The document discusses the economic conditions in Canada during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Mass unemployment led to widespread poverty and hardship as many lost their jobs and social supports were inadequate. Conflicting views emerged between governments that emphasized personal responsibility and citizens struggling without access to relief. Desperate young unemployed men organized protest movements to demand government action to address the crisis.
The document summarizes the history of the civil rights movement in the United States from the post-Civil War era through the 1960s. It describes how blacks faced discrimination and segregation laws after the abolition of slavery. In the mid-20th century, the civil rights movement grew as blacks became more urbanized and educated and questioned the unequal treatment. Key figures and events that advanced civil rights included Martin Luther King Jr.'s leadership of nonviolent protests and boycotts, and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. However, poverty and discrimination persisted and led to urban unrest.
Brian Mulroney became prime minister in 1984 and faced a large federal debt. He pursued free trade agreements but the economy struggled and unemployment rose. Jean Chretien became prime minister in 1993 and balanced the budget by 1998. New political parties like the Bloc Quebecois and Reform Party emerged representing Quebec separatism and Western Canadian interests. The economy shifted to services and inequality grew, though free trade with the US and Mexico under NAFTA was meant to benefit businesses.
Tensions rose between the United States and Mexico in the 1840s following the annexation of Texas by the US. The US claimed the border of Texas was the Rio Grande river, while Mexico claimed it was the Nueces river further north. In 1846, Mexican forces attacked US troops along the Rio Grande, which President Polk used to convince Congress to declare war, seeking to expand US territory. Under the leadership of generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott, US forces defeated Mexican armies and captured key cities like Mexico City. The Mexican War ended in 1848 with the US gaining control of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.
The document provides an overview of several topics from the Nixon administration through the 1970s, including Nixon's domestic and foreign policies, the Watergate scandal, the presidencies of Ford and Carter, and the rise of environmental activism. It discusses Nixon's southern strategy, his visits to China and the USSR, the Watergate break-in and cover-up, Ford pardoning Nixon, Carter's energy and economic challenges, and key environmental events and laws of the 1970s.
World country flags Quiz - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
This document is a quiz on country flags including questions about the Indian flag. It provides information such as:
- The Indian flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya and adopted on July 22, 1947.
- The Indian flag is made of khadi and has proportions of 2:3.
- The saffron color denotes renunciation, the white center represents truth, and the green stands for relations to soil and plant life.
- The Ashoka Chakra has 24 spokes and represents the law of dharma and the need for progress and motion.
This document provides questions and answers about the flags of various nations, territories, and other entities around the world. It covers topics like changes to national flags over time, meanings behind flag designs, and inspiration or history related to certain flags. In total there are 25 multiple choice questions about the flags of places like Germany, Scotland, Gibraltar, India, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Estonia, Switzerland, Catalonia, Iraq, the East India Company, Georgia, the International Atomic Energy Agency, Brazil, Nepal, Taiwan, the Dominican Republic, the Confederacy, Papua New Guinea, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sri Lanka, several Arab countries, Fiji, and Mars.
This document provides background information on the political and economic isolationism policies of the United States in the 1920s-1930s and the events leading up to its entry into World War II in 1941. It discusses the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s, FDR's 1937 quarantine speech, and the Cash and Carry policy of 1939 which allowed allies to purchase arms. It also covers increased defense spending in 1940, the Lend-Lease plan to aid allies in 1941, and the Pearl Harbor attack which led to the US declaring war on the Allied side against the Axis powers.
The document summarizes the history of the civil rights movement in the United States from the post-Civil War era through the 1960s. It describes how blacks faced discrimination and segregation laws after the abolition of slavery. In the mid-20th century, the civil rights movement grew as blacks became more urbanized and educated and questioned the unequal treatment. Key figures and events that advanced civil rights included Martin Luther King Jr.'s leadership of nonviolent protests and boycotts, and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. However, poverty and discrimination persisted and led to urban unrest.
Brian Mulroney became prime minister in 1984 and faced a large federal debt. He pursued free trade agreements but the economy struggled and unemployment rose. Jean Chretien became prime minister in 1993 and balanced the budget by 1998. New political parties like the Bloc Quebecois and Reform Party emerged representing Quebec separatism and Western Canadian interests. The economy shifted to services and inequality grew, though free trade with the US and Mexico under NAFTA was meant to benefit businesses.
Tensions rose between the United States and Mexico in the 1840s following the annexation of Texas by the US. The US claimed the border of Texas was the Rio Grande river, while Mexico claimed it was the Nueces river further north. In 1846, Mexican forces attacked US troops along the Rio Grande, which President Polk used to convince Congress to declare war, seeking to expand US territory. Under the leadership of generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott, US forces defeated Mexican armies and captured key cities like Mexico City. The Mexican War ended in 1848 with the US gaining control of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.
The document provides an overview of several topics from the Nixon administration through the 1970s, including Nixon's domestic and foreign policies, the Watergate scandal, the presidencies of Ford and Carter, and the rise of environmental activism. It discusses Nixon's southern strategy, his visits to China and the USSR, the Watergate break-in and cover-up, Ford pardoning Nixon, Carter's energy and economic challenges, and key environmental events and laws of the 1970s.
World country flags Quiz - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
This document is a quiz on country flags including questions about the Indian flag. It provides information such as:
- The Indian flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya and adopted on July 22, 1947.
- The Indian flag is made of khadi and has proportions of 2:3.
- The saffron color denotes renunciation, the white center represents truth, and the green stands for relations to soil and plant life.
- The Ashoka Chakra has 24 spokes and represents the law of dharma and the need for progress and motion.
This document provides questions and answers about the flags of various nations, territories, and other entities around the world. It covers topics like changes to national flags over time, meanings behind flag designs, and inspiration or history related to certain flags. In total there are 25 multiple choice questions about the flags of places like Germany, Scotland, Gibraltar, India, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Estonia, Switzerland, Catalonia, Iraq, the East India Company, Georgia, the International Atomic Energy Agency, Brazil, Nepal, Taiwan, the Dominican Republic, the Confederacy, Papua New Guinea, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sri Lanka, several Arab countries, Fiji, and Mars.
This document provides background information on the political and economic isolationism policies of the United States in the 1920s-1930s and the events leading up to its entry into World War II in 1941. It discusses the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s, FDR's 1937 quarantine speech, and the Cash and Carry policy of 1939 which allowed allies to purchase arms. It also covers increased defense spending in 1940, the Lend-Lease plan to aid allies in 1941, and the Pearl Harbor attack which led to the US declaring war on the Allied side against the Axis powers.
IIM Calcutta Carpe Diem 2017 : TV Series Quiz FinalsTamal Dutta
Finals of the TV Series Quiz held at IIM Calcutta for their annual cultural festival, Carpe Diem 2017.
Quizmasters : Tamal Dutta and Sayantan Guha (Qilluminati)
On the occasion of valentine's day, Quiz Club IIT Jodhpur conducted a movies and entertainment quiz. The quiz consists of questions ranging from art and literature, movies, TV series, Music and Video Games.
The document summarizes the 1976 Soweto uprising in South Africa. Thousands of black students peacefully marched from their schools to Orlando Stadium to protest the government's mandate that Afrikaans be the language of instruction in South African schools. The protest was organized by the Soweto Student Representative Council and intended to be peaceful. However, police intervention with dogs led to violence and many student deaths, marking an important event still commemorated today in South Africa.
Black History Month is observed each February to celebrate the achievements of African Americans. It began as Negro History Week in 1926, proposed by Dr. Carter G. Woodson to honor black history and contributions. Woodson chose the second week of February to coincide with the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. It was later expanded to a full month. The presentation discussed important abolitionists, civil rights leaders, inventors, scientists, athletes and shared the history of the presenter's family dating back to slavery and the post-Civil War period.
The document summarizes the rules and questions for 3 rounds of a quiz competition between 6 teams (Teams A to F). Round 1 has 12 multiple choice questions with teams buzzing in to answer. Round 2 has 5 video questions with a +20/-10 scoring. Round 3 is a buzzer round with 8 fast-finger questions. The scores after each round are listed.
1. These rules outline the structure of a quiz competition with 20 multiple choice questions worth various points and 3 audio-visual questions.
2. Correct answers to part of the questions will earn partial points as specified.
3. The rounds will include 10 questions to be answered clockwise and 10 counter-clockwise.
4. Unethical behaviors like googling will not be allowed, and the Quiz Master's decision will be final.
Workshop serves to educate individuals about the importance of preparing a last will and testament; protecting their loved ones and resources available to assist with estate planning.
IIM Calcutta Carpe Diem 2017 : TV Series Quiz PrelimsTamal Dutta
This document appears to be a quiz for a television series prelims exam. It contains 25 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of details from various TV shows such as Stranger Things, Dexter, Black Mirror, Game of Thrones, Saturday Night Live and others. The questions cover plot details, character names, pop culture references and more.
SlideEgg_The 2024 US Presidential Election .pptxSlideegg
The 2024 US Presidential Election PPT And Google Slides
You can download this presentation from SlideEgg with free of cost
https://www.slideegg.com/the-2024-us-presidential-election
slavery and the civil rights movement 2016Elhem Chniti
This lecture is about slavery and the civil rights movement. The history of African Americans is retraced from the early slave trade through the emancipation proclamation to the present day.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable agreeing or disagreeing with interpretations of literary texts without providing more context and analysis.
1) The document is a quiz about a novel called "The Road" by Cormac McCarthy. It contains 26 multiple choice questions about plot details and themes from sections 6-11 of the novel.
2) Some of the key events summarized are that the father and son run out of bullets for their gun after encountering bad guys. They also explore an abandoned house that turns out to be a trap set by cannibals.
3) The main themes examined are the difficulty of survival in the post-apocalyptic world, and the father's efforts to protect his son from harm.
This document provides instructions and expectations for students taking an English course focused on the novel The Road by Cormac McCarthy. Students are responsible for keeping up with reading assignments, group discussions, and documenting their thoughts in a reflection journal. The journal entries must be at least half a page responding to assigned topics after every two chapters. Students will also answer study guide questions in full sentences with references to the text. The reflection journal will be worth 20% of the course grade and be evaluated using a provided rubric.
This document appears to be a quiz for a novel study on sections 12-16 of a post-apocalyptic story. It contains 27 multiple choice questions assessing comprehension of key details and events from those sections, such as what the father does to secure their bunker, who they encounter on the road after leaving the bunker, and what upsetting sights they find at an abandoned campsite.
1. The document is a quiz about sections 1-5 of The Road, a post-apocalyptic novel. It contains 28 multiple choice questions about key details and events in the novel, including that the man and boy wear masks to avoid breathing dust, they find motor oil in an abandoned gas station, and darkness is a problem because ash blocks light. The quiz tests the reader's understanding of the characters and their journey south to escape the coming winter.
Article Analysis The Purposes Of Teaching Canadian HistoryVictoria Wooldridge
Here are a few key points about how perspectives on John A. Macdonald's 1885 speech have changed:
- Racial attitudes and what is considered appropriate language have certainly progressed since 1885. Terms like "lesser races" would not be acceptable today.
- However, condemning Macdonald solely as a racist ignores the context of the time period. Racist attitudes were more normalized in the late 19th century.
- A more nuanced view is to acknowledge how language and attitudes have positively changed over time, while also examining Macdonald's reasons for the speech within its proper historical context.
- Overall, progress has been made in racial attitudes, but judging historical figures requires looking at the complex circumstances
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
IIM Calcutta Carpe Diem 2017 : TV Series Quiz FinalsTamal Dutta
Finals of the TV Series Quiz held at IIM Calcutta for their annual cultural festival, Carpe Diem 2017.
Quizmasters : Tamal Dutta and Sayantan Guha (Qilluminati)
On the occasion of valentine's day, Quiz Club IIT Jodhpur conducted a movies and entertainment quiz. The quiz consists of questions ranging from art and literature, movies, TV series, Music and Video Games.
The document summarizes the 1976 Soweto uprising in South Africa. Thousands of black students peacefully marched from their schools to Orlando Stadium to protest the government's mandate that Afrikaans be the language of instruction in South African schools. The protest was organized by the Soweto Student Representative Council and intended to be peaceful. However, police intervention with dogs led to violence and many student deaths, marking an important event still commemorated today in South Africa.
Black History Month is observed each February to celebrate the achievements of African Americans. It began as Negro History Week in 1926, proposed by Dr. Carter G. Woodson to honor black history and contributions. Woodson chose the second week of February to coincide with the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. It was later expanded to a full month. The presentation discussed important abolitionists, civil rights leaders, inventors, scientists, athletes and shared the history of the presenter's family dating back to slavery and the post-Civil War period.
The document summarizes the rules and questions for 3 rounds of a quiz competition between 6 teams (Teams A to F). Round 1 has 12 multiple choice questions with teams buzzing in to answer. Round 2 has 5 video questions with a +20/-10 scoring. Round 3 is a buzzer round with 8 fast-finger questions. The scores after each round are listed.
1. These rules outline the structure of a quiz competition with 20 multiple choice questions worth various points and 3 audio-visual questions.
2. Correct answers to part of the questions will earn partial points as specified.
3. The rounds will include 10 questions to be answered clockwise and 10 counter-clockwise.
4. Unethical behaviors like googling will not be allowed, and the Quiz Master's decision will be final.
Workshop serves to educate individuals about the importance of preparing a last will and testament; protecting their loved ones and resources available to assist with estate planning.
IIM Calcutta Carpe Diem 2017 : TV Series Quiz PrelimsTamal Dutta
This document appears to be a quiz for a television series prelims exam. It contains 25 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of details from various TV shows such as Stranger Things, Dexter, Black Mirror, Game of Thrones, Saturday Night Live and others. The questions cover plot details, character names, pop culture references and more.
SlideEgg_The 2024 US Presidential Election .pptxSlideegg
The 2024 US Presidential Election PPT And Google Slides
You can download this presentation from SlideEgg with free of cost
https://www.slideegg.com/the-2024-us-presidential-election
slavery and the civil rights movement 2016Elhem Chniti
This lecture is about slavery and the civil rights movement. The history of African Americans is retraced from the early slave trade through the emancipation proclamation to the present day.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable agreeing or disagreeing with interpretations of literary texts without providing more context and analysis.
1) The document is a quiz about a novel called "The Road" by Cormac McCarthy. It contains 26 multiple choice questions about plot details and themes from sections 6-11 of the novel.
2) Some of the key events summarized are that the father and son run out of bullets for their gun after encountering bad guys. They also explore an abandoned house that turns out to be a trap set by cannibals.
3) The main themes examined are the difficulty of survival in the post-apocalyptic world, and the father's efforts to protect his son from harm.
This document provides instructions and expectations for students taking an English course focused on the novel The Road by Cormac McCarthy. Students are responsible for keeping up with reading assignments, group discussions, and documenting their thoughts in a reflection journal. The journal entries must be at least half a page responding to assigned topics after every two chapters. Students will also answer study guide questions in full sentences with references to the text. The reflection journal will be worth 20% of the course grade and be evaluated using a provided rubric.
This document appears to be a quiz for a novel study on sections 12-16 of a post-apocalyptic story. It contains 27 multiple choice questions assessing comprehension of key details and events from those sections, such as what the father does to secure their bunker, who they encounter on the road after leaving the bunker, and what upsetting sights they find at an abandoned campsite.
1. The document is a quiz about sections 1-5 of The Road, a post-apocalyptic novel. It contains 28 multiple choice questions about key details and events in the novel, including that the man and boy wear masks to avoid breathing dust, they find motor oil in an abandoned gas station, and darkness is a problem because ash blocks light. The quiz tests the reader's understanding of the characters and their journey south to escape the coming winter.
Article Analysis The Purposes Of Teaching Canadian HistoryVictoria Wooldridge
Here are a few key points about how perspectives on John A. Macdonald's 1885 speech have changed:
- Racial attitudes and what is considered appropriate language have certainly progressed since 1885. Terms like "lesser races" would not be acceptable today.
- However, condemning Macdonald solely as a racist ignores the context of the time period. Racist attitudes were more normalized in the late 19th century.
- A more nuanced view is to acknowledge how language and attitudes have positively changed over time, while also examining Macdonald's reasons for the speech within its proper historical context.
- Overall, progress has been made in racial attitudes, but judging historical figures requires looking at the complex circumstances
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
1. The
On-to-Ottawa
Trek
Domestic Conflict in Canada
1935
Monday, May 25, 2009 1
2. Economic Background
• problems with the economy developed shortly
before the Stock Market Crash of 1929, and got
quickly worse in the early 1930s, creating an
economic crisis that would last 10 years - it
was called the Great Depression
Monday, May 25, 2009 2
3. Economic Background
• the Great Depression brought mass
unemployment to cities and towns in Canada
• people lost jobs whether they worked in
natural resources (e.g. pulp & paper, mining,
farming), transportation (e.g. railways),
or manufacturing (e.g. factories)... hardest hit
was construction
• retailing and other services were less affected
Monday, May 25, 2009 3
4. Economic Background
• no province had unemployment insurance
• some Canadians could get help when they lost
their jobs, by going to municipal
governments (town and city level) for relief
relief: social assistance - in the
1930s, it was also called “going on the
pogey,” “going on the dole,” or
simply welfare
Monday, May 25, 2009 4
5. Snapshot of life in
Canada in the 1930s:*
Monday, May 25, 2009 5
*Amounts provided in colour were located through Statistics Canada, and are approximations and averages based on information
provided for three major cities: Halifax, Montreal, Toronto. For more specific data, please see Statistics Canada online.
6. Snapshot of life in
Canada in the 1930s:*
Building Trade Avg $ @ 44 hours Annual Equals,
Workers Pd/Hour per week Income today:
Bricklayers & Masons 0.90 $39.60 $2,059.20 $26,888.55
Carpenters, Sheet-
Metal Workers, 0.70 $30.80 $1,601.60 $20,913.31
Stone Cutters
Electrical Workers,
0.80 $35.20 $1,830.40 $23,900.93
Plasterers, Plumbers
Painters 0.60 $26.40 $1,372.80 $17,925.70
General Labourers 0.45 $19.80 $1,029.60 $13,444.27
Monday, May 25, 2009 5
*Amounts provided in colour were located through Statistics Canada, and are approximations and averages based on information
provided for three major cities: Halifax, Montreal, Toronto. For more specific data, please see Statistics Canada online.
8. Snapshot of life in
Canada in the 1930s:
Metal Trade Avg $ @ 44 hours Annual Equals,
Workers Pd/Hour per week Income today:
Blacksmiths,
0.70 $30.80 $1,601.60 $20,913.31
Boilermakers
Machinists,
0.60 $26.40 $1,372.80 $17,925.70
Moulders
Monday, May 25, 2009 6
12. Snapshot of life in
Canada in the 1930s:
Electric Railways Avg $ @ 44 hours Annual Equals,
(e.g. trolleys) Pd/Hour per week Income today:
Conductors &
0.56 $24.64 $1,281.28 $16,730.65
Motormen
Linemen,
0.60 $26.40 $1,372.40 $17,920.48
Electricians
Shop and Barn 0.50 $22.00 $1,144.00 $14,938.08
Trackmen and
0.40 $17.60 $915.20 $11,950.47
Labourers
Monday, May 25, 2009 8
14. Snapshot of life in
Canada in the 1930s:
Unskilled Factory Avg $ @ 44 hours Annual Equals,
Labour Pd/Hour per week Income today:
Factory Workers, in
0.35 $15.40 $800.80 $10,456.66
general
Monday, May 25, 2009 9
15. Snapshot of life in
Canada in the 1930s:
Amount per Equals,
If you needed to pay for... family
Total $
today:
Beef, sirloin steak 1 lb 0.29 $3.79
Beef, chuck roast 1 lb 0.16 $2.09
Pork, fresh, roast 1 lb 0.22 $2.87
Port, salt mess 1 lb 0.23 $3.00
Bacon, breakfast 1 lb 0.30 $3.92
Eggs, fresh 1 dozen 0.34 $4.44
Milk 1 qt 0.27 $3.53
Monday, May 25, 2009 10
16. Snapshot of life in
Canada in the 1930s:
Amount per Equals,
If you needed to pay for... family
Total $
today:
Butter, dairy 1 lb 0.27 $3.53
Cheese 1 lb 0.25 $3.26
Bread, plain white 1 lb 0.06 $0.78
Flour 1 lb 0.03 $0.39
Rolled oats 1 lb 0.05 $0.65
Rice 1 lb 0.09 $1.18
Green Beans 1 lb 0.06 $0.78
Monday, May 25, 2009 11
17. Snapshot of life in
Canada in the 1930s:
Amount per Equals,
If you needed to pay for... family
Total $
today:
Dried Apples 1 lb 0.18 $2.35
Sugar 1 lb 0.06 $0.78
Tea, black 1 lb 0.55 $7.18
Coffee 1 lb 0.49 $6.40
Potatoes 1 pkg 0.17 $2.22
Vinegar 1 pt 0.08 $1.04
All foods, weekly budget* 8.49 $110.86
Monday, May 25, 2009 12
*for more complete list of shopping items, see Statistics Canada online.
18. Snapshot of life in
Canada in the 1930s:
Amount per Equals,
If you needed to pay for... family
Total $
today:
Laundry starch 1 lb 0.12 $1.57
Coal, anthracite (hard) 1 ton 16.06 $209.71
Coal, bituminous (soft) 1 ton 9.84 $128.49
Hardwood 1 cord* 11.70 $152.78
Softwood 1 cord 0.30 $3.92
Coal Oil 1 gallon 0.29 $3.79
Rent 1 month 18.66 $243.66
Monday, May 25, 2009 13
*128 cubic feet, or 3.62 cubic metres
20. Results of Losing your
Job in the 1930s...
• furniture and cars bought on credit (paid for
monthly) likely repossessed by the retailer
• move to cheaper place to live (voluntarily or
evicted)
• reduce grocery list to bare necessities to save money
• no new clothes, shoes, or hygiene items
• hungry children, elders
Monday, May 25, 2009 14
22. “Workers
Organize to
Protect
Your Home”
Jobless and Employed
start trying to fight the
economic crisis...scaring
the government
Monday, May 25, 2009 16
24. Common Perspectives on
Working, in the 1930s:
• people needed to be responsible for themselves and
their families - accepting charity was shameful
• traditionally, the government was not supposed to
take care of people
• men were the breadwinners and expected to have
jobs
Monday, May 25, 2009 17
26. Conflicting Points of View:
Government citizen
jobless young men were because their families’ relief would
loitering in cities, sleeping on be reduced when they turned 16,
park benches, gathering in young men chose to leave home
‘hobo jungles’ next to railway
tracks - so many together, unable to find jobs, they were
forced to beg & go to charity soup
‘idling’, was a recipe for trouble
kitchens for food; had to sleep
and a threat to public order wherever they could, even outdoors
- building shacks out of leftover
relief rates were deliberately lumber and corrugated metal,
lower than the wages for the using blankets for tents, they
worst-paid forms of work, to created tent cities or ‘hobo jungles’
discourage people from asking near towns, usually close to railway
for welfare tracks
Monday, May 25, 2009 18
27. Conflicting Points of View:
Government citizen
jobless young men were because their families’ relief would
loitering in cities, sleeping on be reduced when they turned 16,
park benches, gathering in young men chose to leave home
‘hobo jungles’ next to railway
tracks - so many together, unable to find jobs, they were
forced to beg & go to charity soup
‘idling’, was a recipe for trouble
kitchens for food; had to sleep
and a threat to public order wherever they could, even outdoors
- building shacks out of leftover
relief rates were deliberately lumber and corrugated metal,
lower than the wages for the using blankets for tents, they
worst-paid forms of work, to created tent cities or ‘hobo jungles’
discourage people from asking near towns, usually close to railway
for welfare tracks
Monday, May 25, 2009 18
32. Conflicting Points of View:
Government citizen
• tended to hang out at parks
and public libraries, though
• when jobs became available,
many working-class (blue-
married men were given the
collar) men were illiterate, so
work first because of their
reading was not an escape for
status as breadwinners
them
• it was assumed that single men,
• were often embarrassed and
over 16, would not burden
humiliated to apply for relief,
their parents by staying home
especially when the answer was
‘no’
Monday, May 25, 2009 22
33. Conflicting Points of View:
Government citizen
• tended to hang out at parks
and public libraries, though
• when jobs became available,
many working-class (blue-
married men were given the
collar) men were illiterate, so
work first because of their
reading was not an escape for
status as breadwinners
them
• it was assumed that single men,
• were often embarrassed and
over 16, would not burden
humiliated to apply for relief,
their parents by staying home
especially when the answer was
‘no’
Monday, May 25, 2009 22
35. Conflicting Points of View:
Government citizen
• many cities started ‘work for • young single men without jobs
wages’ programs to provide did not qualify for many of the
their unemployed residents with ‘work for wages’ programs,
small jobs around the city - the
because they were not
money for the programs came
‘breadwinners’ in charge of
from municipal, provincial, and
families
federal sources, but they were
managed by city staff
• by 1932, even private and
religious charities, like churches
• by 1932, as the economic crisis
got worse, the work projects and the YMCA, couldn’t cope
were dropped in exchange for with the numbers of young
cash relief payments or men needing assistance to
vouchers survive
Monday, May 25, 2009 23
36. Conflicting Points of View:
Government citizen
• many cities started ‘work for • young single men without jobs
wages’ programs to provide did not qualify for many of the
their unemployed residents with ‘work for wages’ programs,
small jobs around the city - the
because they were not
money for the programs came
‘breadwinners’ in charge of
from municipal, provincial, and
families
federal sources, but they were
managed by city staff
• by 1932, even private and
religious charities, like churches
• by 1932, as the economic crisis
got worse, the work projects and the YMCA, couldn’t cope
were dropped in exchange for with the numbers of young
cash relief payments or men needing assistance to
vouchers survive
Monday, May 25, 2009 23
38. Searching for Solutions...
Government
Canada’s Chief of Defence Staff, Major-General McNaughton,
• was appalled by the thought of young men with no prospects for
their futures, poor nourishment, suffering from listlessness (e.g.
depressed)
• suggested the Prime Minister, R.B. Bennett, that the jobless young
men (unmarried, homeless) should be sent to rural relief camps:
Monday, May 25, 2009 24
40. The Relief Camp
Concept
the men sent to the camps wouldn’t be allowed to vote, so they
wouldn’t support Communist parties seen as threats
entering the camps would be voluntary, but men who refused
to go would be arrested
isolating the jobless, single young men, and dividing the
groups which were forming, would prevent a Communist
revolution
doing work for the government would build up their morale
Monday, May 25, 2009 25
42. Conflicting Points of View:
Monday, May 25, 2009 27
-37 in Ontario alone, e.g. near Huntsville, in Dane near Kirkland Lake, and in Kapuskasing
43. Conflicting Points of View:
Government citizen
• 1932, set up relief camps for • wanted to work and would take
unemployed men anything they could get rather
operated by the Department of than go on relief
Defence
• did not want to be isolated on
located in remote areas, like remote work camps
interior of BC, northern Ontario,
northern Quebec (to decrease • were frustrated that the
possibilities of worker revolution) government could not provide
them with meaningful work
work included clearing bush,
building roads, planting trees,
erecting public buildings, • disliked the camps - felt their
improving highways, airfields time was being wasted
Monday, May 25, 2009 27
-37 in Ontario alone, e.g. near Huntsville, in Dane near Kirkland Lake, and in Kapuskasing
44. Conflicting Points of View:
Government citizen
• 1932, set up relief camps for • wanted to work and would take
unemployed men anything they could get rather
operated by the Department of than go on relief
Defence
• did not want to be isolated on
located in remote areas, like remote work camps
interior of BC, northern Ontario,
northern Quebec (to decrease • were frustrated that the
possibilities of worker revolution) government could not provide
them with meaningful work
work included clearing bush,
building roads, planting trees,
erecting public buildings, • disliked the camps - felt their
improving highways, airfields time was being wasted
Monday, May 25, 2009 27
-37 in Ontario alone, e.g. near Huntsville, in Dane near Kirkland Lake, and in Kapuskasing
49. Conflicting Points of View:
Government citizen
• camp conditions were for • called the camps ‘The Royal
subsistence living, to encourage Twenty Centers’ because they were
men to find work on their own only give 20 cents a day, and they
were controlled by the military;
men received room, board, also called them ‘slave camps’
medical care, an allowance of
• bunked in tar-paper shacks, were
$0.20 / day to buy tobacco or given army-surplus clothing, fed
other small luxuries army-surplus food
camp budget for medical • worked 6 1/2 days a week, 10
assistance was $0.03 per day hours a day
budget for food was $0.26 / • often men sent north from Toronto
day per man couldn’t take the rigours of winter
Monday, May 25, 2009 31
50. Conflicting Points of View:
Government citizen
• camp conditions were for • called the camps ‘The Royal
subsistence living, to encourage Twenty Centers’ because they were
men to find work on their own only give 20 cents a day, and they
were controlled by the military;
men received room, board, also called them ‘slave camps’
medical care, an allowance of
• bunked in tar-paper shacks, were
$0.20 / day to buy tobacco or given army-surplus clothing, fed
other small luxuries army-surplus food
camp budget for medical • worked 6 1/2 days a week, 10
assistance was $0.03 per day hours a day
budget for food was $0.26 / • often men sent north from Toronto
day per man couldn’t take the rigours of winter
Monday, May 25, 2009 31
54. Conflicting Points of View:
Government citizen
• workers also planted gardens, • men had to make their own
which helped with their diet and amusements, and depended on
the cost of camp operations charities for books and
magazines
• generally men stayed in the
camps for just over 3 months: • some men drifted from camp to
camp looking for a change in
men were discharged if they scenery, which was hard on the
found jobs long-term residents
men could also be discharged • men did not have a chance to
if they were found to be save any money, because they
medically unfit weren’t actually paid
Monday, May 25, 2009 34
55. Conflicting Points of View:
Government citizen
• workers also planted gardens, • men had to make their own
which helped with their diet and amusements, and depended on
the cost of camp operations charities for books and
magazines
• generally men stayed in the
camps for just over 3 months: • some men drifted from camp to
camp looking for a change in
men were discharged if they scenery, which was hard on the
found jobs long-term residents
men could also be discharged • men did not have a chance to
if they were found to be save any money, because they
medically unfit weren’t actually paid
Monday, May 25, 2009 34
57. Response of the
Camp Inmates:
• became increasingly militant - the isolation and dehumanizing
conditions created an ideal situation for organizing
workers were desperate, and had the time & contacts to
figure out how to take action
Relief Camp Workers’ Union formed
men shared literature on Communist theories of
Marx, Lenin, Stalin
men started planning and preparing to strike for
‘work with wages’
Monday, May 25, 2009 35
60. Conflicting Points of View:
Government citizen
• by 1934, the RCWU
• the RCWU was banned in the
camps by the Department of had grown into a
National Defence strong, disciplined,
any man found carrying a democratic
union card or union literature
was immediately fired &
organization
blacklisted
• kept watch for police
many men with connections to
the RCWU were arrested
spies who infiltrated
their ranks
Monday, May 25, 2009 37
61. Conflicting Points of View:
Government citizen
• by 1934, the RCWU
• the RCWU was banned in the
camps by the Department of had grown into a
National Defence strong, disciplined,
any man found carrying a democratic
union card or union literature
was immediately fired &
organization
blacklisted
• kept watch for police
many men with connections to
the RCWU were arrested
spies who infiltrated
their ranks
Monday, May 25, 2009 37
62. Members of the RCWU walk in
Kamloops, B.C.
Monday, May 25, 2009 38
64. April, 1935
1500 members of the RCWU went on strike in B.C.,
leaving their camps & gathering in Vancouver to demand
1. Wages, of $0.40 an hour
2. 7 hours of work / day
3. 5 day work week
4. Better food - fresh meat, new potatoes, &
one package of tobacco every three days
5. Social insurance programs such as compensation for
sickness and disability
6. Better unemployment insurance for the jobless
7. An end to military control of the camps
8. Compensation for injuries on the job
9. The right to vote in provincial and federal elections
Monday, May 25, 2009 39
67. Conflicting Points of View:
Government citizen
• held controlled and
disciplined
• ignored the protests, the
demonstrations &
fundraising picnic, the
protests; support from
tag days in Vancouver
other citizens totaled
$5,000
Monday, May 25, 2009 41
68. Conflicting Points of View:
Government citizen
• held controlled and
disciplined
• ignored the protests, the
demonstrations &
fundraising picnic, the
protests; support from
tag days in Vancouver
other citizens totaled
$5,000
Monday, May 25, 2009 41
79. What happened next...
Monday, May 25, 2009 43
-the leaders of the strike pinned the mayor and government officials in city hall, refusing to let them out - they said they were prepared to wait as long as he was prepared
to go hungry (reminding him that they could outlast him as they’d been hungry a lot more often than he’d been)
80. What happened next...
the strikers decided to go directly to Ottawa with
their demands - 1600 men left, riding CPR boxcars
for transportation
Monday, May 25, 2009 43
-the leaders of the strike pinned the mayor and government officials in city hall, refusing to let them out - they said they were prepared to wait as long as he was prepared
to go hungry (reminding him that they could outlast him as they’d been hungry a lot more often than he’d been)
81. What happened next...
the strikers decided to go directly to Ottawa with
their demands - 1600 men left, riding CPR boxcars
for transportation
were fed by supporters along the way: women’s
groups, service clubs, labour councils, churches,
unions, caring citizens
Monday, May 25, 2009 43
-the leaders of the strike pinned the mayor and government officials in city hall, refusing to let them out - they said they were prepared to wait as long as he was prepared
to go hungry (reminding him that they could outlast him as they’d been hungry a lot more often than he’d been)
82. What happened next...
the strikers decided to go directly to Ottawa with
their demands - 1600 men left, riding CPR boxcars
for transportation
were fed by supporters along the way: women’s
groups, service clubs, labour councils, churches,
unions, caring citizens
in Calgary, they demanded & received 3
days of relief assistance from the city, and
were joined by hundreds of Alberta men
Monday, May 25, 2009 43
-the leaders of the strike pinned the mayor and government officials in city hall, refusing to let them out - they said they were prepared to wait as long as he was prepared
to go hungry (reminding him that they could outlast him as they’d been hungry a lot more often than he’d been)
89. What happened next...
Monday, May 25, 2009 45
-railways were ordered to treat the strikers as trespassers
-RCMP was directed to bolster troops in Regina to disperse the trekkers
90. What happened next...
number of men was up to 2,000 by the time they
reached Regina, Saskatchewan in mid-June
in Winnipeg, Thunder Bay, and Toronto, thousands
more were waiting to join the On-To-Ottawa Trek
Prime Minister Bennett ordered the RCMP to
stop the strike
the railways were forbidden to take the men
any further
RCMP were ordered to prepare to use
revolvers, gas grenades, spare batons, and
handcuffs
Monday, May 25, 2009 45
-railways were ordered to treat the strikers as trespassers
-RCMP was directed to bolster troops in Regina to disperse the trekkers
91. The Delegation to
Ottawa
Monday, May 25, 2009 46
-the strikers noticed an RCMP officer hidden behind a curtain in the room, suggesting the PM feared trouble
92. The Delegation to
Ottawa
• PM Bennett agreed to meet with 8
representatives of the striking relief camp
workers in Ottawa
➡the meeting lasted over an hour, and the
strikers were not offered seats
➡Bennett constantly interrupted as the
leader, ‘Slim’ Evans, presented their
demands
Monday, May 25, 2009 46
-the strikers noticed an RCMP officer hidden behind a curtain in the room, suggesting the PM feared trouble
94. Bennett’s Response to
the Strikers’ Demands
• accused them of trying to create a revolution, to destroy
law and order
• said there had been absolute contentment and happiness
in the camps until the RCWU had formed
• refused to recognize camp committees elected by the
inmates to take up grievances with the authorities
• accused them of not trying to get work
• called the head of the delegation, ‘Slim’ Evans, a thief -
Evans then called him a liar, which made it to headlines
Monday, May 25, 2009 47
98. What happened next...
• Bennett was determined to arrest the leaders, who
had gone back to disband the protest
• the RCMP were given orders to carry out a
raid on a meeting of strikers
Monday, May 25, 2009 49
100. The Regina Riot
- July 1, 1935
• several hundred strikers were meeting in Regina’s
Market Square to discuss strategy, when they were
interrupted:
backs of vans opened & Mounties armed with
baseball bats got out
strikers erected barricades & threw stones
Mounties retaliated with .38 revolvers
Monday, May 25, 2009 50
106. The Aftermath
• 1 police detective died
• 40 protestors & 5 citizens were wounded
• 130 men arrested
• property wrecked; sidewalks covered in broken
glass
• men who were not jailed drifted to other towns &
cities, or back to the work camps
Monday, May 25, 2009 52
107. The End...
Monday, May 25, 2009 53
-170,248 men had stayed in the camps between 1932 and 1936
108. The End...
• 1936 - industry began to recover
• work camp allowances were changed to $15 /
month wages ($0.50 / day), giving the workers
more dignity
• Bennett’s Conservative government lost the next
election; the Liberals promised to close the camps,
which they did by the end of the year
• work still could not be found for jobless men
• seeds were sown for effective unemployment
insurance programs
Monday, May 25, 2009 53
-170,248 men had stayed in the camps between 1932 and 1936
109. ...was also the
Beginning.
Monday, May 25, 2009 54
On to Ottawa Historical Society, Vancouver BC, www.ontoottawa.ca, 11/02/02
110. ...was also the
Beginning.
• many Trekkers, as they came to be known,
continued to work for helping labourers
• joined other protest movements soon after
• volunteered to fight in the Spanish Civil War
• joined politics to fight for union rights,
unemployment insurance, social welfare, and
medicare...until called to fight in WWII
Monday, May 25, 2009 54
On to Ottawa Historical Society, Vancouver BC, www.ontoottawa.ca, 11/02/02