet. In Dante’s world, those guilty of child sexual assault are far more wicked than those guilty of other sexual sins, and even worse than those guilty of aberrant sexual behavior (as it was understood at the time). Therefore, these sinners would have their very own special place below the ninth circle.
For sinners tormented in the tenth circle, the torture must be as gruesome as the act committed by the sinners. For someone who has committed such a abominable act as is child sexual abuse, assault, ...
(Lucious)Many steps in the systems development process may cause aMoseStaton39
(Lucious)Many steps in the systems development process may cause a project to balloon out of control, affecting the scope's size, where the budget and timeline remain the same. Unfortunately, this is a widespread problem known as scope creep during an IS development. Scope creep is an unexpected demand that moves a project past its predetermined limits. Projects are always documented with a planning outline, which covers in-depth details on boundaries, schedules, major deliverables, time, and budget. Unfortunately, individuals involved in the project may intentionally or unintentionally cause a project to not meet its goals due to the unpredictable nature of adding tasks to a project in progress. Project managers can ensure that the scope is clear by referring to the project planning outline, where all the boundaries and parameters of the project stipulate all deliverables. Spending extra time finalizing the plan can dial in a clear and detailed scope for everyone involved in the project. A project manager needs to engage directly with the clients by speaking with them and thoroughly walking them through all the parameters and deliverables. Closely collaborating with clients throughout the various stages of the project can prevent hiccups that may occur. If issues arise during project development, it is always best to be transparent with the client about every problem. Being able to work through solutions with clients will ease the anxieties as strategies are planned. To ensure deliverables are to the client's expectations, necessary features should be identified as critical for delivering a usable end product. For example, managing a scope creep can be difficult if not handled correctly. However, managing change in a project development does not have to be a battle of wills. Knowing how to address change can be beneficial. It can be outlined in the project planning document with parameters that will deliver the best product for the client without derailing the project. (Joseph S. Valacich, 2015)
REFERENCES
Joseph S. Valacich, J. F. (2015). Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design Sixth Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.
i1v2e5y5pubs
W21153
NEDBANK GROUP: LEADERSHIP AND ADAPTIVE SPACE FOR
DIGITAL INNOVATION
Caren Scheepers, Jill Bogie, and Michael Arena wrote this case solely to provide material for class discussion. The authors do not
intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The authors may have disguised certain names
and other identifying information to protect confidentiality.
This publication may not be transmitted, photocopied, digitized, or otherwise reproduced in any form or by any means without the
permission of the copyright holder. Reproduction of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights
organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Ivey Business Sch ...
(Eric)Technology always seems simple when it works and it is when MoseStaton39
The document summarizes the history of Versare, a company that manufactures portable room partitions. It describes how Versare was initially dependent on a large distributor for 95% of its sales. Over time, the relationship with the distributor became increasingly contentious as the distributor demanded price cuts and changes to Versare's products. By 2005, Versare's profitability had declined significantly due to its reliance on the problematic distributor relationship.
(ELI)At the time when I first had to take a sociology class in higMoseStaton39
(ELI)At the time when I first had to take a sociology class in high school, I was staunchly anti-feminism, as I felt it was unnecessary in first world countries and primarily focused on encouraging immodesty and considering women to be worth more than men. At that time, my only education on feminism or feminist issues had come from my parents during homeschooling. I clearly remember getting into a heated debate with a classmate whom I considered "the feminist equivalent of a vegan," (referring to the stereotypical joke, "How do you know if someone is a vegan? Don't worry, they'll tell you,") and I told her I simply could not see any situations in real life where women aren't being represented without a real reason. She introduced me to the term Bechdel Test, and encouraged me to spend a few weeks watching my usual shows, but counting how many times the female characters spoke to each other about anything other than men.
As my understanding of feminism and of the world around me has evolved, I have seen an increase in media that passes the Bechdel Test, but have also been surprised to find it is significantly less common than I expected. Additionally, the Bechdel Test only looks at named female characters who discuss something other than men. It does not look at factors of race, sexuality, topics of conversation, or visual presentation. Some argue that although media increasingly passes the test, the quality of that media is lacking and therefore the value of the Bechdel Test does not hold up (How does the Bechdel Test measure up in evaluating film representations of women, 2021). More detailed studies show that women remain underrepresented in media, both behind and before the camera (Smith et. al, 2016). The female characters that are portrayed in trend towards being young and traditionally attractive, reinforcing the "ideal" image as the standard and further raising the standard for the average woman. Additionally, women of color and women belonging to other racial or social minority groups are even less visible, impacting the expectations that society has of women based on how they are shown, and influencing what women consider "normal" in themselves.
How does the Bechdel Test measure up in evaluating film representations of women? (2021, April 19). UWIRE Text, 1.
Smith, S., Choueiti, M., & Pieper, K. (2016). Inclusion or invisibility? Comprehensive Annenberg Report on diversity in entertainment. Media, Diversity & Social Change Initiative. USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism.
...
(Executive Summary)MedStar Health Inc, a leader in the healthcMoseStaton39
(Executive Summary)
MedStar Health Inc, a leader in the healthcare industry regionally and nation-wide, is a constant target of the malicious attempts of cyber criminals. Over the past 6 years MedStar Health Inc. has faced several instances of data breach most notably, the 2016 breach that compromised 370 computer systems and halted its operations. As the organization continues to digitize and broaden the use of electronic medical records across its facilities, the threat of cyber-attack remains even more pervasive. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of MedStar Health Inc cybersecurity vulnerabilities, examine the overall causes and impact of the breaches and explore solutions to meet the organization’s cybersecurity challenges.
With a focal point on MedStar Health breaches, a literature-based study was conducted, and various news articles, academic journals and company publications were analyzed. It was found that the 2016 and 2020 data breaches were attacks on the organization’s internet servers. The 2020 hack compromised the records of 668 patients, whereas the 2016 hack was a result of a ransomware infection that compromised 7500 individuals’ records and halted the organizations’ operations. The cost of the virus infection was greater than the $19,000 ransom requested due to additional recovery and remediation costs. It was also revealed that the 2019 breach was due to human error.
To best combat the efforts of cyber criminals, it is recommended that MedStar Health Inc. place greater emphasis on cyber awareness training for employees/professionals, implementing multiple factor authentications and a strong password and identity management system to reinforce its IT infrastructure against future hacks. Failure to effectuate these measures pose significant risk to MedStar Health Inc., its affiliates and patients that extend beyond ransom payments, fines, imprisonment, lawsuits and costs incurred for subsequent identity theft protection services. The damage caused by data security breaches may prove fatal for patients, the company’s most valued asset, compromising public perception and the company’s mission to provide the highest quality of medical care and build long-term relationships with the patients they serve.)
Actual Technical Report
MedStar Medical Vs. Cybercrime
In the health sector, experts "see persistent cyber-attacks as the single greatest threat to the protection of healthcare data" (Moffith & Steffen, 2017). To the world at large, this is not the most absurd news or revelation. Healthcare data embodies some of the most marketable information, and for the black market this is Eldorado – the fictional tale of the city of gold. Healthcare organizations are tasked with fighting the uphill battle of providing quality medical care to their number one stakeholder – patients – while also ensuring that their valuable information is kept safe and secure. Despite their efforts, healthcare organizations sometimes fail in ...
(Diquan)Analog Transmission of Digital DataBefore describing theMoseStaton39
(Diquan)Analog Transmission of Digital Data
Before describing the analog transmission of digital data there are a few terms that we should be familiar with, modem, encoding and carrier wave. A modem is modulator, demodulator device that converts digital to analog and analog to digital. Encoding is the conversion of data to a format required and in this case the conversion of digital data to analog data. Carrier wave is a basic wave of constant frequency transmitted through a circuit.
To transmit digital data in an analog format first you must be connected to a modem which encodes the data and converts the digital data into analog data. It does this by populating the analog signal with a carrier wave and modulating the characteristics of the carrier wave which allows for the analog data to be encoded to digital data and digital data to be decoded to analog.
Digital Transmission of Analog Data
An example of the digital transmission of analog data would be Voice over IP (VOIP) or a more modern and relatable example would be a Zoom meeting. This is done through a couple different technologies a Codec and Pulse-code modulation (PCM). Codec stands for Code, Decode and it is a device or software that converts analog signal into digital form and vice versa. PCM on the other hand converts analog to digital by sampling the analog signal at regular intervals, measuring the amplitude of each sample, and then encoding or quantizing the amplitude as binary data. Through this sampling analog data such as your voice is encoded into digital data via the technologies previously mentioned.
Reference:
Samoilenko, S. (n.d.). Physical Layer: Data and Data Transmission.
...
(Christopher)With packet-switched networks its services allow multMoseStaton39
This document provides guidelines and a rubric for students to submit progress on their Historical Analysis Essay assignment. The essay is analyzing a historical event and its impact on American society. For this progress check, students are asked to submit portions of their essay body describing the causes, course, and consequences of the event as well as evidence supporting their analysis. They also communicate their essay's message tailored to the intended audience. The rubric evaluates these elements and provides criteria for receiving exemplary, proficient, needs improvement, or not evident scores.
(Chelsey)Das Bett, Katharina Grosse, 2004, Acrylic on various objeMoseStaton39
Voyage Airlines is a mock airline founded in 2011 with hubs on the west coast of the US and in the Caribbean. Its mission is to inspire excellence and dedication. The airline focuses on safety as its top priority and revenue generation. It analyzes customer location data to locate hubs in popular tourist areas. The airline sees higher passenger volumes in the summer and around Christmas. It adjusts flight numbers seasonally between hubs based on demand. The primary focus is achieving excellence in customer service as outlined in its mission statement.
(1) See page 20 for a discussion of non-IFRS measures.(2MoseStaton39
This document provides a summary of CWB Financial Group's annual report for 2020. It includes a 5-year financial summary, performance dashboard, messages from the President/CEO and Board Chair, and discusses the company's strategy and priorities. Key points include:
- Revenue grew to $897 million in 2020, with net income of $249 million.
- Total loans increased 6% to $30 billion and total assets grew 8% to $33.9 billion.
- The company is focused on transforming its business through initiatives like enhancing digital capabilities and transitioning to an AIRB capital methodology.
- CWB was recognized as one of Canada's best workplaces and aims to be an employer of choice
(Adams) While a database may seem like the solution to all data stMoseStaton39
(Adams) While a database may seem like the solution to all data storage problems, there are a few disadvantages you need to account for. The first one that comes to mind is the complexity. While anyone with the bare minimum technical experience can navigate a file system, you need someone trained to work on and navigate a database. The added level of complexity will require you to pay for training or likely hire someone with more technical experience, which would cost more. The other big disadvantage of a database is the single point of failure. It is certainly a best and wise practice to keep backups of your database, if you forget or lose those as well all of your data is gone. That one file being corrupted could lead to a disaster where losing a single file in a file system would only result in losing a single piece of data.
The file system comes with its own disadvantages though. The biggest disadvantage of a file system vs a database is losing the ability to query. The book defines a database query as a: specific request for data manipulation issued by the user (Coronel & Morris, 2018). Being able to query all data across the database can return valuable information at nearly the snap of a finger that could have taken days to sort through your file system. Another disadvantage is the potential for your file system to get messy and unorganized leading to data inconsistency. In a database you have each entity represented one time in a neat manner that protects data integrity. In a file system, you could mistakenly create a new entity when you need to update one or you could mistakenly update an old one when you were meant to create a new one. Either of the above mistakes you make in a database would lead to bad data, that you wouldn’t otherwise create in a database. Finally, relying on the file system can become unwieldy. If you end up creating thousands of entries, it is difficult to go through them all. With a database, you are able to continue adding data and merely query what you need.
Reference:
Coronel, C., & Morris, S. (2018). Database Principles: Fundamentals of Design, Implementation, and Management. Cengage.
...
(Adam)In an example like the Odebrecht case study from the book, iMoseStaton39
(Adam)In an example like the Odebrecht case study from the book, it is easy to find the fault of the firm as they were the ones conducting the business side of all the shady dealings. Their practice of using bribes and kickbacks is an obvious ethical problem. The amount of money they were throwing around to be awarded contracts would have been obvious to plenty of people in the organization and the misconduct went on for years before they were caught. While they likely had an anti-corruption plan, when people ignore or don’t follow it the plan is useless.
The other guilty parties are not as obvious and don’t get the same blame for their part in the scandal. The governments, organizations, and non-profits that accepted the bribes and/or kickbacks also have ethical questions. The book stated that Odebrecht paid nearly $100 million in bribes in Venezuela and some quick searching has shown zero convictions from anyone in that country (Pinto, 2019). The parties accepting the payments are just as ethically dubious as the parties offering the money.
It shouldn’t be difficult to establish corporate policies that create an ethical workplace, but it seems like there is always a corruption story somewhere in the world on the news. Most companies that deal with contracting have something on their external web page and/or an internal training that employees are mandated to take, but that isn’t enough. I think since the people who make these decisions and handle this type of money are almost always going to be near the top of the organization, it is going to come to the old cliché of “it starts at the top”. Hiring ethical executives who are accountable for the people directly beneath them is probably the best method to maintain integrity.
The idea of rewards and punishments is complicated when it comes to corruption. Punishments are easy, there should be a zero-tolerance policy. On top of the zero-tolerance policy I would explain that the organization would be looking at legal action against the individual. Regarding rewards, I think you could justify a payment to whistleblowers. At the same time, I don’t know if you should go too far because the employee would be doing something they are supposed to do anyway.
References:
Pinto, J. K. (2019). Project Management: Achieving Competitive Advantage. Pearson.
1 | I n t r o d u c t i o n t o C u r r i c u l u m f o r E a r l y C h i l d h o o d E d u c a t i o n
El Camino College
Childhood Education Department
CDEV 115 Introduction to Curriculum
Introduction to Curriculum
for
Early Childhood Educators
An Open Educational Resources Publication by College of the Canyons
2 | I n t r o d u c t i o n t o C u r r i c u l u m f o r E a r l y C h i l d h o o d E d u c a t i o n
Introduction to Curriculum for Early Childhood
Education
An Open Educational Resources Publication by College of the
Canyons
Created by Jennifer Paris, Kristin Beeve, and Clint Spri ...
(Alex)There are four phases of the systems development life cycle MoseStaton39
(Alex)There are four phases of the systems development life cycle (SDLC). The four phases are planning and selection, analysis, design, and implementation. (Valacich, George, & Hoffer, 2015) While the different phases are generally sequential in nature, a system may move from a later phase to an earlier phase as problems or issues arise during the SDLC. The analysis, design, and implementation phase have different fundamental purposes. In the planning phase, the need for a system is established and general expectations are laid out. The analysis phase has the primary purpose of exploring these expectations and requirements in more detail. The analysis phase is where the systems analyst conducts interviews with users, management, and other stakeholders to thoroughly determine the requirements, while also researching the current capabilities of the previous system, if there was one. The analyst generates rough solutions for the problem set, presents them to management, and enters the design phase once a potential solution is accepted by the customer. The design phase is where the system starts to take shape. Using the research conducted during the analysis phase, a logical design is developed. The logical design is essentially the steps and processes that the system should go through, independent of the hardware or software of the system. It is the blueprint that the physical design is based off of. With the physical design in hand, the implementation phase begins. “Construction” begins on the process with coders writing programs, testers testing the solution, and the implementation team installs the system onto new or existing hardware. This phase also includes training to users, evaluation of user experiences with the system, and ongoing support. This phase continues until the system no longer meets the needs of the organization, starting the cycle all over again. While these phases make up three fourths of the SDLC, the fundamental purposes are different in that they each correlate to different steps in the overall design process.
REFERENCES
Valacich, J. S., George, J. F., & Hoffer, J. A. (2015). Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
...
(2) conditions for language and literacy developmentConditioMoseStaton39
(2) conditions for language and literacy development
Conditions for Learning- Responsibility
Description- Encourage children to be accountable for their own learning
Implications for Educators - Include choice and problem solving in activities.
Conditions for Learning- Engagement
Description- Create a climate of meaningful language use.
Implications for Educators- Encourage children to read along
and engage in conversations.
...
(2) conditions for language and literacy developmentConditio
!#$OPINIONHow armed police officers on ca
1. !
"
#
$
OPINION
How armed police officers on campus have become a ubiquitous
part of American college life
Angela Wright: Over 100 American universities have contracts
with the U.S. Department of Defense. This has
allowed universities to procure grenade launchers, armoured
vehicles and military assault riBes like the M-16.
By Angela Wright
June 25, 2020
Police arrest an African-American protester, whose face is
bloodied following a confrontation with police, during an anti -
Vietnam War protest near 14th street in
Manhattan, New York City, New York following the Kent State
shooting, May 7, 1970. (Stuart Lutz/Gado/Getty)
Angela Wright is a writer and political analyst based in
Toronto.
It was just after midnight. I was finishing up what had become a
nightly routine: a late-night study session with
2. friends at the library. It was a cool fall night, and my friend
offered to drive us to our on-campus apartments. Just as
we pulled into the parking lot of my friend’s apartment complex
on campus, bright headlights flooded the
windshield.
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1 of 4 9/9/20, 9:23 PM
A police officer appro
dropping us off, my o
reminded that I wasn’t in Canada anymore. In the United States,
campus police carry guns. I sat in the back seat in
sheer silence, staring at my friend’s campus parking pass
hanging from the rearview mirror.
With the world’s eyes fixated on the violence of municipal
police forces, the central role of armed police forces on
3. American university campuses have flown under the radar. And
the history that brought so many armed police
officers to campuses across the U.S. is marred with controversy
as well as death.
MORE: Hal Johnson: ‘Yes, there is systemic racism in Canada’
The first college police force was formed in 1894 at Yale
University, but it wasn’t until the 1960s that armed police
officers on campus became a ubiquitous part of American
college life. Unlike municipal police forces, who are
funded with municipal budgets and paid with local taxes,
university police departments are employed directly by
universities.
As Baby Boomers entered university, the 1960s anti-segregation
protests gave way to a growing anti-war protest
against the U.S. military’s increasing involvement in Vietnam.
But in 1965, the military made changes to draft
eligibility: previously, young men enrolled as undergraduate
and graduate students in universities were exempt
from the draft. Now, desperate for more soldiers, only the
highest-achieving students would be exempt. Using
various testing methods, universities ranked their students, and
only those whose scores tested above a certain cut
off would be exempt from the draft.
4. University students staged anti-war teach-ins across campuses
and protested their universities’ complicity in the
war effort. University administrators often called in the police
to disperse students protesting on campus. This came
to a tragic head on May 4, 1970, when members of the Ohio
National Guard opened fire on students protesting at
Kent State University, killing four and injuring nine others.
MORE: How the Anti-Saloon League, responsible for
Prohibition, shaped modern racist policing
This ugly history still lives on. Such was the case at both my
alma maters. At my undergraduate institution, the
University at Buffalo, it was rumoured that its North Campus—
designed and built in the early 1970s—has no lawn
where students can congregate in order to prevent large students
gatherings, and to make protest easy to dismantle
by police. At the University of Iowa, where I did my master’s
degree, the school’s College of Education, which
opened in 1972, was built with reinforced interior doors that
students believed could be closed to wall staff and
administrators off from protestors.
After the campus protests in the 1960s and 1970s, university
administrators began lobbying state legislatures to
allow them to have their own dedicated police forces.
Essentially, university police forces were created not to protect
5. students from harm, but to protect the university from its
students.
This legacy lives on until today. Over 90 per cent of public
universities have sworn police officers (as opposed to
How armed police officers on campus have become a
ubiquitou... https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/how-armed-
police-officers-on...
2 of 4 9/9/20, 9:23 PM
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like pepper spray. Despite university administrators portraying
campus police as less violent and confrontational
than municipal police forces, campus police officers have been
involved in violent and deadly confrontations—not
only with students but with local residents as well.
In 2015, a University of Cincinnati police officer Ray Tensing
shot and killed 43-year-old Samuel DuBose after he
pulled over DuBose for a missing license plate on a street off-
campus. Scout Schultz, a 21-year-old Georgia Tech
student was shot and killed by campus police while he was
experiencing a mental breakdown. Four years after
6. Portland State University decided to arm its police force, two
campus police officers shot and killed U.S. postal
worker and Navy veteran Jason Washington as he tried to break
up a fight outside a bar in 2018.
Just like municipal police forces, campus police forces have
become increasingly militarized. Over 100 American
universities have contracts with the Department of Defense.
Through a specialized program operated by the Defense
Logistics Agency, a combat logistics support agency in the U.S.
Department of Defense that assists the military in
acquiring weapons, campus police departments receive excess
equipment from the military—for free. This has
allowed universities to procure grenade launchers, armoured
vehicles and military assault rifles like the M-16.
According to reporting by the New York Times, over 66
institutions have procured the high-powered semi-
automatic rifles, with one university, Arizona State, possessing
70.
Students have been calling universities to divest from police.
Black students at Northwestern University in
Evanston, Illinois, have called on their university to dissolve
the Northwestern University police department, citing
police officers’ mistreatment of Black students on campus.
Students at another Chicago-area private university
7. staged a protest in front of the University of Chicago police
headquarters, demanding the university dissolve its
police force by 2022. In both of these cases, Black students
stated that the presence of on-campus police made them
feel less safe.
As I look back on my experience with campus police that cold
night, I realize how common my experience of an
unnecessary interaction with campus police is for Black
students in university. Despite being fed an image of a more
docile police force, police departments on campus are just as
armed as their municipal counterparts, and equally
willing to use deadly force. I look back and feel lucky that that
incident didn’t turn violent—or worse.
Related
Canadian universi-
ties tackle legal
cannabis with wildly
different policies
Students beware:
Illegal downloading
on campus is risky
Will new rules
around free speech
on campus wind up
silencing protes-
tors?
8. How will Canadian
universities handle
legal marijuana?
Black hockey play-
ers on loving a sport
that doesn't love
them back
AMERICAN POLICING BLACK LIVES MATTER CAMPUS
POLICE EDITOR'S PICKS UNIVERSITY CAMPUS
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Communication Theory ISSN 1050-3293
9. O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E
Dialogue, Activism, and Democratic
Social Change
Shiv Ganesh1 & Heather M. Zoller2
1 Department of Management Communication, University of
Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
2 Department of Communication, University of Cincinnati, OH,
USA
This article provides a systematic description of various
positions on dialogue and their
implications for understanding activism and social change. It
describes three orientations
toward dialogue — collaboration, co-optation, and agonism —
which are differentiated by
assumptions regarding the pervasiveness of dialogue, the role of
difference, and conceptions
of power. We argue for a multivocal, agonistic perspective on
dialogue that centers issues of
power and conflict in activism. Such a perspective illuminates a
broad range of activist tactics
for social change instead of privileging consensus-oriented
methods. These approaches are
illustrated with two ethnographic case studies that highlight the
importance of lay theories
of activism and dialogue.
doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2011.01396.x
Political upheaval and conflict across the world in 2011 from
New York and Wiscon-
sin to Syria and Egypt, underscored the tremendous global need
for democratic social
11. D
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nloaded from
https://academ
ic.oup.com
/ct/article-abstract/22/1/66/4085703 by U
niversity of D
enver--P
enrose Library user on 14 D
ecem
ber 2019
S. Ganesh & H. M. Zoller Dialogue and Activism
and elaborate how theoretical and ideological assumptions
regarding dialogue influence
our understanding of the role that activism plays in enabling
democratic communication
practice. Dialogue is evident in a number of areas of
communication inquiry into
democratic practices. Interpersonal communication studies have
considered the role
of face-to-face dialogue in managing difference and promoting
social participation
(Cissna & Anderson, 1994; Rawlins, 2009; Wood, 2004).
Organizational communica-
tion researchers have attempted to understand how communities
experience dialogue
12. as they attempt to engage in democratic communication
(Medved, 2003; Zoller, 2000).
Public relations research has focused on symmetrical
communication across a range
of publics in the context of social change (Grunig, Grunig, &
Dozier, 2002). Studies of
environmental communication have employed notions of
dialogue to understand and
frame intractable stakeholder conflicts (Brummans et al., 2008).
Health communica-
tion scholars have used dialogic theories to promote
participatory models of health
promotion (Dutta & Basnyat, 2008; Melkote, Krishnatray, &
Krishnatray, 2008).
Development communication research has employed
participatory communication
as a key construct to understand meaningful social change
(Papa, Auwal, & Singhal,
1997). And rhetoricians have used the term invitational rhetoric
to describe ways in
which actors may engage in ethical and dialogic exchange (Foss
& Griffin, 1995).
Likewise, a wide range of scholars have also employed activism
as a major
construct in understanding connections between communication
and democratic
practice (Frey & Carragee, 2007). Examinations of advocacy
and activist discourse,
for instance, are prominent in rhetorical studies (Bowers, Ochs,
& Jensen, 1993; Fabj
& Sobnosky, 1995; Stewart, 1997) as well as cultural studies
(Wood, Hall, & Hasian,
2008). Scholars of new media have investigated ways that
activists use technology
to engage in radical democracy (Pickard, 2006). Social
13. movement researchers have
been especially concerned with how activists mobilize
collective action as they
engage in protests (Bennett, Breunig, & Givens, 2008). Studies
of organizational
communication and public relations have also attempted to
understand how activist
organizing practices create opportunities for meaningful social
change (Ganesh &
Stohl, 2010), how they function as influential stakeholders
(Weaver & Motion, 2005),
and how organizations might effectively manage activists (L. A.
Grunig, 1992; Smith
& Ferguson, 2001).
The prevalence and centrality of dialogue and activism in
scholarship on com-
munication and transformative social change warrant greater
attention to underlying
theoretical assumptions. This article describes three primary
orientations toward
dialogue — collaborative, co-optive, and agonistic — based on
assumptions about
conflict, power, and the role of difference. We discuss multiple
theoretical positions
within each orientation and seek to show how hidden
assumptions hinder theo-
rizing by delegitimizing certain forms of activist
communication as they privilege
consensus-oriented methods. We argue for the merits of
agonistic theories of dialogue
that can shed light on a broader range of activist communication
methods and tactics
for social change by acknowledging issues of power and
conflict as a central feature
of dialogue. Following our analysis, we contextualize the
15. and others. Communication studies have identified several
distinct approaches to
dialogue in these key works. For instance, Cissna and Anderson
(1994) identified
several strains of inquiry. One strain draws from Buber’s (1958)
concepts of ‘‘I’’ and
‘‘Thou’’ to describe the idea of genuine, authentic, and open
relationships, where
identity and otherness are mutually implicated. A conversation-
analytic point of
view conceives of dialogue as ordinary conversation, featuring
turn-taking, etiquette,
and immediacy, but which may include situations where ‘‘both
parties talked but
neither really listened — and neither really expected the other
to listen’’ (p. 26).
Another approach draws from Bakhtin to describe language as
inherently dialogic
in representing difference, otherness, and multivocality
(Bakhtin, 1981), wherein
dialogue becomes a fundamental way of being in the world.
Three positions on dialogue
Across various approaches, we identify three positions on
dialogue that are particularly
relevant to understanding connections and tensions between
activism and dialogue.
These positions vary on the basis of their assumptions about the
pervasiveness of
dialogic phenomena, the constitutive power of difference, and
the role of conflict and
power relationships.
Extant research differs on the pervasiveness of dialogue, often
depending on
whether authors approach the concept in prescriptive or
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S. Ganesh & H. M. Zoller Dialogue and Activism
start from different assumptions about the place of power in
dialogue. Some, often
Bohmian perspectives, propose that power relationships must be
set aside to enter
dialogue. Others view power differentials as something to be
addressed and managed
in dialogue (Wood, 2004). Still others see dialogue as a means
of overcoming
dominance by allowing for marginalized voices and the creation
of spaces for
change (Freire, 1970; Hammond et al., 2003). And finally, some
approaches, often
poststructural, implicitly view dialogue as being irrevocably
18. tangled with, constituted
by, and disruptive of power (Falzon, 1998).
Based on their different approaches to these issues, we identify
three positions
on dialogue that have significant implications for how one can
understand potential
overlaps and tensions between activism and dialogue. These
positions do not
constitute unique theories of dialogue; indeed, as we discuss
later, they are perspectives
that often draw from multiple traditions in dialogue inquiry. We
refer to the first
position as Dialogue as collaboration, the second as Dialogue as
co-optation, and the
third as Dialogue as agonistic.
Before we discuss connections and disjunctures between
dialogue and activism,
some discussion of what ‘‘counts’’ as activism is also in order.
Like dialogue, activism
has been conceptualized in a variety of ways, and scholars have
isolated a number of
key features of activism. Some definitions have focused on
activist tactics. For instance,
L. A. Grunig (1992) identified education, compromise,
persuasion, pressure tactics,
and force as defining characteristics of activist communication,
while excluding
dialogue as a key activist tactic. Other conceptualizations have
emphasized activity.
Diani (1992), for example, suggested that a defining activity of
activism is its
engagement with conflict, and Urietta (2005) cast activism in
terms of the active
participation of people advocating a particular set of issues.
19. Kim and Sriramesh (2009)
defined activism as ‘‘the coordinated activity of a group that
organizes voluntarily in an
effort to solve problems that threaten the common interest of
members of that group’’
(p. 88). Still others focus on defining principles of activi sm. For
instance, Jordan’s
(2002) work on activism argues that while contemporary
activism is constituted by
diverse repertoires, including direct action and dis/organization,
culture jamming,
pleasure-politics, and hacktivism, the twin principles of
transgression and solidarity
unite activists.
Clearly then, definitions of activism vary, and different bodies
of knowledge even
appear to diverge in their collective emphasis on the importance
of defining activism,
which underscores the political function of definitions in
constituting key knowledge
interests. We observe, for instance, that research in public
relations, often criticized
for its managerialism (McKie & Munshi, 2007) appears to have
produced a significant
number of definitions of activism. Across perspectives and
disciplines, however, one
finds an emphasis, on contestation as a core aspect of activist
communication, and
key concepts such as advocacy, conflict, and transgression do
appear to be central
to activism. While some definitions of dialogue appear to
preclude activism, others
may implicitly incorporate one or another notion of activism.
We discuss these
perspectives in the following sections.
21. Theorists commonly construe dialogue in interpersonal terms.
For instance,
emergent understanding is seen as a product of dialogic
relationship building.
This is particularly evident in the organizational learning
literature (Schein, 2004;
Senge, 1990), which views dialogue as a form of internal
learning through open
communication and consensus building (Bokeno & Gantt, 2000).
Similarly, Bohmian
approaches view dialogue as ‘‘thinking together,’’ emphasizing
the creation of new
meaning through connection and relationship building between
individuals (Black,
2005). Bohmian approaches depict dialogue as a specialized
form of collaborative
communication that emphasizes interpersonal win-win
relationships. The focus on
collaboration and deep connection can also be found in the work
of Goodall and
Kellett (2004), who described a hierarchy of communication
culminating in dialogue
as a transcendent and profound experience, suggesting that
‘‘Achieving dialogue often
results in a deepened sense of connection between oneself and
others . . .’’ (p. 167).
Some scholars who draw from more poststructural lenses that
highlight ten-
sionality have also theorized dialogue as a special form of
mutual relationship
building and collaboration. For example, Cissna and Anderson
(1994) characterized
dialogue as including strange otherness and emergent
consequences, and although
22. they argued that ‘‘contrary to some popular conceptions,
dialogue does not preclude
heated or even agonistic exchange’’ (p. 14), they still cast the
process in collaborative
terms: ‘‘Dialogue is characterized by high levels of concern for
self (and one’s own
position) as well as for the other (and for the position advanced
by the other . . .
rather than a primary focus on winning and losing’’ (p. 14).
Similarly, Rawlins
(2009) highlighted the tensions surrounding difference, power,
and friendship, while
primarily describing dialogue in terms of sometimes rare and
deep interpersonal
connections of respect, vulnerability, and openness, resonant
with Buber’s I – Thou
relationships.
Many collaborative orientations to dialogue emphasize openness
as a key marker.
Pearce and Pearce (2004), for instance, said that ‘‘the defining
characteristic of
dialogic communication is that all of these speech acts are done
in ways that hold
one’s own position but allow others the space to hold theirs, and
are profoundly open
to hearing others’ positions without needing to oppose or
assimilate them’’ (p. 45).
Feminist communication scholars who promote invitational
rhetoric describe it as
a ‘‘cooperative, nonadversarial, and ethical’’ (Foss & Griffin,
1995, p. 115) form
of communication that eschews persuasion, which is associated
with patriarchal
attempts at domination and control. Indeed, Foss and Griffin
also liken invitational
24. preclude the possibility
of activists engaging in dialogue by treating activism as
oppositional to dialogue.
Others privilege dialogue by stakeholders, including activists,
as a preferred means
of obtaining social change over protest and other forms of
contestation. Finally, a
third stance casts internal activist communication as potentially
dialogic and external
communication as almost exclusively confrontational.
Privileging collaboration over activism
First, theories that emphasize mutual relationship building and
consensus often
assume that participants put aside pre-existing interests and
goals. This idea is
incompatible with many depictions of activism. Most obviously,
researchers who cast
activism largely in terms of protest, and theorize protest as
aggressive and violent,
rule out the possibility of activists engaging in collaborative
dialogue. We often find
these assumptions in descriptions of global activists targeting
capitalist structures. For
instance, Nichols (2003), writing about ‘‘new’’ activism
suggested: ‘‘The sad reality of
today’s global political environment is that we now face a new
generation of activists,
who could come to dominate — not through force of arms, but
through pressure,
intimidation and even terror to serve their radical agenda’’ (p.
137). Creating a
startlingly postapocalyptic image, he adds: ‘‘Many lead small,
roving guerilla bands
of increasingly vocal, rapacious, confident militants, preying on
weak businesses,
25. ganging up on large companies, taking to the streets, demanding
tribute, and
threatening to unleash actions that (they hope) will overwhelm
industries, life styles,
and social, economic, legal and political institutions’’ (p. 137).
Similar language is
evident in L. A. Grunig’s (1992) commentary, which cast
corporate engagement with
activists as a war: ‘‘when it comes to a fight, the weapons in
each activist’s arsenal
might vary. And as the battle drags on, the weapons might
become more lethal.’’
Although such language is the exception rather than the norm,
other researchers have
tended to unreflexively characterize activists in terms of
violence, construing them as
incapable of conversation, consensus, or relationship building.
The tendency to separate activism from collaboration-oriented
dialogue is even
evident in the use of labels such as ‘‘anticorporate’’ for
nonlabor corporate campaigns
(Manheim, 2001), which frames all activism as inherently
antagonistic toward
corporations. Characterizing activist communication using
words such as pressure
and force also results in implicitly casting activism as distant
and confrontational, in
contrast with interpersonal and relational depictions of
dialogue.
Some scholars construct activism as a form of escalation in
confrontation.
For instance, Gantchev (2009) developed a sequential model for
activism, arguing
that activists usually engage in low-cost strategies that include
27. 2006).
Even the general association of activism with persuasion can
facilitate viewing
activism as oppositional to dialogue if we greatly emphasize the
idea that dialogue
involves listening to, rather than trying to change, the other.
Consensual theories of
dialogue exclude activism from dialogic methods to the degree
that activism involves
entering interactions with goals of influence and social change,
often in situations
of unequal power. These theories thus risk privileging civility
over the need for
democratic and material social change.
Privileging activist dialogue over activist contestation
Other theorists distinguish between activists who use protest
methods and activists
who work cooperatively with their targets of change, privileging
consensual dialogue
as a superior method of social change. For instance,
management theorists of activism
aimed at global capitalism frame activist dialogue as a two-way,
mutually beneficial
process and activist contestation as a one-way, ‘‘either-or’’
process. Jordan and
Stevenson (2003) labeled protest as ‘‘win-lose,’’ problem-
focused politics in contrast
to the ‘‘win-win’’ solution-focus of activist dialogue.
Stakeholder theories sometimes
reflect this argument as well. For instance, Deetz (1992)
celebrated the possibility
of emergent solutions through stakeholder dialogue, which he
contrasted with the
merely expressive function of protest.
28. Public relations scholars Taylor, Vasquez, and Doorley (2003)
differentiated
between confrontational activists such as ACT UP! members
who pressured pharma-
ceutical companies and activists who worked through dialogue
with these companies.
Referencing groups who worked cooperatively with Merck, the
authors suggested,
‘‘This group recognized that confrontational strategies may
actually delay the real
objective of all AIDS activists — safe, effective treatments’’ (p.
264). The authors
even employed dialogic relationship building as a criterion for
ethical corporate
stakeholder communication, stipulating that ‘‘. . .
communication by publics will
also be judged ethical if it contributes to the engagement of the
relationship with
the target organization’’ (p. 262). Such a statement depicts
activist communica-
tion as unethical if it does not contribute to relationship
building with targets of
change. Moreover, this approach assumes that consensus and
compromise are more
effective than pressure tactics. Similarly, Smith and Ferguson
(2001) observed that
although one goal of activism is to ‘‘argue for their
recommended resolutions to
the problem’’ (p. 294), compromise and negotiation by activists
are more fruitful
approaches.
Theorists seeking to promote new forms of social change also
point toward
relational and consensus-driven views of dialogue as more ideal
30. shared concerns and fears, and . . . possibilities that arise, not
from activists
looking to gain allies, converting people to causes, or building a
broad social
movement, but from taking encounters on uncommon ground as
a starting
point for a dialogic and normative politics based up the need for
us all to engage
in politics as equals (p. 260).
Such a position stakes out creative alliances and dialogue as
inherently separate from
activism.
At times, privileging dialogue as consensus over other methods
of activist social
change casts confrontational communication as devoid of
substance. Stewart and
Zediker (2000) restate Freire’s position that action without
dialogic participatory
action research is ‘‘mere activism’’ or sloganeering, which
actually prevents social
change. Likewise, Singh (2008) discounted Huesca’s (2003) call
for development
through social movements: ‘‘Huesca’s call regarding social
movements is misplaced;
without genuine participation in grassroots development work,
joining social move-
ments, while a good expression of solidarity with the oppressed,
can devolve into
empty sloganeering’’ (p. 718). He then suggested that
telenovelas create the oppor-
tunity for such dialogue: ‘‘Freire understands dialogues as
conversations fostered in
a spirit of inquiry that allow the participants to not only
comprehend and delineate
31. their world but also to transform it. Such comprehension can
come only if people
find a cultural voice to tell their own story through a process of
dialogue’’ (p. 702).
Casting dialogue as internal and confrontation as external to
activism
Finally, assumptions about dialogue as consensus may lead
scholars to investigate
dialogue as a collaborative internal activist tool rather than an
external method.
For instance, Lozano-Reich and Cloud (2009), in a critique of
invitational rhetoric,
argued that the proper place of dialogue lies in building
solidarity in internal
activist communication, whereas contestation and confrontation
are its proper
external functions. Starhawk’s (2002) widely circulated essay
‘‘How we really shut
down the WTO’’ talks about the importance of consensus
decision making, vision,
empowerment, dance, and humor involved in creating affinity
groups through which
blockades in Seattle were achieved in 1999. A recent strand of
such argument is
grounded in online activism. For example, Victor Pickard’s
(2006) work described
online activism as a form of democratic participation,
describing how internal
organizing that created the Independe nt Media Collectives
(IndyMedia) are dedicated
to consensus-based decision making between and within activist
groups.
Placing consensus and collaboration at the heart of ‘‘internal’’
activist work can be
33. leadership is enacted and
constructed in social movements. For instance, Zoller and
Fairhurst (2008) theorized
the potential connections between leadership processes,
resistance, mobilization,
change, and influence. Additionally, bifurcating dialogue as
internal and protest
and contestation as external may create a crudely
confrontational portrait of activist
tactics. We discuss this issue further when we unpack the notion
of agonistic dialogue.
Before that, however, a discussion of dialogue as a form of co-
optation is in order.
Dialogue as co-optation
Scholarship grounded in critical orientations toward dialogue
often warns about
the possibility that dialogue can be manipulated, co-opted, and
limited by state,
corporate, and other powerful agents. While collaborative
notions of dialogue
emphasize the need to suspend power relations, dialogue as co-
optation assumes
that what appears to be collaboration is better understood as a
tactic of power. This
perspective continues to depict dialogue as a specialized form
of communication,
but it treats power as pervasive and difficult, if not impossible,
to suspend. There
are at least three key aspects of such arguments. While some
scholars emphasize the
inherent fragility and vulnerability of dialogue, others imply
that powerful interests
are able to rhetorically employ dialogue as a legitimizing
activity precisely because it
34. has communicative resonance. Still others stress the
impossibility of genuine dialogue
given the pervasiveness of inequity and the inherent problems
involved in practices
of representation themselves.
Dialogue as fragile
While some research in the dialogue-as-collaboration tradition
questions activists’
willingness to risk being changed through an open and
collaborative dialogue, some
critical research casts suspicion on their more powerful targets.
Representations
of dialogue as implicitly fragile and vulnerable are reflected in
critical scholarship
that depicts dialogue between activists and powerful targets,
such as corporate
leadership, as being easily manipulated by corporations to
prevent larger, more
material democratic transformation. For instance, sociologist
Judith Richter (2001)
described dialogue as a key issue management method used by
the infant formula
industry to address an activist boycott targeted at formula safe ty
and marketing.
Equating issues management with the engineering of consent,
she recounted ways
in which ostensibly dialogic negotiations were used as methods
of covert corporate
environmental scanning. She observed that dialogue can be used
‘‘to gain intelligence,
transfer image and divert attention from more pressing issues’’
(p. 160). In this light,
she argued that activists should think carefully before joining
dialogues that feature
great power asymmetry and demand greater transparency in
36. author paraphrased
advice from Ronald Duchin of the public relations company
Mongoven, Biscoe
& Duchin, about using dialogue to defeat activists: ‘‘isolate the
radicals, ‘cultivate’
the idealists and ‘educate’ them into becoming realists, then co-
opt the realists
into agreeing with industry’’ (p. 33). Similarly, Moberg (2002)
characterized the
Chemical Manufacturers Association’s Responsible Care
initiative, which promotes
community engagement and stakeholder dialogue to manage
environmental conflict,
as ‘‘. . . designed to co-opt or marginalize local opponents.
Despite the stated emphasis
placed on candor by the program’s promoters, all ‘dialogue’
between industry and
community members is carefully scripted to ensure that
dissenting voices are not
heard’’ (p. 380).
Dialogue as resonant
While the studies above demonstrate the fragility of dialogue,
questioning the extent
to which activists should risk direct dialogic engagement with
powerful interests,
several of them also indicate another quality of dialogue that
make it amenable
to co-optation: its resonance in public imaginations. Arguably,
the very fact that
dialogue is normative and is construed as a warm and friendly
democratic ideal
lends itself to the possibility of it being used to legitimize and
present corporate
and business interests as the public good. This is akin to
Habermas’s (1989) classic
37. argument on the structural transformation of the public sphere,
notably in the thesis
that the idea of a public sphere continues to have strong
resonance and relevance
despite its increasing mediation by organizational, corporate,
and structural interests.
The strategic use of dialogue for the rhetorical legitimation of
state and corporate
activities is evident in arguments put forward in the studies
cited above. Rowell
(2002), for instance, discusses Shell’s 1997 – 1998 dialogues
regarding its Peruvian
gas operations at Camisea, which he depicted as a means of
tempering potential
resistance and adding legitimacy to its engagement with
affected communities. As
Rowell noted ‘‘crucially, not up for discussion was whether the
gas project should
go ahead, but how it should go ahead’’ (p. 35). Zoller (2004)
also found that
a transnational business trade advocacy group used the language
of symmetrical
communication and dialogue to prevent conflict rather than air
it, develop unitary
positions, and usurp governmental policy-making functions.
Critiques of this kind
of synthetic personalization (Fairclough, 2001), which employ
friendly, relational
tropes to prevent dissent and disagreement, further amplify the
issue of risk,
turning it on its head in some ways. Similarly, Dutta and
Basnyat (2008) critiqued
the apparently participatory entertainment education-based
Radio Communication
Project in Nepal as co-optive of more dialogic culture-centered
39. is not surprising that some activist groups have refused to
engage in dialogue with
structural interests because they see themselves as participating
in bids to preserve
the status quo (Zorn, Roper, & Motion, 2006).
Dialogue as impossible
Finally, some studies that are focused on representation,
difference, and the problems
of liberal pluralist models of democracy express doubt about the
possibility of
dialogue for social change. For instance, McPhail (2004) was
pessimistic about the
possibility for interracial dialogue that recognizes racism rather
than reinforces the
worldview of dominant White groups. Similarly, Kersten (2006)
argued that without
deconstruction, dialogue replicates social divisions and power
differentials. Her work
on race dialogue shows frequent: ‘‘(a) inability to see and hear
the racial Other,
(b) lack of common language and experience, and (c) lack of
meaningful action’’
(p. 362).
These positions echo critics of consensually oriented theories of
public sphere
participation (Fraser, 1990). For instance, Iris Young (2000)
questioned conventional
notions of democratic discussion, arguing that their emphasis on
a common good
results in further marginalization of minority groups, thereby
preventing deep
democracy. This in turn is related significantly to interrogations
about the possibility
of dialogic knowing and knowability in the work of scholars
40. such as Spivak and
others, most explicitly in the argument that attempting to
engage with otherness
invariably results in its further incorporation into existing
systems of meaning and
representation (Ganesh, 2010; Spivak, 1999). Dutta and Pal
(2010) also drew from
Spivak to argue that subaltern groups are erased and co-opted
through dialogic
methods entailed in dominant neoliberal discourses. The co-
optive view of dialogue
is an important corrective to theories of dialogue that privilege
civility and order
over democratic transformation. These theories highlight the
significance of contexts
of power and conflict that permeate activist efforts. As public
relations scholars
Leitch and Neilson (2001) argued, ‘‘In practice, in cases where
access to resources
is so unequal, attempting to practice symmetrical public
relations might constitute
a self-destructive discourse strategy for the least powerful
participant’’ (p. 129). We
support the contentions of much of this research, so our point is
not to undermine
research into dialogue as a strategy for elites to co-opt activist
groups. We do caution,
though, against maintaining a presumption that dialogue
between activists and more
powerful targets is impossible. Such a position may
ontologically reify social actors
and their interests by assuming fixed ideological or material
positions. Theorists
should not rule out the potential for powerful interests to risk
vulnerability through
dialogue for a variety of reasons or for activists to create
42. Mouffe, 1985). An
agonistic theory facilitates a pragmatic approach to dialogue by
highlighting shifting
relationships of power, identity, and vulnerability, while
simultaneously paying
explicit attention to questions of justice and social and material
needs.
Agonistic perspectives privilege conflict as an element of social
change. The
search for common ground is seen as problematic because, as
Wood (2004) argued:
‘‘The search (and belief in) common ground may thwart, rather
than facilitate,
genuine dialogue, because almost inevitably the dominant
culture defines what
ground is common or legitimate’’ (p. xvii). Accordingly,
agonistic perspectives focus
on the potential for subverting power relations. Gergen, Gergen,
and Barrett (2004)
expressed such a position when they said that dialogue ‘‘may
enable authority to be
challenged, multiple opinions to be expressed, or taken-for-
granted realities to be
deliberated’’ (p. 44).
While much work on agonism and democracy is largely critical
in orientation,
it is also important to note that there are overt poststructural
sensibilities in the
notion. For instance, Falzon (1998) provides a dialogic
conception of Foucault’s
work, arguing that central to his work ‘‘is not structure or
domination but our
involvement in an open-ended ‘agonistic’ dialogue of forces.
Out of this dialogue,
43. forms of social order and entrapment emerge, and are
themselves destined to be
overcome in the course of ongoing dialogue’’ (p. 3). At the
same time that agonistic
theories foreground power and conflicting interests, they
stipulate that interests,
identities, and relationships are shifting rather than fixed. For
instance, Melkote
et al. (2008) contrasted the monologism of diffusion health
promotion models
with the ability of participatory models to transform health
workers, patients, and
community members through dialogic interaction. This
transformation facilitates
social change goals versus compliance, such as activating self-
help, social support,
access to resources, community empowerment, organization,
and activism.
Additionally, scholarship rooted in Bakhtinian traditions may
support an agonistic
approach by emphasizing the dialogic nature of language itself
rather than prescribing
specific criteria for ideal interaction. For Bakhtin (1981) ,
language is inherently
multivocal and therefore dialogic. Language is marked by
tensions between centripetal
and centrifugal forces seeking to restrict or open up meanings,
respectively (see also
Rawlins, 2009). Moreover, Bakhtinian perspectives help
illuminate how dialogue
interanimates other forms of communication such as argument,
discussion, debate,
or even polemic. Barge and Martin’s (2002) work, for instance,
extends this focus
from language to social interaction as they position dialogue as
45. synchronic effects of
contestation itself can be understood as dialogic, in that the
very act of challenging
dominant systems of power and meaning through argumentative,
confrontational,
or irrational tactics opens up alternative spaces. In both
diachronic and synchronic
stances, the emphasis is on different forms and understandings
of openness. We
detail them below.
Diachronic views
By viewing dialogue within the context of unfolding
communication over time,
a diachronic view of agonistic dialogue acknowledges ways in
which ‘‘one-way’’
communication, including narrative, argument, and persuasion,
may make room
for or alternate with mutual attempts at openness. For instance,
Papa, Singhal, and
Papa (2006) theorized a dialectical relationship between
dissemination (one-way
communication) and dialogue in social change efforts. They
depict entertainment
education programs as a form of dissemination that encourages
dialogue among
audience members to promote greater acceptance of
marginalized groups such as
Dalits and women by dominant groups. Rawlins (2009)
interrogated the dialogic
potential of narrative among friends to open spaces for civil
participation and
social movements. Similarly, Porrovecchio (2007) analyzed how
WTO activists used
testimony, something that might normally be viewed as one-way
communication,
46. in dialogic ways by creating spaces for marginalized voices
within larger social
discussions among a range of publics and counterpublics.
What counts as dialogic openness itself can take multiple forms
here, and two
are particularly relevant. Openness can take the form of
deliberation, involving
attempts at explanation rather than consensus. For instance, van
de Kerkhof (2006)
criticized stakeholder dialogues in environmental decision
making as negotiations
that seek to gain consensus. As an alternative, she promoted a
deliberation model of
stakeholder dialogue: ‘‘Whereas consensus building can be
characterized as a process
of negotiation, deliberation is about dialogue and
argumentation’’ (p. 282). Similarly,
Wakefield (2008) argued for collaborative advocacy as a way
for organizations and
activists to explain and deliberate positions with the objective
of establishing rather
than dissolving difference.
Openness also can take the form of pragmatic caution regarding
activist stances
toward both collaboration and confrontation. For instance,
Hernes and Mikalsen
(2002) examined three activist campaigns targeted at the fishery
industry, suggesting
that greater environmental awareness in the industry has created
opportunities for
industry partnerships with activists rather than adversarial
relations. They described
the Greenpeace campaign in terms of cautious confrontation,
which involved a mix
48. Synchronic perspectives involve understanding confrontational
activist tactics them-
selves as dialogic because they effect a kind of discursive
opening. Protests, in
particular, help relativize a dominant discourse by constructing
and rendering visible
alternative political stances. Knight and Greenberg (2002), for
example, explicitly
characterized activism as dialogic, arguing that many activist
methods create the
possibility for social dialogue, an argument echoed by
Henderson (2005). Knight
and Greenberg’s case analysis of activists targeting Nike
resulted in the suggestion
that ‘‘Antisweatshop activism has thus been able to exploit
Nike’s own dependence
on public image and communication as a way to turn
promotionalism back on itself
and open up issues such as wages, working conditions, and
worker rights to ethical
criticism’’ (pp. 550 – 551). Public relations scholars observed
that activists can create
openings through which public relations practitioners can
promote ethical changes
on the part of organizational leaders (Berger, 2005; Smith &
Ferguson, 2001).
Synchronic views expand our understanding of dialogic
openness in several ways.
For one, they highlight unpredictability. For instance, Ólafsson
(2007) appropriated
Bakhtin to establish the dialogic and multivocal character of
protests. Unlike for-
mal political deliberation, protests are dialogic because they
involve unpredictable
communicative outcomes and do not follow orderly or
49. methodical conventions
of structured and politically legitimate tactics such as
deliberation: ‘‘The protester
should rather be seen as someone who tries to expand the arena
of political action
and dialogue, refusing to submit to the demands of orderly
argumentation’’ (p. 439).
Second, we can evaluate openness in terms of communication
that creates
social awareness and visibility. For instance, subaltern groups
organized responses to
the Human Genome Diversity Project through public argument
and debate. This
discourse helped create counternarratives about identity and
genetics, resist patent-
ing and commercialization, and question dominant assumptions
about informed
consent, thereby spurring more participatory approaches to
genetic research with
subaltern groups (Wood et al., 2008). Such a view brings a
wider range of commu-
nication modes and processes under a dialogic perspective. The
dialogic character of
contestation is implicit in Deluca and Peeples (2002), who
argued that contemporary
protests enable new forms of collective democratic
communication practices that
emphasize postrational notions of embodiment and emotion.
Their conceptualiza-
tion of the public screen involves the very practical question of
how it can be used
as a new space for citizen discourse, despite the challenges of
access, infotainment
norms, and image-based grammar.
51. making GE a public
issue, opening spaces for discussion, and resonating with a
range of constituents
in the country. Boje (2001) also alluded to the dialogic potential
of contemporary
carnivalesque forms of activism. A strong strand of inquiry in
rhetorical studies on
the comic frame (Burke, 1968; Carlson, 1986; Schwarze, 2006)
also emphasizes the
historical importance of carnivalesque and comedic protest as
ways of increasing
visibility and opening dialogic space.
As a result of these perspectives on openness, agonistic
perspectives recognize
the potential for dialogue in a wider array of methods than
collaborative-oriented
theories. In situated contexts of marginalization and silence,
radical acts or even
property violence may be viewed in a dialogic frame. Deluca
and Peeples contrast
Seattle WTO protest leaders, who stated that violence detracted
from the goal of
dialogue, with William Greider’s statement that images of
broken glass transformed
the WTO into an icon of unregulated globalization. The authors
considered the
‘‘productive possibilities of violence on today’s public screen’’
(p. 138), arguing that
anarchist violence gave a pretext for explanations of police
violence, which otherwise
might have been unreported. While reporters decried the
violence, they followed by
detailing the substantive grievances of the nonviolent
protestors: ‘‘far from stealing
the limelight from legitimate protestors, the compelling images
52. of violence and
disruption . . . drew more attention to the issues’’ (p. 142).
Finally, we need to consider how various forms of openness are
engendered
within activist groups themselves, through processes of internal
debate, argument,
struggle, and contention. While much current scholarship
understands internal
activist communication as consensus driven and harmonious,
other studies have
documented how contestation and struggle have historically
important internally
dialogic effects among activist groups. For one, we know that
social movements
themselves are often significantly internally segmented in terms
of repertoires and
ideology (Gerlach & Hine, 1970). Furthermore, movement
methods themselves
have a constitutive force, creating groups and factions (Enck-
Wanzer, 2006). The
role of tension between segments and factions cannot be
underestimated. For
instance, Haines (1984) discusses the radical flank effect within
the civil rights
movement, arguing that tensions between moderate and radical
groups worked both
synchronically and diachronically to further the goals of the
movement. Hayden
(1999) identified similar internal tensions in suffrage rhetoric in
the turn of the 20th
century.
Cases in activism, agonism, and dialogue
To prevent our theoretical synthesis of agonistic dialogue above
54. them to underscore the pragmatic and theoretical relevance of
deep engagement with
contemporary activist practice.
Zoller studied Ohio Citizen Action (OCA) in the United States,
an environmental
organization that uses ‘‘the good neighbor campaign’’ (GNC) to
address local
polluters. A campaign in Addyston, Ohio, targeted a plastics
company emitting
noxious odors and chemicals above permitted levels. The goal
of a GNC is to
achieve a binding commitment from management to reduce or
eliminate toxic
exposures. OCA’s handbook recommends that neighbors avoid
both submissiveness
and belligerence when communicating with management
because both are easy
to dismiss. The organization recommends that residents speak
respectfully, but
always as equals (for instance, ‘‘calling for’’ rather than
‘‘requesting’’ a meeting),
first appealing to a manager’s conscience as a ‘‘good
neighbor.’’ OCA reminds
campaigners to express interests (‘‘to breathe clean air’’) rather
than request specific
changes (‘‘50% emissions reductions’’) because the GNC
process may yield win-win
solutions that exceed such requests and simultaneously improve
company efficiency
and cost-effectiveness.
GNCs offer cooperative companies the opportunity to bolster
their reputation by
improving their environmental performance, but the model
assumes that neighbors
55. will need to raise the stakes before management will respond.
GNCs promote
asymmetrical pressure tactics, including organizing neighbors,
talking to the press,
protesting, logging odors, and measuring air quality through lay
science methods.
OCA also generates thousands of letters to management of the
target organization
through its statewide canvas.
It is tempting to view these asymmetrical actions as a separate
activist repertoire
outside of dialogue, yet these moves are seen as an inherent part
of the relationship-
building process. Canvassing and letter campaigns give OCA
influence, and such
influence itself is the means by which less powerful groups gain
invitation to dialogue.
The OCA campaign handbook does not distinguish among
tactics based on which are
more or less dialogic, including media campaigns, neighbor
organizing, and meeting
with management, instead seeing them as integrated.
The handbook also illustrates the cyclical and synchronic nature
of the relationship
between dialogue and contestation, in the process implicitly
challenging conventional
views of activist groups as starting with dialogue and escalating
to confrontation. It
does so in a number of ways. First, the handbook recommends
that residents continue
with their pressure campaign at the same time they engage with
management to
maintain momentum. The handbook promotes the ‘‘Getting to
Yes’’ approach
57. term relationships
to manage implementation and share information. This
relationship is the ultimate
goal of a campaign. Thus, the GNC model takes a pragmatic
approach to dialogue
that acknowledges the power differentials between residents and
corporate managers
and seeks to redress them as a part of an overall process aimed
at productive dialogue.
The model also recognizes that the dialogue is not an end in
itself — participants
have material goals they wish to accomplish — yet this does not
rule out a working,
dialogic relationship.
The Addyston case highlights how forms of dialogue and
advocacy are interwoven,
as well as ways in which advocacy can have dialogic effects.
While most studies that
identify the dialogic potential of confrontational tactics such as
protest and direct
action use elite, a priori researcher concepts (see Henderson,
2005), the case illustrates
that activists themselves are aware of the strategic value of
maintaining openness,
while also exercising strategic influence. Likewise, Ganesh’s
study of animal rights
activism in Aotearoa New Zealand, also shows that activists
themselves understand
and evaluate the dialogic potential of confrontational tactics not
only in the sense of
engendering public debate but also within the movement itself.
Aotearoa New Zealand, has a rich history of animal rights
activism, with at least
20 organizations and groups across the country in this country
58. of four million people.
Like all social movements, it is multivocalic and internally
segmented (Gerlach &
Hine, 1970). While some groups, such as Save Animals From
Exploitation (SAFE),
have worked at a national level, attempting to lobby the
government to pass legislation
to protect both land and animals, most other groups operate
regionally or locally,
in areas such as Christchurch, Wellington, Auckland, or Otaki.
The relationship
between national and local, more radical groups has historically
been tensional, yet
productive, involving not only the use of particular activist
methods, but in the
construction of animal rights as an issue itself.
Local activists tend to be more radical and criticize national
groups such as SAFE
as professionalized and formal, overly reliant on conventional
activist tactics:
There is a national group and they are, how do I put this without
offending
them? They are kind of like . . . Greenpeace, and have salary
and offices and on
top of that . . . beside them are the local groups which tend to
come and go. I
have always thought that open rescue and direct action are the
way to go, but
SAFE disagrees, and they keep on doing the lobbying.
Activists also detailed how dramatic direct action tactics such
as open rescues in farms
tended to garner attention, arguing that prominent formal groups
such as SAFE could
60. methods employed by different groups. Ongoing debates about
tactics, especially
open rescues, appeared to have resulted in both tacit and
explicit support for
multiple forms of action across both national and local groups.
While various groups
continue to disagree about the efficacy of particular tactics, the
ongoing discussion
has resulted in more tacit support for multiple forms of action.
Several activists
recounted how national groups explicitly endorsed conventional
approaches such as
lobbying or school-based education efforts and also tacitly
supported controversial
and potentially illegal direct action tactics such open rescues
and chain-outs, saying
‘‘they know it’s our thing — so [they] accept it.’’ Thus,
continued internal tension
and debate about tactical efficacy has had dialogic effects
inasmuch as diverse activists
recognize the constitutive power of a range of tactics, including
institutional moves
such as parliamentary lobbying and extrainstitutional maneuvers
such as direct
action, and they now acknowledge the ability of all these tactics
to create greater
openness, in the form of increased awareness and visibility.
Activists in the movement were also aware that there were some
key tensions
between groups in how animal rights issues themselves were
defined. As in many other
countries, all activists tended to view animal rights in multi -
issue terms. However,
national-level groups constructed animal rights differently from
local groups. Groups
61. such as SAFE were prone to understand animal rights in terms
of classic animal
welfare, holding out for the possibility of humane treatment of
animals by industry.
They were therefore much more likely to connect animal rights
with specific
issues such as GE. Indeed, SAFE has worked extensively on the
issue. However,
more radical groups tended to connect animal abuse much more
directly to the
global corporatization of agriculture and dairy, and the
consequent intensification of
industrial dairying, arguing for basic shifts in production
systems to end animal abuse.
They were thus much more likely to articulate animal rights as a
core component
of capitalist exploitation. Two current issues exemplify this:
The importing of palm
kernel from Indonesia as cattle feed as an animal rights issue as
well as the diversion of
water resources to enable placing more and more cattle on the
same amount of land.
Activists also acknowledged that multiple interpretations of
animal rights in
different parts of the movement were both inevitable and
desirable for the growth
of the movement itself. On one hand, SAFE’s approach enabled
them to lobby the
government on specific issues. On the other hand, by
articulating animal rights as
an anticorporate and antiglobalization issue, local activists
could engage with other
groups that worked on global social justice issues, ultimately
enabling the movement
to draw on more grassroots resources: ‘‘Grassroots activists
63. Dialogue and Activism S. Ganesh & H. M. Zoller
which eventually serve to grow and differentiate the movement.
Recently, tensions
between radical and mainstream factions in the movement
resulted in some radical
activists further segmenting the movement by creating a
national-level network of
animal rights activists called Animal Freedom Aotearoa. The
group sought not only
to consolidate activist energy and ensure protests at major
industry events such as the
annual dairy summit but also to put sustained pressure on
mainstream groups in the
movement such as SAFE to keep lobbying efforts up and not
develop compromised
solutions with industry. In this way, the tensions between
radical and mainstream
segments have operated as an internal dialogic over a period of
years, which in turn
constitutes the movement itself, keeping it alive.
In highlighting that activists themselves operate with lay
notions of dialogue that
in many instances are more sophisticated than theoretical
renditions of their work,
our cases illustrate several aspects of agonistic dialogue. The
Addyston case clearly
demonstrates that activists are aware of diachronic aspects of
agonistic dialogue and
are able to alternate between or simultaneously use
confrontational tactics as well as
consensus-based, civil methods. The Aotearoa, New Zealand,
case shows that activists
are acutely aware of and harness the synchronically dialogic
potential of tensions
64. and confrontations, both externally, and among different
segments of the movement
itself. In both cases, activists clearly enact openness in multiple
ways.
Discussion and conclusion
We have outlined three major ways in which scholarly work
represents connections
between activism and dialogue. When theorists treat
collaboration and consensus
as defining features of dialogue, three views of the relationship
between activism
and dialogue are evident. Dialogue is privileged and cast in
oppositional terms with
activism. Second, dialogic activist methods are privileged over
contestation. And
third, activist communication may be dichotomized in terms of
internal dialogue
and external confrontation. When dialogue is understood as co-
optation, then it
is treated as fragile and risky for activists, as publically
resonant and a source of
legitimacy for corporate or state domination, or as an
impossibility. Finally, when
dialogue is treated as agonistic and multivocal, then dialogue
and contestation can
either be understood as distinct forms, diachronically
intertwined, or contestation
itself — including protest and other seemingl y ‘‘asymmetrical’’
techniques — can be
considered synchronically as dialogic.
This article suggests that, just as communication research
should not seek
to enhance social relations at the expense of addressing social
66. S. Ganesh & H. M. Zoller Dialogue and Activism
in Europe and Australia/New Zealand have developed
sophisticated conceptions
of dialogue that incorporate argumentation and disagreement
when considering
corporate communication practices (Zerfaß, 2010). However,
public relations studies
of dialogue in the specific context of activism, with some non-
U.S. exceptions
(Henderson, 2005; Weaver, 2010), tend to be dominated by a
consensus-oriented view
that emphasizes symmetrical communication (Kim & Sriramesh,
2009), continuing
to risk privileging civility over social and material needs,
including social justice.
An agonistic perspective is well suited to shift this bias and aid
theorizing about
activism and dialogue in a number of ways. First, observations
from our own studies
as well as those of others have shown that it is unrealistic or
naïve to understand
activist dialogue in terms of the abandonment or suspension of
power differences.
Rather, even as scholars understand power as irrevocably
imbued in dialogue, it may
well also be necessary to understand how power negotiations
influence strategies,
and that even protests can be important preparatory stages for
dialogue. Research
could examine ways in which such power moves establish,
create, and constitute the
grounds for activist dialogue.
Second, an agonistic perspective helps move away from ideas,
67. often explicit in
treatments of dialogue as purely collaborative, of activism as a
form of conflict
escalation. If one accepts the idea that dialogue itself involves
tension in the form of
a movement, as Mouffe (2000) says, from a construction of
‘‘them’’ as enemies to
be destroyed, to adversaries to be engaged with, then research
on activist dialogue
should treat tension as inevitable throughout the process instead
of either escalatory
or abnormal. Future studies, accordingly, should seek to
examine the multiple ways
in which tensions themselves serve to construct contestation and
dialogue.
Third, and following from the point above, understanding
activist solidarity
in terms of internal consensus-oriented dialogue can draw
attention away from
important dialogic functions of internal struggle and difference.
As the case involving
animal rights in Aotearoa New Zealand, demonstrates,
understanding ways in
which activists engage in debate with each other has important
implications for how
solidarity itself is constituted and how various activist politics
and issues are articulated
productively vis-à-vis each other. Indeed, the very fact that
scholars and activists alike
describe contemporary forms of activism as a ‘‘movement of
movements’’ (Mertes,
2004) or a ‘‘network of networks’’ (Melucci, 1996) points
toward the importance of
examining how difference constitutes contemporary activist
politics and the overall
69. ber 2019
Dialogue and Activism S. Ganesh & H. M. Zoller
communication. Although we cannot assume that either activists
or the groups they
target will be willing to risk genuine change, the OCA case
study stresses the value
of maintaining a pragmatic hope for that outcome. The agonistic
perspective allows
us to recognize the synchronicity of conflict and dialogue and
stresses the diachronic
unfolding of relations over time.
Finally, agonistic perspectives on dialogue significantly
challenge what one might
construe as dialogic openness itself. While collaboration-
oriented perspectives as well
as critical perspectives of dialogue as co-optation tend to
construe openness as a form
of consensus or vulnerability, agonistic perspectives include
many more features
of openness. This article has identified several, including
caution, deliberation,
unpredictability, awareness, presence, and visibility. Given that
lay theories of activist
dialogue are rich and multiple, we call for more research to
uncover the multiple
ways in which dialogic openness is enacted in activist practice.
Finally, we hope that this article will spark further examinations
of what are
often taken-for-granted assumptions about dialogue and
70. activism. Although we
argued for the agonistic perspective on dialogue as the most
helpful for theorizing
activism as a significant source of social change, more broadly,
we hope to encourage
researchers to be more explicit about their conceptualizations
and the influence
of this orientation on their work. Both dialogue and activism are
communication
processes that are vulnerable to valorization and denigrati on.
Moving beyond these
dichotomous depictions may help critical studies add greater
complexity to our
understanding of these processes as well as social
transformation more broadly. In an
era marked by multiple crises of capital and state that threaten
democratic practice,
it is imperative that communication research continue
investigations into how to
deepen democracy. We hope this article contributes to the
discussion.
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