IoT is Here: Where do Service Providers Stand in the Age of IoT?
• The current era of IoT: how is it different from M2M?
• Bringing IoT to future of communications and productivity • Encouraging adoption and innovation of IoT
• Promoting stakeholder collaboration
• Current scale of investment in IoT vs. future monetisation
Recent Trends in Energy Prices, December 2014Dirk Verbeken
This paper was prepared by Policy Department A at the request of the Industry, Research and Energy Committee (ITRE). Energy prices became more volatile and fell dramatically due to economic, political and structural changes to the economy. Lasting lower prices will spur global- and EU-wide economic growth. Gas, electricity, and oil product prices move in parallel, albeit with some delay, and with large differences across EU Member States and commodities. Furthermore, the recent fall was in several Member States mitigated by an increase in taxes.
IoT is Here: Where do Service Providers Stand in the Age of IoT?
• The current era of IoT: how is it different from M2M?
• Bringing IoT to future of communications and productivity • Encouraging adoption and innovation of IoT
• Promoting stakeholder collaboration
• Current scale of investment in IoT vs. future monetisation
Recent Trends in Energy Prices, December 2014Dirk Verbeken
This paper was prepared by Policy Department A at the request of the Industry, Research and Energy Committee (ITRE). Energy prices became more volatile and fell dramatically due to economic, political and structural changes to the economy. Lasting lower prices will spur global- and EU-wide economic growth. Gas, electricity, and oil product prices move in parallel, albeit with some delay, and with large differences across EU Member States and commodities. Furthermore, the recent fall was in several Member States mitigated by an increase in taxes.
De huizenmarkt leent zich er in deze tijd zeer goed voor om met een optimale presentatie het verschil te maken. Kopers hebben nu ruim de tijd en de keuze om op zoek te gaan naar de voor hen geschikte woning! Door middel van het inzetten van slimme interieurtrucs, zorgt Just Jackie ervoor dat de potentiële koper het object beter beoordeelt. Hierdoor ontvangt ook de verkoper meer potentieel geïnteresseerden waardoor de kans op een goede prijs en snellere doorlooptijd ook toeneemt. Just Jackie maakt zich sterk voor: verkoopteksten, vastgoedstyling/verkoopstyling (leegstaand of nog bewoond), verkoopklaarrapport,woningfotografie, fotostyling, meubelverhuur (bij verkoop of verhuur) en meubelopslag
De huizenmarkt leent zich er in deze tijd zeer goed voor om met een optimale presentatie het verschil te maken. Kopers hebben nu ruim de tijd en de keuze om op zoek te gaan naar de voor hen geschikte woning! Door middel van het inzetten van slimme interieurtrucs, zorgt Just Jackie ervoor dat de potentiële koper het object beter beoordeelt. Hierdoor ontvangt ook de verkoper meer potentieel geïnteresseerden waardoor de kans op een goede prijs en snellere doorlooptijd ook toeneemt. Just Jackie maakt zich sterk voor: verkoopteksten, vastgoedstyling/verkoopstyling (leegstaand of nog bewoond), verkoopklaarrapport,woningfotografie, fotostyling, meubelverhuur (bij verkoop of verhuur) en meubelopslag
De huizenmarkt leent zich er in deze tijd zeer goed voor om met een optimale presentatie het verschil te maken. Kopers hebben nu ruim de tijd en de keuze om op zoek te gaan naar de voor hen geschikte woning! Door middel van het inzetten van slimme interieurtrucs, zorgt Just Jackie ervoor dat de potentiële koper het object beter beoordeelt. Hierdoor ontvangt ook de verkoper meer potentieel geïnteresseerden waardoor de kans op een goede prijs en snellere doorlooptijd ook toeneemt. Just Jackie maakt zich sterk voor: verkoopteksten, vastgoedstyling/verkoopstyling (leegstaand of nog bewoond), verkoopklaarrapport,woningfotografie, fotostyling, meubelverhuur (bij verkoop of verhuur) en meubelopslag
Sponsor: Competition Commission of India New Delhi. January 2009
Team Members
Ashok Desai
Laveesh Bhandari
Ramrao Mundhe
Maj. General Bhupindra Yadav
Special Thanks to
Experts at the Competition Commission of India
Payal Malik
This paper is about the Indian petroleum refining industry. But this industry is extremely open; trade flows are large compared to production. And there is considerable overlap between oil production and refining internationally, and to some extent in India. So we begin with a brief discussion of the international petroleum industry and its components – refining being one of them.
Petroleum is extracted from underground reserves; then it is cracked or “refined” into end products for various uses. The petroleum industry thus has two parts: an oil exploration and production industry upstream and a refinery industry downstream. Most oil producers also own refineries. But the reverse is not true; a high proportion of oil is sold to refinery companies that do not produce crude oil.
Sedimentary rocks in which hydrocarbons are trapped often hold gas, sometimes in association with crude oil and sometimes alone. It consists mostly of methane, which is lighter than air and toxic. It therefore requires airtight tanks for storage and similarly leak-proof pipes or trucks for transport, which raise its capital costs. Associated gas was flared in early years of the industry; it is still flared at remote or minor wells where the cost of its collection and transport would be high, or often reinjected into the oilfield to maintain pressure which forces oil up to the surface. But where the quantities are large enough, natural gas is mined and traded. It is mainly used as an industrial, domestic and vehicular fuel.
Motor vehicles run almost exclusively on petrol and high-speed diesel oil, both fuels derived from mineral oil – although they can be modified to run on certain biofuels. Vehicles are so widely dispersed that they require an extensive distribution system for these two refinery products. As motor vehicle use has spread across the world, it has brought along with it petrol pumps, logistics, storage and supply of fuels. There is thus a third part of the petroleum industry downstream from refineries which distributes the products. It is owned by refineries in most countries. But this is not inevitable. Some countries have distribution chains that are independent of producers and refiners; and in countries which do not have refineries, distribution is undertaken by either local or foreign oil companies.
Oil has collected in pools and seeps for thousands of years. The Chinese are recorded as having extracted oil from wells 800 feet deep through bamboo pipes in 347; they used it to evaporate brine and make salt. American Indians used to put it to medicinal uses. Persians, Macedonians and Egyptians used tars to waterproof ships. Babylonians used asphalt in the eighth century to construct the city’s walls, towers and roads. But the easily available oil was not put to any mass use because the crude itself was not a good fuel; it gave out much soot and smoke. A distillation process using a retort was invented by Rhazes (Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi) in Persia in the 9th century; liquid heated in it vapourized, passed through a curved spout and condensed in another container. The process could be used to make kerosene; but it was more often used to make alcohol and essence of flowers for perfume. It was a batch process, its fuel consumption was high, and it was not equally efficient at distilling kerosene from all crudes.
A more efficient and reliable distillation process came out of a series of inventions after 1846. The last invention was the invention of oil fractionation in 1854 by Benjamin Silliman, a professor of science in Yale. It used a vertical column which separated components more efficiently, and which could be used continuously.
Oil was first produced in Titusville,
De huizenmarkt leent zich er in deze tijd zeer goed voor om met een optimale presentatie het verschil te maken. Kopers hebben nu ruim de tijd en de keuze om op zoek te gaan naar de voor hen geschikte woning! Door middel van het inzetten van slimme interieurtrucs, zorgt Just Jackie ervoor dat de potentiële koper het object beter beoordeelt. Hierdoor ontvangt ook de verkoper meer potentieel geïnteresseerden waardoor de kans op een goede prijs en snellere doorlooptijd ook toeneemt. Just Jackie maakt zich sterk voor: verkoopteksten, vastgoedstyling/verkoopstyling (leegstaand of nog bewoond), verkoopklaarrapport,woningfotografie, fotostyling, meubelverhuur (bij verkoop of verhuur) en meubelopslag
De huizenmarkt leent zich er in deze tijd zeer goed voor om met een optimale presentatie het verschil te maken. Kopers hebben nu ruim de tijd en de keuze om op zoek te gaan naar de voor hen geschikte woning! Door middel van het inzetten van slimme interieurtrucs, zorgt Just Jackie ervoor dat de potentiële koper het object beter beoordeelt. Hierdoor ontvangt ook de verkoper meer potentieel geïnteresseerden waardoor de kans op een goede prijs en snellere doorlooptijd ook toeneemt. Just Jackie maakt zich sterk voor: verkoopteksten, vastgoedstyling/verkoopstyling (leegstaand of nog bewoond), verkoopklaarrapport,woningfotografie, fotostyling, meubelverhuur (bij verkoop of verhuur) en meubelopslag
De huizenmarkt leent zich er in deze tijd zeer goed voor om met een optimale presentatie het verschil te maken. Kopers hebben nu ruim de tijd en de keuze om op zoek te gaan naar de voor hen geschikte woning! Door middel van het inzetten van slimme interieurtrucs, zorgt Just Jackie ervoor dat de potentiële koper het object beter beoordeelt. Hierdoor ontvangt ook de verkoper meer potentieel geïnteresseerden waardoor de kans op een goede prijs en snellere doorlooptijd ook toeneemt. Just Jackie maakt zich sterk voor: verkoopteksten, vastgoedstyling/verkoopstyling (leegstaand of nog bewoond), verkoopklaarrapport,woningfotografie, fotostyling, meubelverhuur (bij verkoop of verhuur) en meubelopslag
Sponsor: Competition Commission of India New Delhi. January 2009
Team Members
Ashok Desai
Laveesh Bhandari
Ramrao Mundhe
Maj. General Bhupindra Yadav
Special Thanks to
Experts at the Competition Commission of India
Payal Malik
This paper is about the Indian petroleum refining industry. But this industry is extremely open; trade flows are large compared to production. And there is considerable overlap between oil production and refining internationally, and to some extent in India. So we begin with a brief discussion of the international petroleum industry and its components – refining being one of them.
Petroleum is extracted from underground reserves; then it is cracked or “refined” into end products for various uses. The petroleum industry thus has two parts: an oil exploration and production industry upstream and a refinery industry downstream. Most oil producers also own refineries. But the reverse is not true; a high proportion of oil is sold to refinery companies that do not produce crude oil.
Sedimentary rocks in which hydrocarbons are trapped often hold gas, sometimes in association with crude oil and sometimes alone. It consists mostly of methane, which is lighter than air and toxic. It therefore requires airtight tanks for storage and similarly leak-proof pipes or trucks for transport, which raise its capital costs. Associated gas was flared in early years of the industry; it is still flared at remote or minor wells where the cost of its collection and transport would be high, or often reinjected into the oilfield to maintain pressure which forces oil up to the surface. But where the quantities are large enough, natural gas is mined and traded. It is mainly used as an industrial, domestic and vehicular fuel.
Motor vehicles run almost exclusively on petrol and high-speed diesel oil, both fuels derived from mineral oil – although they can be modified to run on certain biofuels. Vehicles are so widely dispersed that they require an extensive distribution system for these two refinery products. As motor vehicle use has spread across the world, it has brought along with it petrol pumps, logistics, storage and supply of fuels. There is thus a third part of the petroleum industry downstream from refineries which distributes the products. It is owned by refineries in most countries. But this is not inevitable. Some countries have distribution chains that are independent of producers and refiners; and in countries which do not have refineries, distribution is undertaken by either local or foreign oil companies.
Oil has collected in pools and seeps for thousands of years. The Chinese are recorded as having extracted oil from wells 800 feet deep through bamboo pipes in 347; they used it to evaporate brine and make salt. American Indians used to put it to medicinal uses. Persians, Macedonians and Egyptians used tars to waterproof ships. Babylonians used asphalt in the eighth century to construct the city’s walls, towers and roads. But the easily available oil was not put to any mass use because the crude itself was not a good fuel; it gave out much soot and smoke. A distillation process using a retort was invented by Rhazes (Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi) in Persia in the 9th century; liquid heated in it vapourized, passed through a curved spout and condensed in another container. The process could be used to make kerosene; but it was more often used to make alcohol and essence of flowers for perfume. It was a batch process, its fuel consumption was high, and it was not equally efficient at distilling kerosene from all crudes.
A more efficient and reliable distillation process came out of a series of inventions after 1846. The last invention was the invention of oil fractionation in 1854 by Benjamin Silliman, a professor of science in Yale. It used a vertical column which separated components more efficiently, and which could be used continuously.
Oil was first produced in Titusville,