The document discusses the background and agenda of an expert on open source history and licenses. The agenda includes topics on the history of free and open source software, copyright and patents regarding open source, open source licenses, and open source business models. The expert's background includes being an attorney and co-founding several open source organizations.

1. Open Source History and
Licenses
Advokat Martin von Haller Groenbaek
Partner, Bender von Haller Dragsted
SonyEricsson / Purple Scout, Malmö
2

2. Personalia
2

3. Personalia
• Attorney-at-law, Bender von Haller Dragsted
2

4. Personalia
• Attorney-at-law, Bender von Haller Dragsted
• Co-founder, Open Source Vendors Ass. (OSL)
2

5. Personalia
• Attorney-at-law, Bender von Haller Dragsted
• Co-founder, Open Source Vendors Ass. (OSL)
• Co-founder, Creative Commons DK
2

6. Personalia
• Attorney-at-law, Bender von Haller Dragsted
• Co-founder, Open Source Vendors Ass. (OSL)
• Co-founder, Creative Commons DK
• Co-founder, Danish Internet Society Chapter
2

7. Personalia
• Attorney-at-law, Bender von Haller Dragsted
• Co-founder, Open Source Vendors Ass. (OSL)
• Co-founder, Creative Commons DK
• Co-founder, Danish Internet Society Chapter
2

8. Personalia
• Attorney-at-law, Bender von Haller Dragsted
• Co-founder, Open Source Vendors Ass. (OSL)
• Co-founder, Creative Commons DK
• Co-founder, Danish Internet Society Chapter
• http://suse.groenbaek.net/openlife
2

9. Personalia
• Attorney-at-law, Bender von Haller Dragsted
• Co-founder, Open Source Vendors Ass. (OSL)
• Co-founder, Creative Commons DK
• Co-founder, Danish Internet Society Chapter
• http://suse.groenbaek.net/openlife
• http://www.linkedin.com/in/vonhaller
2

10. Personalia
• Attorney-at-law, Bender von Haller Dragsted
• Co-founder, Open Source Vendors Ass. (OSL)
• Co-founder, Creative Commons DK
• Co-founder, Danish Internet Society Chapter
• http://suse.groenbaek.net/openlife
• http://www.linkedin.com/in/vonhaller
• http://www.23hq.com/mhg
2

11. Personalia
• Attorney-at-law, Bender von Haller Dragsted
• Co-founder, Open Source Vendors Ass. (OSL)
• Co-founder, Creative Commons DK
• Co-founder, Danish Internet Society Chapter
• http://suse.groenbaek.net/openlife
• http://www.linkedin.com/in/vonhaller
• http://www.23hq.com/mhg
• http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=672056156
2

12. Personalia
• Attorney-at-law, Bender von Haller Dragsted
• Co-founder, Open Source Vendors Ass. (OSL)
• Co-founder, Creative Commons DK
• Co-founder, Danish Internet Society Chapter
• http://suse.groenbaek.net/openlife
• http://www.linkedin.com/in/vonhaller
• http://www.23hq.com/mhg
• http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=672056156
2

13. Agenda
3

14. Agenda
3

15. Agenda
• The History of FLOSS
3

16. Agenda
• The History of FLOSS
• Copyright and OSS
3

17. Agenda
• The History of FLOSS
• Copyright and OSS
• Patents and OSS
3

18. Agenda
• The History of FLOSS
• Copyright and OSS
• Patents and OSS
• OSS Licenses
3

19. Agenda
• The History of FLOSS
• Copyright and OSS
• Patents and OSS
• OSS Licenses
• Copyleft
3

20. Agenda
• The History of FLOSS
• Copyright and OSS
• Patents and OSS
• OSS Licenses
• Copyleft
• Business models
3

21. Agenda
• The History of FLOSS
• Copyright and OSS
• Patents and OSS
• OSS Licenses
• Copyleft
• Business models
• Cases
3

22. http://vodpod.com/watch/
46377-revolution-os-1hr-25-
mins
4

23. Free Software
5

24. Free Software
• Hacker culture
5

25. Free Software
• Hacker culture
• Richard Stallman
5

26. Free Software
• Hacker culture
• Richard Stallman
• Free Software Foundation
5

27. Free Software
• Hacker culture
• Richard Stallman
• Free Software Foundation
• Software should be free
5

28. Free Software
• Hacker culture
• Richard Stallman
• Free Software Foundation
• Software should be free
• GNU “GNU is not Unix”
5

29. Free Software
• Hacker culture
• Richard Stallman
• Free Software Foundation
• Software should be free
• GNU “GNU is not Unix”
• BSD and ATT
5

30. Linux and Open source
6

31. Linux and Open source
• Linus Torvalds
6

32. Linux and Open source
• Linus Torvalds
– Linux released under the GPL v2
6

33. Linux and Open source
• Linus Torvalds
– Linux released under the GPL v2
• Eric Raymonds
6

34. Linux and Open source
• Linus Torvalds
– Linux released under the GPL v2
• Eric Raymonds
– Cathedral and the Bazaar
6

35. Linux and Open source
• Linus Torvalds
– Linux released under the GPL v2
• Eric Raymonds
– Cathedral and the Bazaar
• Bruce Perens
6

36. Linux and Open source
• Linus Torvalds
– Linux released under the GPL v2
• Eric Raymonds
– Cathedral and the Bazaar
• Bruce Perens
– Open Source Initiative
6

37. OSS and Microsoft
7

38. OSS and Microsoft
• 2002
7

39. OSS and Microsoft
• 2002
– Steve Balmer: “Copyright cancer”,
“communism”
7

40. OSS and Microsoft
• 2002
– Steve Balmer: “Copyright cancer”,
“communism”
• 2004
7

41. OSS and Microsoft
• 2002
– Steve Balmer: “Copyright cancer”,
“communism”
• 2004
– SCO, Patent threaths, “Beware of
infectious GPL”
7

42. OSS and Microsoft
• 2002
– Steve Balmer: “Copyright cancer”,
“communism”
• 2004
– SCO, Patent threaths, “Beware of
infectious GPL”
• 2008
7

43. OSS and Microsoft
• 2002
– Steve Balmer: “Copyright cancer”,
“communism”
• 2004
– SCO, Patent threaths, “Beware of
infectious GPL”
• 2008
– Peaceful co-existence, Novell dea
7

44. OSS Business
8

45. OSS Business
• 1998
8

46. OSS Business
• 1998
– Netscape
8

47. OSS Business
• 1998
– Netscape
• 1999
8

48. OSS Business
• 1998
– Netscape
• 1999
– Cygnus
8

49. OSS Business
• 1998
– Netscape
• 1999
– Cygnus
• 2000
8

50. OSS Business
• 1998
– Netscape
• 1999
– Cygnus
• 2000
– VA Linux, RedHat
8

51. OSS Business
• 1998
– Netscape
• 1999
– Cygnus
• 2000
– VA Linux, RedHat
• 2005
8

52. OSS Business
• 1998
– Netscape
• 1999
– Cygnus
• 2000
– VA Linux, RedHat
• 2005
– IBM, SUN
8

53. OSS Business
• 1998
– Netscape
• 1999
– Cygnus
• 2000
– VA Linux, RedHat
• 2005
– IBM, SUN
• 2006
8

54. OSS Business
• 1998
– Netscape
• 1999
– Cygnus
• 2000
– VA Linux, RedHat
• 2005
– IBM, SUN
• 2006
– Purple Scout, Redpill Linpro
8

55. OSS Business
• 1998
– Netscape
• 1999
– Cygnus
• 2000
– VA Linux, RedHat
• 2005
– IBM, SUN
• 2006
– Purple Scout, Redpill Linpro
• 2008
8

56. OSS Business
• 1998
– Netscape
• 1999
– Cygnus
• 2000
– VA Linux, RedHat
• 2005
– IBM, SUN
• 2006
– Purple Scout, Redpill Linpro
• 2008
– MySQL sold to SUN, Symbian 8

57. Names
9

58. Names
• Free software
9

59. Names
• Free software
• Open source software
9

60. Names
• Free software
• Open source software
• Free Libre Open Source Software
9

61. Names
• Free software
• Open source software
• Free Libre Open Source Software
• Copyleft
9

62. Names
• Free software
• Open source software
• Free Libre Open Source Software
• Copyleft
• Free Software Foundation
9

63. Names
• Free software
• Open source software
• Free Libre Open Source Software
• Copyleft
• Free Software Foundation
• Open Source Initiative
9

64. Free Software ideology
10

65. Free Software ideology
• “All software should be free”
10

66. Free Software ideology
• “All software should be free”
• You get the four freedoms
10

67. Free Software ideology
• “All software should be free”
• You get the four freedoms
• You shall preserve these freedoms
10

68. Free Software ideology
• “All software should be free”
• You get the four freedoms
• You shall preserve these freedoms
• So when you redistribute, copyleft
secures that the next persons gets the
same freedoms
10

69. Open Source principles
11

70. Open Source principles
• Free redistribution
11

71. Open Source principles
• Free redistribution
• Source code
11

72. Open Source principles
• Free redistribution
• Source code
• Derived work
11

73. Open Source principles
• Free redistribution
• Source code
• Derived work
• Integrity of The Author's
Source Code
11

74. Open Source principles
• Free redistribution
• Source code
• Derived work
• Integrity of The Author's
Source Code
• 5-10: Non-discrimination
11

75. Copyright
The programmer or the producer owns the
●
software
Property rights are limited
●
Copyright is limited in time
●
The user is a user not an owner
●
The license is an agreement not a law
●
The license grants positively defined user
●
rights.
All residual rights belongs to the licensor
●
Without copyright no licenses
●

76. Patents
13

77. Patents
• “A set of exclusive rights granted by a state to
an inventor or his assignee for a limited period
of time in exchange for a disclosure of an
invention”
13

78. Patents
• “A set of exclusive rights granted by a state to
an inventor or his assignee for a limited period
of time in exchange for a disclosure of an
invention”
• FSF: “a patent on any performance of a
computer realised by means of a computer
programquot;
13

79. Patents
• “A set of exclusive rights granted by a state to
an inventor or his assignee for a limited period
of time in exchange for a disclosure of an
invention”
• FSF: “a patent on any performance of a
computer realised by means of a computer
programquot;
• Licensor shall not restrict use by patents
13

80. Patents
• “A set of exclusive rights granted by a state to
an inventor or his assignee for a limited period
of time in exchange for a disclosure of an
invention”
• FSF: “a patent on any performance of a
computer realised by means of a computer
programquot;
• Licensor shall not restrict use by patents
• OSS licensee shall not claim patents against
licensor or sublicensee
13

81. Licenses
14

82. Licenses
• Academic or permissive licenses
14

83. Licenses
• Academic or permissive licenses
– Apache License v2
14

84. Licenses
• Academic or permissive licenses
– Apache License v2
– MIT License
14

85. Licenses
• Academic or permissive licenses
– Apache License v2
– MIT License
– New BSD license
14

86. Licenses
• Academic or permissive licenses
– Apache License v2
– MIT License
– New BSD license
• Copyleft, reciprocal or hereditary licences
14

87. Licenses
• Academic or permissive licenses
– Apache License v2
– MIT License
– New BSD license
• Copyleft, reciprocal or hereditary licences
– Weak copyleft
14

88. Licenses
• Academic or permissive licenses
– Apache License v2
– MIT License
– New BSD license
• Copyleft, reciprocal or hereditary licences
– Weak copyleft
• Artistic license v1
14

89. Licenses
• Academic or permissive licenses
– Apache License v2
– MIT License
– New BSD license
• Copyleft, reciprocal or hereditary licences
– Weak copyleft
• Artistic license v1
• Eclipse Public License
14

90. Licenses
• Academic or permissive licenses
– Apache License v2
– MIT License
– New BSD license
• Copyleft, reciprocal or hereditary licences
– Weak copyleft
• Artistic license v1
• Eclipse Public License
• Mozilla Public License v.1.1
14

91. Licenses
• Academic or permissive licenses
– Apache License v2
– MIT License
– New BSD license
• Copyleft, reciprocal or hereditary licences
– Weak copyleft
• Artistic license v1
• Eclipse Public License
• Mozilla Public License v.1.1
– Strong copyleft
14

92. Licenses
• Academic or permissive licenses
– Apache License v2
– MIT License
– New BSD license
• Copyleft, reciprocal or hereditary licences
– Weak copyleft
• Artistic license v1
• Eclipse Public License
• Mozilla Public License v.1.1
– Strong copyleft
• GNU GPL v1 and v2
14

93. Licenses
• Academic or permissive licenses
– Apache License v2
– MIT License
– New BSD license
• Copyleft, reciprocal or hereditary licences
– Weak copyleft
• Artistic license v1
• Eclipse Public License
• Mozilla Public License v.1.1
– Strong copyleft
• GNU GPL v1 and v2
• GNU LGPL v1 and v2 14

94. Copyleft - the basics
15

95. Copyleft - the basics
• You don’t have to redistribute or distribute
15

96. Copyleft - the basics
• You don’t have to redistribute or distribute
• (Exception: “written offer valid for any
third party” in GPL, v. 2)
15

97. Copyleft - the basics
• You don’t have to redistribute or distribute
• (Exception: “written offer valid for any
third party” in GPL, v. 2)
• Comply or cease use, or call back
distribution
15

98. Copyleft - the basics
• You don’t have to redistribute or distribute
• (Exception: “written offer valid for any
third party” in GPL, v. 2)
• Comply or cease use, or call back
distribution
• Make combined program, including
modifications and otherwise closed code
available under GPL (or compatible licens)
15

99. Derivative work
16

100. Derivative work
• A work based on one or more pre-
existing works
16

101. Derivative work
• A work based on one or more pre-
existing works
• Improvement, translation, correction
16

102. Derivative work
• A work based on one or more pre-
existing works
• Improvement, translation, correction
• Not collective work
16

103. Derivative work
• A work based on one or more pre-
existing works
• Improvement, translation, correction
• Not collective work
• Modifications are copyrighted
themselves
16

104. Derivative work
• A work based on one or more pre-
existing works
• Improvement, translation, correction
• Not collective work
• Modifications are copyrighted
themselves
• Very few court cases
16

105. Derivative work
• A work based on one or more pre-
existing works
• Improvement, translation, correction
• Not collective work
• Modifications are copyrighted
themselves
• Very few court cases
• GPL: Combinations
16

106. Combination
17

107. Combination
• Combination of code into a whole
17

108. Combination
• Combination of code into a whole
• NB: All combinations are permitted and
“private” combinations have no restrictions
17

109. Combination
• Combination of code into a whole
• NB: All combinations are permitted and
“private” combinations have no restrictions
• Mechanism of communication
17

110. Combination
• Combination of code into a whole
• NB: All combinations are permitted and
“private” combinations have no restrictions
• Mechanism of communication
• Semantics of the communication
17

111. Combination
• Combination of code into a whole
• NB: All combinations are permitted and
“private” combinations have no restrictions
• Mechanism of communication
• Semantics of the communication
• Output not covered
17

112. Combination
• Combination of code into a whole
• NB: All combinations are permitted and
“private” combinations have no restrictions
• Mechanism of communication
• Semantics of the communication
• Output not covered
• (Exc: GPL program copies text into output)
17

113. Combination
• Combination of code into a whole
• NB: All combinations are permitted and
“private” combinations have no restrictions
• Mechanism of communication
• Semantics of the communication
• Output not covered
• (Exc: GPL program copies text into output)
• Output of language interpreter
17

114. Combination
• Combination of code into a whole
• NB: All combinations are permitted and
“private” combinations have no restrictions
• Mechanism of communication
• Semantics of the communication
• Output not covered
• (Exc: GPL program copies text into output)
• Output of language interpreter
• (Exc: “bindings” interpreter to program)
17

115. Combination
• Combination of code into a whole
• NB: All combinations are permitted and
“private” combinations have no restrictions
• Mechanism of communication
• Semantics of the communication
• Output not covered
• (Exc: GPL program copies text into output)
• Output of language interpreter
• (Exc: “bindings” interpreter to program)
• Library is under GPL, program is not
17

116. Combination
• Combination of code into a whole
• NB: All combinations are permitted and
“private” combinations have no restrictions
• Mechanism of communication
• Semantics of the communication
• Output not covered
• (Exc: GPL program copies text into output)
• Output of language interpreter
• (Exc: “bindings” interpreter to program)
• Library is under GPL, program is not
• Program is under GPL, module is not
17

117. Combination cont.
18

118. Combination cont.
• CMS Templates
18

119. Combination cont.
• CMS Templates
– Exc: Javascript calls
18

120. Combination cont.
• CMS Templates
– Exc: Javascript calls
• Microsoft Visual C++ (or Visual Basic) DLLs
18

121. Combination cont.
• CMS Templates
– Exc: Javascript calls
• Microsoft Visual C++ (or Visual Basic) DLLs
• Plug-ins under a GPL program
18

122. Combination cont.
• CMS Templates
– Exc: Javascript calls
• Microsoft Visual C++ (or Visual Basic) DLLs
• Plug-ins under a GPL program
– dynamically linked plug-ins
18

123. Combination cont.
• CMS Templates
– Exc: Javascript calls
• Microsoft Visual C++ (or Visual Basic) DLLs
• Plug-ins under a GPL program
– dynamically linked plug-ins
– fork and exec to invoke plug-ins
18

124. Combination cont.
• CMS Templates
– Exc: Javascript calls
• Microsoft Visual C++ (or Visual Basic) DLLs
• Plug-ins under a GPL program
– dynamically linked plug-ins
– fork and exec to invoke plug-ins
• System library exception
18

125. Combination cont.
• CMS Templates
– Exc: Javascript calls
• Microsoft Visual C++ (or Visual Basic) DLLs
• Plug-ins under a GPL program
– dynamically linked plug-ins
– fork and exec to invoke plug-ins
• System library exception
• Aggregate work is not combined work
18

126. Combination cont.
• CMS Templates
– Exc: Javascript calls
• Microsoft Visual C++ (or Visual Basic) DLLs
• Plug-ins under a GPL program
– dynamically linked plug-ins
– fork and exec to invoke plug-ins
• System library exception
• Aggregate work is not combined work
• Linking exception
18

127. Combination cont.
• CMS Templates
– Exc: Javascript calls
• Microsoft Visual C++ (or Visual Basic) DLLs
• Plug-ins under a GPL program
– dynamically linked plug-ins
– fork and exec to invoke plug-ins
• System library exception
• Aggregate work is not combined work
• Linking exception
• LGPL allows linking to closed applications
18

128. Combination cont.
• CMS Templates
– Exc: Javascript calls
• Microsoft Visual C++ (or Visual Basic) DLLs
• Plug-ins under a GPL program
– dynamically linked plug-ins
– fork and exec to invoke plug-ins
• System library exception
• Aggregate work is not combined work
• Linking exception
• LGPL allows linking to closed applications
– Java archive files
18

129. Distribution
19

130. Distribution
• GPL v2: Distribution
19

131. Distribution
• GPL v2: Distribution
• GPL v3: Propagation and Conveyance
19

132. Distribution
• GPL v2: Distribution
• GPL v3: Propagation and Conveyance
• In soft- and hardware
19

133. Distribution
• GPL v2: Distribution
• GPL v3: Propagation and Conveyance
• In soft- and hardware
• ASP loophole og network exception
19

134. Distribution
• GPL v2: Distribution
• GPL v3: Propagation and Conveyance
• In soft- and hardware
• ASP loophole og network exception
• Affero Public License
19

135. Distribution
• GPL v2: Distribution
• GPL v3: Propagation and Conveyance
• In soft- and hardware
• ASP loophole og network exception
• Affero Public License
• Contractors on/off-site
19

136. Distribution
• GPL v2: Distribution
• GPL v3: Propagation and Conveyance
• In soft- and hardware
• ASP loophole og network exception
• Affero Public License
• Contractors on/off-site
• Outsourcing
19

137. Distribution
• GPL v2: Distribution
• GPL v3: Propagation and Conveyance
• In soft- and hardware
• ASP loophole og network exception
• Affero Public License
• Contractors on/off-site
• Outsourcing
• Mergers and Acquisitions
19

138. Distribution
• GPL v2: Distribution
• GPL v3: Propagation and Conveyance
• In soft- and hardware
• ASP loophole og network exception
• Affero Public License
• Contractors on/off-site
• Outsourcing
• Mergers and Acquisitions
• Let recipient download the GPL’ed code
19

139. Distribution
• GPL v2: Distribution
• GPL v3: Propagation and Conveyance
• In soft- and hardware
• ASP loophole og network exception
• Affero Public License
• Contractors on/off-site
• Outsourcing
• Mergers and Acquisitions
• Let recipient download the GPL’ed code
19

140. Distribution
• GPL v2: Distribution
• GPL v3: Propagation and Conveyance
• In soft- and hardware
• ASP loophole og network exception
• Affero Public License
• Contractors on/off-site
• Outsourcing
• Mergers and Acquisitions
• Let recipient download the GPL’ed code
19

141. Escapes
20

142. Escapes
• Make deal with licensor
20

143. Escapes
• Make deal with licensor
• Replace code
20

144. Escapes
• Make deal with licensor
• Replace code
• Work around
20

145. Escapes
• Make deal with licensor
• Replace code
• Work around
• GPL v3, sec. 8
20

146. Escapes
• Make deal with licensor
• Replace code
• Work around
• GPL v3, sec. 8
– Termination notice
20

147. Escapes
• Make deal with licensor
• Replace code
• Work around
• GPL v3, sec. 8
– Termination notice
• NDA: Developer can agree not to
release changes at all
20

148. Escapes
• Make deal with licensor
• Replace code
• Work around
• GPL v3, sec. 8
– Termination notice
• NDA: Developer can agree not to
release changes at all
• NDA: Developer can agree only to
release changes to customer
20

149. Enforcement
21

150. Enforcement
• The GPL is enforceable!
21

151. Enforcement
• The GPL is enforceable!
– Germany 2004: Netfilter/Iptables;
2006: D-Link
21

152. Enforcement
• The GPL is enforceable!
– Germany 2004: Netfilter/Iptables;
2006: D-Link
– US 2007: BusyBox; 2008: Jacobsen
vs. Katzer
21

153. Enforcement
• The GPL is enforceable!
– Germany 2004: Netfilter/Iptables;
2006: D-Link
– US 2007: BusyBox; 2008: Jacobsen
vs. Katzer
– SCO
21

154. Enforcement
• The GPL is enforceable!
– Germany 2004: Netfilter/Iptables;
2006: D-Link
– US 2007: BusyBox; 2008: Jacobsen
vs. Katzer
– SCO
• Copyright holder
21

155. Enforcement
• The GPL is enforceable!
– Germany 2004: Netfilter/Iptables;
2006: D-Link
– US 2007: BusyBox; 2008: Jacobsen
vs. Katzer
– SCO
• Copyright holder
• Licensee
21

156. Enforcement
• The GPL is enforceable!
– Germany 2004: Netfilter/Iptables;
2006: D-Link
– US 2007: BusyBox; 2008: Jacobsen
vs. Katzer
– SCO
• Copyright holder
• Licensee
• GPL-VIOLATIONS.ORG
21

157. Damages
22

158. Damages
• Compensation under copyright
22

159. Damages
• Compensation under copyright
• No penal damages or stipulated
damages
22

160. Damages
• Compensation under copyright
• No penal damages or stipulated
damages
• Economic loss suffered by licensor
22

161. Damages
• Compensation under copyright
• No penal damages or stipulated
damages
• Economic loss suffered by licensor
• Rule of thumb: 2 x license fee
22

162. Damages
• Compensation under copyright
• No penal damages or stipulated
damages
• Economic loss suffered by licensor
• Rule of thumb: 2 x license fee
• Injunction
22

163. Damages
• Compensation under copyright
• No penal damages or stipulated
damages
• Economic loss suffered by licensor
• Rule of thumb: 2 x license fee
• Injunction
• Legal fees
22

164. Business models
23

165. Business models
• Dual licensing
23

166. Business models
• Dual licensing
– Warranties
23

167. Business models
• Dual licensing
– Warranties
– Copyleft exemptions
23

168. Business models
• Dual licensing
– Warranties
– Copyleft exemptions
• Services
23

169. Business models
• Dual licensing
– Warranties
– Copyleft exemptions
• Services
– Warranties
23

170. Business models
• Dual licensing
– Warranties
– Copyleft exemptions
• Services
– Warranties
– Support and maintenance
23

171. Business models
• Dual licensing
– Warranties
– Copyleft exemptions
• Services
– Warranties
– Support and maintenance
– Consultancy
23

172. Business models
• Dual licensing
– Warranties
– Copyleft exemptions
• Services
– Warranties
– Support and maintenance
– Consultancy
– Accesories
23

173. Business models
• Dual licensing
– Warranties
– Copyleft exemptions
• Services
– Warranties
– Support and maintenance
– Consultancy
– Accesories
• Marketing and distribution
23

174. Business models
• Dual licensing
– Warranties
– Copyleft exemptions
• Services
– Warranties
– Support and maintenance
– Consultancy
– Accesories
• Marketing and distribution
• Hardware sales
23

175. The Mindstorm story

176. The Mindstorm story

177. LEGO goes open source

178. LEGO goes open source
1 May 2006. LEGO press release
Hackers, Get Ready! LEGO Group
Announces Open Source Firmware,
Developer Kits for LEGO®
MINDSTORMS® NXT
Consumer-directed robotics experience
creation to enter “NXT” phase with open
firmware, Software, Hardware and
Bluetooth Developer Kits to launch in
August

179. Background

180. Background
Mindstorms robots launched in 1998
●

181. Background
Mindstorms robots launched in 1998
●
The best-selling LEGO product ever
●

182. Background
Mindstorms robots launched in 1998
●
The best-selling LEGO product ever
●
Huge Mindstorm community
●

183. Background
Mindstorms robots launched in 1998
●
The best-selling LEGO product ever
●
Huge Mindstorm community
●
LEGO was and is not a software
●
company

184. Background
Mindstorms robots launched in 1998
●
The best-selling LEGO product ever
●
Huge Mindstorm community
●
LEGO was and is not a software
●
company
Only minor upgrades to the firmware
●

185. Background
Mindstorms robots launched in 1998
●
The best-selling LEGO product ever
●
Huge Mindstorm community
●
LEGO was and is not a software
●
company
Only minor upgrades to the firmware
●
Several parallel Mindstorms OS’s
●

186. Challenges

187. Challenges
LEGO was not comfortable with “openess”
●

188. Challenges
LEGO was not comfortable with “openess”
●
LEGO has been and is extremely reliant
●
on strong IPRs

189. Challenges
LEGO was not comfortable with “openess”
●
LEGO has been and is extremely reliant
●
on strong IPRs
”You don't give away IPRs for free”
●

190. Challenges
LEGO was not comfortable with “openess”
●
LEGO has been and is extremely reliant
●
on strong IPRs
”You don't give away IPRs for free”
●
Turbulent period for LEGO in general
●

191. Challenges
LEGO was not comfortable with “openess”
●
LEGO has been and is extremely reliant
●
on strong IPRs
”You don't give away IPRs for free”
●
Turbulent period for LEGO in general
●
Third party software included
●

192. Solution

193. Solution
Embrace User driven innovation
●

194. Solution
Embrace User driven innovation
●
Open source as the enabler
●

195. Solution
Embrace User driven innovation
●
Open source as the enabler
●
Third party permission for
●
redistribution under an OS license

196. Solution
Embrace User driven innovation
●
Open source as the enabler
●
Third party permission for
●
redistribution under an OS license
Choice of license
●

197. Solution
Embrace User driven innovation
●
Open source as the enabler
●
Third party permission for
●
redistribution under an OS license
Choice of license
●
”Genuine” open source licence
−

198. Solution
Embrace User driven innovation
●
Open source as the enabler
●
Third party permission for
●
redistribution under an OS license
Choice of license
●
”Genuine” open source licence
−
Permissive (Academic) or Copyleft
−
(reciprocal license)

199. The OS license choice
29

200. The OS license choice
Mozilla Public license v. 1.1
●
29

201. The OS license choice
Mozilla Public license v. 1.1
●
Weak copyleft
●
29

202. The OS license choice
Mozilla Public license v. 1.1
●
Weak copyleft
●
Modification is limited altering
●
the files
29

203. The OS license choice
Mozilla Public license v. 1.1
●
Weak copyleft
●
Modification is limited altering
●
the files
“I did not understand GPL v.2”
●
29

204. The OS license choice
Mozilla Public license v. 1.1
●
Weak copyleft
●
Modification is limited altering
●
the files
“I did not understand GPL v.2”
●
LEGO was only concerned with
●
modifications of the actual files
29

205. The “beauty” of the solution!
30

206. The “beauty” of the solution!
• Huge press coverage and goodwill
30

207. The “beauty” of the solution!
• Huge press coverage and goodwill
• Large number of downloads of
code
30

208. The “beauty” of the solution!
• Huge press coverage and goodwill
• Large number of downloads of
code
• Much more “intelligence” in the
bricks
30

209. The “beauty” of the solution!
• Huge press coverage and goodwill
• Large number of downloads of
code
• Much more “intelligence” in the
bricks
• Convincing strategy towards
competitors
30

210. The “beauty” of the solution!
• Huge press coverage and goodwill
• Large number of downloads of
code
• Much more “intelligence” in the
bricks
• Convincing strategy towards
competitors
• Option to “close” the code again
30

211. The “beauty” of the solution!
• Huge press coverage and goodwill
• Large number of downloads of
code
• Much more “intelligence” in the
bricks
• Convincing strategy towards
competitors
• Option to “close” the code again
• Many more bricks sold!
30

212. CASE: MySQL
Dual-licensing
31

213. CASE: MySQL
Dual-licensing
• The software company perspective
31

214. CASE: MySQL
Dual-licensing
• The software company perspective
• The same code is licensed under two
different licences:
31

215. CASE: MySQL
Dual-licensing
• The software company perspective
• The same code is licensed under two
different licences:
– MySQL Community Server: GPL v.
2 with FOSS exception
31

216. CASE: MySQL
Dual-licensing
• The software company perspective
• The same code is licensed under two
different licences:
– MySQL Community Server: GPL v.
2 with FOSS exception
– MySQL Enterprise: Commercial
license
31

217. Owner's prerogative

218. Owner's prerogative
The owner can decide to release under
●
any and as many terms she likes

219. Owner's prerogative
The owner can decide to release under
●
any and as many terms she likes
Dual licensing is only possible for
●
owner's own modfications

220. Owner's prerogative
The owner can decide to release under
●
any and as many terms she likes
Dual licensing is only possible for
●
owner's own modfications
Or assigned modifications
●

221. Owner's prerogative
The owner can decide to release under
●
any and as many terms she likes
Dual licensing is only possible for
●
owner's own modfications
Or assigned modifications
●
Control is necessary to mitigate liability
●

222. Owner's prerogative
The owner can decide to release under
●
any and as many terms she likes
Dual licensing is only possible for
●
owner's own modfications
Or assigned modifications
●
Control is necessary to mitigate liability
●
”Closing in” the code again
●

223. Copyright and control
33

224. Copyright and control
• MySQL has exclusive copyright
to the code
33

225. Copyright and control
• MySQL has exclusive copyright
to the code
• MySQL controls and certifies the
code
33

226. Copyright and control
• MySQL has exclusive copyright
to the code
• MySQL controls and certifies the
code
• The GPL does not give any
rights to use MySQLs
trademarks
33

227. Why pay?
34

228. Why pay?
• Certification of the code
34

229. Why pay?
• Certification of the code
• Warranties
34

230. Why pay?
• Certification of the code
• Warranties
• Maintenance and support
34

231. Why pay?
• Certification of the code
• Warranties
• Maintenance and support
• Copyleft exemption
34

232. Still not convinced?
35

233. Still not convinced?
• MySQL AB was in 2008 bought
by Sun Microsystem, Inc. for
approximately USD $1 billion in
total consideration
35

234. CASE: NITA
36

235. CASE: NITA
• Danish National IT and Telecom
Agency
36

236. CASE: NITA
• Danish National IT and Telecom
Agency
• eFaktura (eInvoice)
36

237. CASE: NITA
• Danish National IT and Telecom
Agency
• eFaktura (eInvoice)
• Electronic invoices to, from and
between public agencies
36

238. CASE: NITA
• Danish National IT and Telecom
Agency
• eFaktura (eInvoice)
• Electronic invoices to, from and
between public agencies
• Core service: UDDI registry for
webservice to identify senders
and receivers
36

239. Challenges
37

240. Challenges
• Two applications provided by
NITA to user (e.g. ERP
vendors)
37

241. Challenges
• Two applications provided by
NITA to user (e.g. ERP
vendors)
• API between users’ ERPs and
UDDI WS
37

242. Challenges
• Two applications provided by
NITA to user (e.g. ERP
vendors)
• API between users’ ERPs and
UDDI WS
• Reference implementation
integrating API with ERP
37

243. Challenges
• Two applications provided by
NITA to user (e.g. ERP
vendors)
• API between users’ ERPs and
UDDI WS
• Reference implementation
integrating API with ERP
• NITA wanted to release the
application under an OS
license
37

244. Goals
38

245. Goals
• Satisfying the politicians
38

246. Goals
• Satisfying the politicians
• Wide adoption of UDDI
38

247. Goals
• Satisfying the politicians
• Wide adoption of UDDI
• Community based
improvement of the API
38

248. Goals
• Satisfying the politicians
• Wide adoption of UDDI
• Community based
improvement of the API
• Many vendors should
integrate API into their ERP
38

249. Solutions
39

250. Solutions
• API
39

251. Solutions
• API
– Copyleft
39

252. Solutions
• API
– Copyleft
– Mozilla public license v. 1.1
(maybe EUPL v. 1.1)
39

253. Solutions
• API
– Copyleft
– Mozilla public license v. 1.1
(maybe EUPL v. 1.1)
• Reference implementation
39

254. Solutions
• API
– Copyleft
– Mozilla public license v. 1.1
(maybe EUPL v. 1.1)
• Reference implementation
– Permissive licence
39

255. Solutions
• API
– Copyleft
– Mozilla public license v. 1.1
(maybe EUPL v. 1.1)
• Reference implementation
– Permissive licence
– FreeBSD license
39