Anna this is the simple no animation version.

2. Websters says:
Darkness (n) is the absence of light
Modern Physics says Light is:
- a particle = “photon” (and/or)
- a wave = “probability wave”
- has mass (or at least electro-mass)
- travels at 186,282 miles/sec (300,000 km/sec)
- measures distance (light year = 10,000,000,000,000 km)

3. Websters says:
Darkness (n) is the absence of light
Modern Physics says Light is:
- a particle = “photon” (and/or)
- a wave = “probability wave”
- has mass (or at least electro-mass)
- travels at 186,282 miles/sec (300,000 km/sec)
- measures distance (light year = 10,000,000,000,000 km)
So where isn‟t Light (=darkness)?
- empty space? (between galaxies?)
Lehman Cave, Great Basin NP, NV

4. Websters says:
Darkness (n) is the absence of light
Modern Physics says Light is:
- a particle = “photon” (and/or)
- a wave = “probability wave”
- has mass (or at least electro-mass)
- travels at 186,282 miles/sec (300,000 km/sec)
- measures distance (light year = 10,000,000,000,000 km)
So where isn‟t Light (=darkness)?
- empty space? (between galaxies?)
- in black holes? („cuz they‟re black?) Lehman Cave, Great Basin NP, NV

5. Websters says:
Darkness (n) is the absence of light
Modern Physics says Light is:
- a particle = “photon” (and/or)
- a wave = “probability wave”
- has mass (or at least electro-mass)
- travels at 186,282 miles/sec (300,000 km/sec)
- measures distance (light year = 10,000,000,000,000 km)
So where isn‟t Light (=darkness)?
- empty space? (between galaxies?)
- in black holes? („cuz they‟re black?) Lehman Cave, Great Basin NP, NV
- underground! (caves and mines!)

6. Anatomy says…
Light is the medium for vision
- ~200 photons/sec per rod

7. Anatomy says…
Light is the medium for vision
- ~200 photons/sec per rod

8. Anatomy says…
Light is the medium for vision
- ~200 photons/sec per rod
- >150,000 rods/mm2 (Human retina)
- >1,000,000 rods/mm2 (Great Horned Owl retina)
Adverted
Vision

9. Anatomy says…
Light is the medium for vision
- ~200 photons/sec per rod
- >150,000 rods/mm2 (Human retina)
- >1,000,000 rods/mm2 (Great Horned Owl retina)
So darkness is… Varying shades of gray?

10. Math says… 1/15 sec
refresh rate
Light‟s intensity
diminishes at: S
4пr2

11. Math says… 1/15 sec
refresh rate
Light‟s intensity
diminishes at: S
4пr2

12. Math says… 1/15 sec
refresh rate
Light‟s intensity
diminishes at: S
4пr2

13. Math says… 1/15 sec
refresh rate
Light‟s intensity
diminishes at: S
4пr2
So darkness is…
Very Dispersed light?

14. Darkness is Noisy! So darkness sustains:
- Almost all amphibians
- Innumerable insects
- Most mammals
- Frequently fish
- Bunches of birds

15. 9000 8882
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2973
2000
1000
965
0
3 7 35 95 305
0.0 1.0
2.0 3.0
4.0 5.0
6.0 7.0 2.0 Visual Limiting Magnitude
(Urban Center >2 million)

16. 9000 8882
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2973
2000
1000
965
0
3 7 35 95 305
0.0 1.0
2.0 3.0
4.0 5.0
6.0 7.0 3.0 Visual Limiting Magnitude
(Urban Center ~1 million)

17. 9000 8882
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2973
2000
1000
0
3 7 35 95 305 965
0.0 1.0
2.0 3.0
4.0 5.0
6.0 7.0 4.0 Visual Limiting Magnitude
(City ~100,000)

18. 9000 8882
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2973
2000
1000
3 965
7 35 95 305
0
0.0 1.0
2.0 3.0
4.0 5.0
6.0 7.0 6.0 Visual Limiting Magnitude
(Town ~10,000)

19. 9000 8882
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2973
2000
1000
3 965
7 35 95 305
0
0.0 1.0
2.0 3.0
4.0 5.0
6.0 7.0 7.0 Visual Limiting Magnitude
(National Park / Village <1000)

20. Measuring Darkness
Images & Animation courtesy
of NPS Night Sky Team

21. Measuring Darkness
Images & Animation courtesy
of NPS Night Sky Team

25. Commuter Problem…
After nursing
Start of feeding
After feeding
Start of nursing

26. Ambush Problem…

27. Ambush Problem…

28. Ambush Problem…

29. Ambush Problem…

30. Ambush Problem…

31. Ambush Problem…

32. Ambush Problem…

33. Ambush Problem…

34. Disorientation Problem…

35. Disorientation Problem…
Photography by Jim Richardson

36. Disorientation Problem…
Photography by Jim Richardson

37. Disorientation Problem…
Photography by Jim Richardson

38. Disorientation Problem…
Photography by Jim Richardson

39. Disorientation Problem…
Photography by Jim Richardson

40. Disorientation Problem…
Photography by Jim Richardson

41. Health Problem…
Zzzzz
Mayo Clinic grades Melatonin:
Overcoming jetlag A
Sleep enhancement B Melatonin
Removing free radicals C
Headache prevention C
Fighting CANCER C

42. Health Problem…
Zzzzz
Mayo Clinic grades Melatonin:
Overcoming jetlag A
Sleep enhancement B
Removing free radicals C
Headache prevention C
Fighting CANCER C

43. If it’s rare...
AND beautiful...
Capture it !
And Charge Admission!
- P.T. “Greatest Show ON Earth” Barnum
So darkness is…

44. Sky City, AZ
Galaxy Diner, Hatch, UT
Night Astronomers Inn, AZ
Adventures, Red
River, NM

45. Profitable Tourism isn’t
more people per day
but Increased Length of Stay!
“Dark lovers stay overnight and
eat bigger breakfasts!”
- Kevin “The Dark Ranger” Poe

46. 2012
Bryce Canyon
~7,500 eclipse watchers
Astronomy Festival
1820 Laser Touri
Featuring Annular Eclipse
42 Staff, 117 VIPs
14,800 interpretive
contacts!
805 Jana Levin
Keynote Attendees
2,034 scope viewees
197 Rocketeers

47. In fy2012 Bryce Astronomy did:
- 349 Astro activities
- 142 formal presentations
- 52,383 contacts (~32,000 people)
- $2.022 mil (15% multiplier) to local economy!

48. Bryce Canyon 7.0 lm
Ursa Minor
“Baby Bear”
Ursa Major
“Mama Bear”

49. Acadia 6.5 lm
Ursa Minor
“Baby Bear”
Ursa Major
“Mama Bear”
Tyler Nordgren

50. Yosemite 6.0 lm
Procyon Cappellos
“Davy Crocket Hat”
Ursa Major
“Bear he kil’t when he was only 3”

51. Wasatch Front 4.5 lm
Stickum pointiend
“Harpoon”
Calamari tooyuckus
“Half-eaten Squid”

52. L.A. 2.5 lm
Coppers rescuedus
“Slim-jim”
Stillum Lockedoutus
“Bent coat hanger”

53. Globe
$40
($20)+$36.50
$ per year (10hrs night @ /$.10/kw)
Partial Cut-off
($30)+$27.38
$20
Night Sky Harm
$10
Motion Sensor *
($50)+$7.30
Mirrored Cut-off
$5 ($75)+$5.48 Solar
($7)+$0.00
$0
200 100 75 15 10
Watts of Energy
($x) = purchase price * On only when needed ~1hr / night