The document discusses the history and structure of commodity markets and exchanges in North America. It begins with an overview of commodity markets and exchanges, including their origins in agricultural trading. It then provides details on major exchanges such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Chicago Board of Trade, Minneapolis Grain Exchange, and Winnipeg Commodity Exchange. Commodities traded on each exchange are highlighted. The role of the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission in regulating these markets is also summarized.
Module – I Commodity Markets and Exchanges:
Growth of Global and Domestic Commodities Derivatives Markets, Agricultural Commodities Market and Non-Agricultural Commodities Markets
Commodity Exchanges: Exchanges around the World and its Importance, Commodity Exchanges in India. National Exchanges and Regional Exchanges, platform – Structure, Exchange memebership, Capital requirements, commodities traded on National exchanges, instruments available for trading and Electronic Spot Exchanges.
This document discusses commodity markets and futures trading. It begins with an introduction to commodity derivatives and their history. It then covers the evolution of commodity markets from early civilizations to modern organized exchanges around the world and in India. The main commodities traded are described as well as the advantages and disadvantages of commodity futures. Examples of commodity futures spreads and exchanges in India are provided before concluding with a discussion of how commodity exchanges have developed over time.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of commodity markets and commodity futures trading. It discusses:
1) How commodity futures trading originated from the need to ensure supply of seasonal crops, with early examples like rice trading in Japan.
2) How organized commodity futures trading developed in Chicago in the mid-19th century to help farmers and dealers transact in agricultural goods.
3) The establishment of the Chicago Board of Trade in 1848 as the first commodity futures exchange, facilitating futures contracts for agricultural goods.
4) An overview of major international commodity exchanges today and the commodities traded on each, including the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, New York Mercantile Exchange, London Metal Exchange,
Module – III Commodity Derivatives:
Commodity Derivatives: Evolution of Commodity, Derivatives, Evolution of Commodity, Derivatives in India, Types of Derivatives, Other Classifications of Derivatives, Pricing Derivatives, Derivative Markets and Participants, Economic Importance of Commodity Derivatives Markets.
Commodity derivatives market, Types of commodities traded in Commodity market, Commodity exchanges in India, Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX), National Commodities and Derivatives Exchange (NCDE), National Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd (NMCE), How to trade in commodity futures in India, Most active commodity on MCX, Benefits of Commodity Market, Precautions and Tips.
The document provides an overview of commodity derivative markets in India. It discusses the evolution and growth of commodity exchanges in India from the 19th century to present day. It describes how various commodity exchanges were established over time to trade different agricultural and industrial commodities. It also summarizes the roles of national and regional commodity exchanges in India and provides trade performance data for leading exchanges in January 2010.
Challenges to commodity markets in india.pptxAbha Mahapatra
o This project lists the numerous bottlenecks and hurdles in the way of a smoothly operating commodity markets. It covers Forward Contracts (Regulations) Act and its amendments in recent years, the role of Forward Market Commission in the market, various legal, regulatory, infrastructural challenges along with major initiatives taken in 2010-11
The commodity futures market in India has evolved over 120 years, with the first organized exchange established in 1875. Key developments include the banning of futures trading in 1966 and reintroduction in 2003. Today, the major commodity exchanges are MCX and NCDEX, which trade over 60 commodities. Trading volumes have grown significantly in recent years compared to equity markets. The commodity markets benefit farmers, traders, and others through price discovery, risk management, and competitiveness. However, foreign and institutional participation remains limited. Overall, India's commodity markets have expanded rapidly and are expected to continue growing.
Module – I Commodity Markets and Exchanges:
Growth of Global and Domestic Commodities Derivatives Markets, Agricultural Commodities Market and Non-Agricultural Commodities Markets
Commodity Exchanges: Exchanges around the World and its Importance, Commodity Exchanges in India. National Exchanges and Regional Exchanges, platform – Structure, Exchange memebership, Capital requirements, commodities traded on National exchanges, instruments available for trading and Electronic Spot Exchanges.
This document discusses commodity markets and futures trading. It begins with an introduction to commodity derivatives and their history. It then covers the evolution of commodity markets from early civilizations to modern organized exchanges around the world and in India. The main commodities traded are described as well as the advantages and disadvantages of commodity futures. Examples of commodity futures spreads and exchanges in India are provided before concluding with a discussion of how commodity exchanges have developed over time.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of commodity markets and commodity futures trading. It discusses:
1) How commodity futures trading originated from the need to ensure supply of seasonal crops, with early examples like rice trading in Japan.
2) How organized commodity futures trading developed in Chicago in the mid-19th century to help farmers and dealers transact in agricultural goods.
3) The establishment of the Chicago Board of Trade in 1848 as the first commodity futures exchange, facilitating futures contracts for agricultural goods.
4) An overview of major international commodity exchanges today and the commodities traded on each, including the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, New York Mercantile Exchange, London Metal Exchange,
Module – III Commodity Derivatives:
Commodity Derivatives: Evolution of Commodity, Derivatives, Evolution of Commodity, Derivatives in India, Types of Derivatives, Other Classifications of Derivatives, Pricing Derivatives, Derivative Markets and Participants, Economic Importance of Commodity Derivatives Markets.
Commodity derivatives market, Types of commodities traded in Commodity market, Commodity exchanges in India, Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX), National Commodities and Derivatives Exchange (NCDE), National Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd (NMCE), How to trade in commodity futures in India, Most active commodity on MCX, Benefits of Commodity Market, Precautions and Tips.
The document provides an overview of commodity derivative markets in India. It discusses the evolution and growth of commodity exchanges in India from the 19th century to present day. It describes how various commodity exchanges were established over time to trade different agricultural and industrial commodities. It also summarizes the roles of national and regional commodity exchanges in India and provides trade performance data for leading exchanges in January 2010.
Challenges to commodity markets in india.pptxAbha Mahapatra
o This project lists the numerous bottlenecks and hurdles in the way of a smoothly operating commodity markets. It covers Forward Contracts (Regulations) Act and its amendments in recent years, the role of Forward Market Commission in the market, various legal, regulatory, infrastructural challenges along with major initiatives taken in 2010-11
The commodity futures market in India has evolved over 120 years, with the first organized exchange established in 1875. Key developments include the banning of futures trading in 1966 and reintroduction in 2003. Today, the major commodity exchanges are MCX and NCDEX, which trade over 60 commodities. Trading volumes have grown significantly in recent years compared to equity markets. The commodity markets benefit farmers, traders, and others through price discovery, risk management, and competitiveness. However, foreign and institutional participation remains limited. Overall, India's commodity markets have expanded rapidly and are expected to continue growing.
The document provides a history of three major stock exchanges:
1) The Chicago Board Options Exchange was established in 1973 and introduced standardized exchange-traded options, helping develop the modern options market. It offers equity, index, and ETF options.
2) The New York Stock Exchange was founded in 1792 and is located in New York City. It has undergone several expansions and mergers over time to become a publicly-traded, for-profit company. It facilitates trading of shares of stock via auctions on its trading floor.
3) The London Stock Exchange was founded in 1698 and is located in London, UK. It has evolved from informal gatherings at coffee houses to its current regulated
Commodity trading involves the exchange of raw materials between producers and commercial users in commodity markets. Various commodities such as agricultural products, livestock, energy sources, metals, and precious metals are traded on regulated exchanges through standardized futures contracts. While individual traders can potentially earn large profits in this market, it also carries significant risks due to volatility in commodity prices from factors like supply and demand, speculation, weather, and global economics. Proper risk management is important for traders to manage the risks inherent in the commodity markets.
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset such as commodities, precious metals, currencies, bonds or stock indices. The two main types are forwards, which are private contracts, and futures, which are exchange-traded standardized contracts. Derivatives markets originated in the middle ages and the Chicago Board of Trade was the first formal exchange established in 1848 to trade agricultural commodity derivatives. The Chicago Mercantile Exchange was later established in 1874 and also trades futures on currencies, interest rates, stock indices and other commodities.
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset such as commodities, precious metals, currencies, bonds or stock indices. The two main types are forwards, which are private contracts, and futures, which are exchange-traded standardized contracts. Derivatives markets originated in the middle ages and the Chicago Board of Trade was the first formal exchange established in 1848 to trade agricultural commodity derivatives. The Chicago Mercantile Exchange was later established in 1874 and also trades futures on currencies, interest rates, stock indices and other commodities.
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset such as commodities, precious metals, currencies, bonds or stock indices. The two main types are forwards, which are customized bilateral contracts, and futures, which are standardized contracts traded on exchanges. A key feature of derivatives is that their value changes in response to changes in the price of the underlying asset. Exchanges help make derivatives markets liquid with lower transaction costs.
LMSPL Group is a securities company established in 1989 that has grown to serve over 22,000 clients across multiple Indian states. It operates as a trading and clearing member broker registered with the Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange. The company has offices in Mumbai and other major Indian cities and provides services such as research, demat holdings, mutual funds, IPO participation, and institutional broking. Latin Manharlal Commodities was established in 2008 as a subsidiary to provide commodity trading on exchanges like MCX, NCDEX, and DGCX.
The American Stock Exchange (AMEX) began as curbstone brokers trading stocks in the streets in the late 18th century. It was formalized as the New York Curb Exchange in 1908 and became the American Stock Exchange in 1953. In 2008, it was acquired by NYSE Euronext and is now called the NYSE Amex Equities, handling about 10% of US securities trading and specializing in small cap stocks, ETFs, and derivatives.
A potato producer could purchase potato futures on a commodity exchange to lock in a future sale price for potatoes, while a speculator could buy and sell potato futures hoping to profit from changes in potato prices. Commodity derivatives and futures markets began developing in India in the late 1800s and experienced periods of growth and bans until the modern commodity exchange system began in 2003. The Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) is now India's largest commodity exchange, established in 2003 and based in Mumbai, offering futures trading in bullion, metals, energy and agricultural commodities. MCX aims to provide risk management tools to businesses and reaches over 800 cities and towns in India.
A potato producer could use potato futures contracts to lock in a future sale price for potatoes, while a speculator could buy and sell potato futures to profit from price changes. The document then provides background on the development of commodity derivatives markets in India, including a historical overview of commodity trading beginning in the late 1800s and the banning of options trading between 1952-2002. It discusses the establishment of electronic commodity exchanges beginning in 2003 and provides operational details about the Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX), one of the largest commodity exchanges in the country.
The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is located in New York City and was founded in 1817. It is owned by NYSE Euronext and has over 2,800 listed companies with a total market capitalization of $13.39 trillion. Some key events in NYSE's history include moves to new locations, the crashes of 1929 and 1987, and mergers with Euronext and Deutsche Börse that made it the world's largest stock exchange operator.
From the last two decades, new interesting financial development in the financial Market has been growing popularity in agriculture products, derivatives etc. Both the producers and sellers get the fair prices transparency through this mechanism. Some of the commodity derivatives are traded on exchanges. Hedgers and speculators are also finding it more comfortable to trade a derivative in commodity Market. In this paper researcher made an effort to discuss about the market, history of the market, main objectives of the market, commodity market in India and major commodity exchanges of India MCX and NCDEX.
This document discusses commodity markets in India. It provides background on commodity markets, noting they allow producers and sellers to get fair prices through trading standardized contracts. It then summarizes the history and development of commodity markets in India, including the establishment of the Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX) and National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) as leading commodity exchanges in the country. The summary concludes by stating MCX and NCDEX facilitate online trading of commodity futures and forward contracts to bring transparency to agricultural commodity pricing in India.
The merger of FMC and SEBI in India is expected to strengthen regulation of the commodity derivatives market and improve its integrity. Key impacts include enhanced oversight, strengthened risk management through higher margin requirements, and improved delivery infrastructure standards for warehouses. Challenges remain around price discovery due to an underdeveloped spot market, and ensuring physical delivery of commodities. The way forward includes integrating spot and derivatives markets, improving price transparency, increasing participation of hedgers, and allowing new entities like FIIs and banks/MFs/insurers to invest.
Module - 1 :
The foreign exchange market, structure and organization- mechanics of currency trading
– types of transactions and settlement dates – exchange rate quotations and arbitrage – arbitrage with and without transaction costs – swaps and deposit markets – option forwards – forward swaps and swap positions – Interest rate parity theory.
The document discusses commodity markets in India. It provides background on the history and development of commodity exchanges in India, including some of the earliest organized futures markets in cotton, oilseeds, and wheat dating back to the late 19th century. It then describes the major participants in commodity markets, including hedgers who use futures markets to manage price risk, speculators who trade based on price expectations, and arbitrageurs.
The document provides an overview of the basics of the Indian capital market. It discusses:
- The origins of the Indian securities market in 1875 under a Banyan tree in Mumbai, which later became the Bombay Stock Exchange.
- Key developments over time including the establishment of other stock exchanges, periods of bull and bear markets driven by economic conditions, and influential market events and individuals.
- Important stock indices like the SENSEX and Nifty 50 which track the performance of leading companies.
- The process of initial public offerings and book building to determine stock prices.
- Factors that influence stock prices in the short and long run.
- The relationship between risk and potential returns
Commodity exchanges allow traders to buy and sell commodities and commodity derivatives like futures contracts. They provide a standardized marketplace where prices are set and trading rules established. The major commodity exchanges in India are the National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange, Multi Commodity Exchange of India, and National Multi Commodity Exchange of India which trade agricultural commodities and other raw materials.
The document outlines 3 objectives: 1) To protect the interests of policy holders, 2) To promote, regulate and ensure orderly growth of the insurance industry, 3) To conduct insurance businesses across India in an ethical manner.
- A capital gain arises when the amount realized from the disposition of a capital asset exceeds its purchase price, resulting in a profit. Conversely, a capital loss occurs when proceeds from selling a capital asset are less than the purchase price.
- Capital gains can arise from the sale of real property, financial assets like stocks and bonds, and intangible assets. They are calculated as the difference between the higher selling price and the lower purchase price.
- The document provides examples of calculating capital gains and losses for different capital assets and scenarios. It discusses the criteria for determining whether a gain is short-term or long-term based on the holding period of the asset. It also addresses indexing the cost of acquisition and improvement for
The document provides a history of three major stock exchanges:
1) The Chicago Board Options Exchange was established in 1973 and introduced standardized exchange-traded options, helping develop the modern options market. It offers equity, index, and ETF options.
2) The New York Stock Exchange was founded in 1792 and is located in New York City. It has undergone several expansions and mergers over time to become a publicly-traded, for-profit company. It facilitates trading of shares of stock via auctions on its trading floor.
3) The London Stock Exchange was founded in 1698 and is located in London, UK. It has evolved from informal gatherings at coffee houses to its current regulated
Commodity trading involves the exchange of raw materials between producers and commercial users in commodity markets. Various commodities such as agricultural products, livestock, energy sources, metals, and precious metals are traded on regulated exchanges through standardized futures contracts. While individual traders can potentially earn large profits in this market, it also carries significant risks due to volatility in commodity prices from factors like supply and demand, speculation, weather, and global economics. Proper risk management is important for traders to manage the risks inherent in the commodity markets.
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset such as commodities, precious metals, currencies, bonds or stock indices. The two main types are forwards, which are private contracts, and futures, which are exchange-traded standardized contracts. Derivatives markets originated in the middle ages and the Chicago Board of Trade was the first formal exchange established in 1848 to trade agricultural commodity derivatives. The Chicago Mercantile Exchange was later established in 1874 and also trades futures on currencies, interest rates, stock indices and other commodities.
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset such as commodities, precious metals, currencies, bonds or stock indices. The two main types are forwards, which are private contracts, and futures, which are exchange-traded standardized contracts. Derivatives markets originated in the middle ages and the Chicago Board of Trade was the first formal exchange established in 1848 to trade agricultural commodity derivatives. The Chicago Mercantile Exchange was later established in 1874 and also trades futures on currencies, interest rates, stock indices and other commodities.
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset such as commodities, precious metals, currencies, bonds or stock indices. The two main types are forwards, which are customized bilateral contracts, and futures, which are standardized contracts traded on exchanges. A key feature of derivatives is that their value changes in response to changes in the price of the underlying asset. Exchanges help make derivatives markets liquid with lower transaction costs.
LMSPL Group is a securities company established in 1989 that has grown to serve over 22,000 clients across multiple Indian states. It operates as a trading and clearing member broker registered with the Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange. The company has offices in Mumbai and other major Indian cities and provides services such as research, demat holdings, mutual funds, IPO participation, and institutional broking. Latin Manharlal Commodities was established in 2008 as a subsidiary to provide commodity trading on exchanges like MCX, NCDEX, and DGCX.
The American Stock Exchange (AMEX) began as curbstone brokers trading stocks in the streets in the late 18th century. It was formalized as the New York Curb Exchange in 1908 and became the American Stock Exchange in 1953. In 2008, it was acquired by NYSE Euronext and is now called the NYSE Amex Equities, handling about 10% of US securities trading and specializing in small cap stocks, ETFs, and derivatives.
A potato producer could purchase potato futures on a commodity exchange to lock in a future sale price for potatoes, while a speculator could buy and sell potato futures hoping to profit from changes in potato prices. Commodity derivatives and futures markets began developing in India in the late 1800s and experienced periods of growth and bans until the modern commodity exchange system began in 2003. The Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) is now India's largest commodity exchange, established in 2003 and based in Mumbai, offering futures trading in bullion, metals, energy and agricultural commodities. MCX aims to provide risk management tools to businesses and reaches over 800 cities and towns in India.
A potato producer could use potato futures contracts to lock in a future sale price for potatoes, while a speculator could buy and sell potato futures to profit from price changes. The document then provides background on the development of commodity derivatives markets in India, including a historical overview of commodity trading beginning in the late 1800s and the banning of options trading between 1952-2002. It discusses the establishment of electronic commodity exchanges beginning in 2003 and provides operational details about the Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX), one of the largest commodity exchanges in the country.
The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is located in New York City and was founded in 1817. It is owned by NYSE Euronext and has over 2,800 listed companies with a total market capitalization of $13.39 trillion. Some key events in NYSE's history include moves to new locations, the crashes of 1929 and 1987, and mergers with Euronext and Deutsche Börse that made it the world's largest stock exchange operator.
From the last two decades, new interesting financial development in the financial Market has been growing popularity in agriculture products, derivatives etc. Both the producers and sellers get the fair prices transparency through this mechanism. Some of the commodity derivatives are traded on exchanges. Hedgers and speculators are also finding it more comfortable to trade a derivative in commodity Market. In this paper researcher made an effort to discuss about the market, history of the market, main objectives of the market, commodity market in India and major commodity exchanges of India MCX and NCDEX.
This document discusses commodity markets in India. It provides background on commodity markets, noting they allow producers and sellers to get fair prices through trading standardized contracts. It then summarizes the history and development of commodity markets in India, including the establishment of the Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX) and National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) as leading commodity exchanges in the country. The summary concludes by stating MCX and NCDEX facilitate online trading of commodity futures and forward contracts to bring transparency to agricultural commodity pricing in India.
The merger of FMC and SEBI in India is expected to strengthen regulation of the commodity derivatives market and improve its integrity. Key impacts include enhanced oversight, strengthened risk management through higher margin requirements, and improved delivery infrastructure standards for warehouses. Challenges remain around price discovery due to an underdeveloped spot market, and ensuring physical delivery of commodities. The way forward includes integrating spot and derivatives markets, improving price transparency, increasing participation of hedgers, and allowing new entities like FIIs and banks/MFs/insurers to invest.
Module - 1 :
The foreign exchange market, structure and organization- mechanics of currency trading
– types of transactions and settlement dates – exchange rate quotations and arbitrage – arbitrage with and without transaction costs – swaps and deposit markets – option forwards – forward swaps and swap positions – Interest rate parity theory.
The document discusses commodity markets in India. It provides background on the history and development of commodity exchanges in India, including some of the earliest organized futures markets in cotton, oilseeds, and wheat dating back to the late 19th century. It then describes the major participants in commodity markets, including hedgers who use futures markets to manage price risk, speculators who trade based on price expectations, and arbitrageurs.
The document provides an overview of the basics of the Indian capital market. It discusses:
- The origins of the Indian securities market in 1875 under a Banyan tree in Mumbai, which later became the Bombay Stock Exchange.
- Key developments over time including the establishment of other stock exchanges, periods of bull and bear markets driven by economic conditions, and influential market events and individuals.
- Important stock indices like the SENSEX and Nifty 50 which track the performance of leading companies.
- The process of initial public offerings and book building to determine stock prices.
- Factors that influence stock prices in the short and long run.
- The relationship between risk and potential returns
Commodity exchanges allow traders to buy and sell commodities and commodity derivatives like futures contracts. They provide a standardized marketplace where prices are set and trading rules established. The major commodity exchanges in India are the National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange, Multi Commodity Exchange of India, and National Multi Commodity Exchange of India which trade agricultural commodities and other raw materials.
The document outlines 3 objectives: 1) To protect the interests of policy holders, 2) To promote, regulate and ensure orderly growth of the insurance industry, 3) To conduct insurance businesses across India in an ethical manner.
- A capital gain arises when the amount realized from the disposition of a capital asset exceeds its purchase price, resulting in a profit. Conversely, a capital loss occurs when proceeds from selling a capital asset are less than the purchase price.
- Capital gains can arise from the sale of real property, financial assets like stocks and bonds, and intangible assets. They are calculated as the difference between the higher selling price and the lower purchase price.
- The document provides examples of calculating capital gains and losses for different capital assets and scenarios. It discusses the criteria for determining whether a gain is short-term or long-term based on the holding period of the asset. It also addresses indexing the cost of acquisition and improvement for
The document discusses conditions and warranties in contracts for the sale of goods. It defines a condition as a stipulation essential to the main purpose of the contract, while a warranty is collateral to the main purpose. Breach of a condition allows repudiation of the contract and damages, while breach of a warranty only allows a claim for damages. There are both express and implied conditions/warranties included in contracts by agreement of the parties or presumed by law. Implied conditions include title, sale by description, sale by sample, fitness for a particular purpose, and wholesomeness.
Unit Trust of India (UTI) was created by the UTI Act passed by the Indian Parliament in 1964. Its main functions are to encourage savings, sell units to investors, convert small savings into industrial finance, and provide investors an opportunity to benefit from India's industrialization. UTI was established in four phases from 1964 to the present, seeing the entry of public sector funds in 1987, private sector funds in 1993, and its bifurcation into two separate entities in 2003.
1) FIMMDA is an association of commercial banks, financial institutions and primary dealers incorporated in 1998 as a voluntary market body for the bond, money and derivatives markets in India.
2) It has a large membership base including all major public and private sector banks, financial institutions, insurance companies and primary dealers.
3) One of FIMMDA's key roles is to publish reference rates for various money market instruments and yield curves for pricing government securities to bring standardization and transparency to fixed income markets in India.
Cooperative and commercial banks in indiaNirav Shah
Commercial banks provide services like deposits, loans, and investments to large businesses while cooperative banks are owned by their members who are both customers and owners. Recent trends in cooperative banks show that many are facing issues with minimum capital requirements and license cancellations, while commercial banks are adopting new technologies and pursuing financial inclusion. Both bank types play important roles in India's economic development through capital formation, banking services to various sectors, and expanding access to more customers.
This document discusses various modes of communication including letters, television, radio, print media, mobile phones, video conferencing, the internet, intranet, and e-correspondence. It provides details on what each mode is, how it is used, advantages and disadvantages. Letters allow sending messages and are still used in business. Television allows seeing faraway events and is widely used for entertainment and information. Radio uses radio waves to transmit audio and other data. Print media includes newspapers, magazines, newsletters, and posters. Mobile phones provide communication on the go and connectivity. Video conferencing allows face-to-face meetings remotely. The internet connects computers globally and offers services like email and the world wide web. An intranet connects
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Round table discussion of vector databases, unstructured data, ai, big data, real-time, robots and Milvus.
A lively discussion with NJ Gen AI Meetup Lead, Prasad and Procure.FYI's Co-Found
Enhanced Enterprise Intelligence with your personal AI Data Copilot.pdfGetInData
Recently we have observed the rise of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) that are community-driven or developed by the AI market leaders, such as Meta (Llama3), Databricks (DBRX) and Snowflake (Arctic). On the other hand, there is a growth in interest in specialized, carefully fine-tuned yet relatively small models that can efficiently assist programmers in day-to-day tasks. Finally, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) architectures have gained a lot of traction as the preferred approach for LLMs context and prompt augmentation for building conversational SQL data copilots, code copilots and chatbots.
In this presentation, we will show how we built upon these three concepts a robust Data Copilot that can help to democratize access to company data assets and boost performance of everyone working with data platforms.
Why do we need yet another (open-source ) Copilot?
How can we build one?
Architecture and evaluation
Natural Language Processing (NLP), RAG and its applications .pptxfkyes25
1. In the realm of Natural Language Processing (NLP), knowledge-intensive tasks such as question answering, fact verification, and open-domain dialogue generation require the integration of vast and up-to-date information. Traditional neural models, though powerful, struggle with encoding all necessary knowledge within their parameters, leading to limitations in generalization and scalability. The paper "Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks" introduces RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation), a novel framework that synergizes retrieval mechanisms with generative models, enhancing performance by dynamically incorporating external knowledge during inference.
ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
Beyond the Basics of A/B Tests: Highly Innovative Experimentation Tactics You...Aggregage
This webinar will explore cutting-edge, less familiar but powerful experimentation methodologies which address well-known limitations of standard A/B Testing. Designed for data and product leaders, this session aims to inspire the embrace of innovative approaches and provide insights into the frontiers of experimentation!
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
The Ipsos - AI - Monitor 2024 Report.pdfSocial Samosa
According to Ipsos AI Monitor's 2024 report, 65% Indians said that products and services using AI have profoundly changed their daily life in the past 3-5 years.
2. COMMODITY MARKET
Commodity market is a place where trading in
commodities takes place. It is similar to an Equity
market, but instead of buying or selling shares
one buys or sells commodities.
Commodity markets began with the trading of
agricultural products, such as wheat, corn, cattle,
etc. in the 19th century.
3. COMMODITY EXCHANGE
An entity, usually an incorporated association,
that determines and enforces rules and
procedures for the trading of commodities and
related investments, such as commodity futures.
Commodities exchange also refers to the physical
center where trading takes place.
6. HISTORY
In 1872, a group of Manhattan Diary Merchants
formed the Butter and Cheese Exchange.
Subsequently, egg traders joined and the
exchange was renamed as Butter, Cheese and
Egg Exchange.
7. In 1933, the Commodity Exchange(COMEX)was
established through the merger of four small
exchanges — the National Metal Exchange, the
Rubber Exchange of New York, the National Raw
Silk Exchange, and the New York Hide Exchange.
8. On August 3, 1994, New York’s two largest
exchanges, the New York Mercantile Exchange
and the Commodity Exchange, merged to
become the world’s largest physical commodity
futures exchange.
It is regulated by the Commodities Futures
Trading Commission, an agency of the US
government.
14. CHICAGO MERCANTILE
EXCHANGE (CME)
The Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME)
(often called "the Chicago Merc", or "the
Merc") is an American financial and commodity
derivative exchange based in Chicago and
located at 20 S. Wacker Drive.
The CME was founded in 1898 as the Chicago
Butter and Egg Board, an agricultural
commodities exchange.
15. Originally, the exchange was a non-profit
organization. The Merc demutualized in
November 2000, went public in December
2002, and merged with the Chicago Board
of Trade in July 2007 to become a
designated contract market of the CME
Group Inc., which operates both markets.
The chief executive officer of CME Group is
Phupinder Gill, Terrence A. Duffy is the
president and executive chairman of the
board, and Leo Melamed is chairman
emeritus.
16. CONT….
On August 18, 2008, shareholders approved a
merger with the New York Mercantile
Exchange (NYMEX) and COMEX. The Merc,
CBOT, NYMEX and COMEX are now markets
owned by the CME Group.
Today, the Merc trades several types of
financial instruments: interest rates, equities,
currencies, and commodities.
17. It also offers trading in alternative
investments, such as weather and real
estate derivatives, and has the largest
options and futures contracts open
interest (number of contracts outstanding)
of any futures exchange in the world.
Trading is conducted in two methods; an
open outcry format and the CME Globex
electronic trading platform.
Approximately 80 percent of total volume
at the exchange occurs electronically on
CME Globex.
18. COMMODITIES
Agriculture commodity contracts include :
1. Live cattle.
2. Lean hogs.
3. Feeder cattle.
4. Class iv milk.
5. Frozen pork bellies.
6. International Skimmed Milk Powder (ISM).
7. Nonfat Dry Milk.
8. Cash-Settled Butter.
9. Butter, Random Length Lumber, Softwood
Pulp, Hardwood Pulp etc.
19. CHICAGO BOARD OF
TRADE (CBT)
The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT),
established in 1848, is the world's oldest
futures and options exchange.
More than 50 different options and futures
contracts are traded by over 3,600 CBOT
members through open outcry and electronic
trading.
Volumes at the exchange in 2003 were a
record breaking 454 million contracts.
20. CONTD…
On 12 July 2007, the CBOT merged with the
Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) to form the
CME Group, a CME/Chicago Board of Trade
Company.
CBOT and three other exchanges (CME, NYMEX,
and COMEX) now operate as designated contract
markets (DCM) of the CME Group.
The concerns of U.S. merchants to ensure that
there were buyers and sellers for commodities
have resulted into forward contracts to sell and
buy commodities. Still, credit risk remained a
serious problem.
21. CONTD…
In 1864, the CBOT listed the first ever
standardized "exchange traded" forward
contracts, which were called futures contracts.
In 1919, the Chicago Butter and Egg Board, a
spin-off of the CBOT, was reorganized to
enable member traders to allow future trading,
and its name was changed to Chicago
Mercantile Exchange (CME).
On October 19, 2005, the initial public offering
(IPO) of 3,191,489 CBOT shares was priced at
$54.00 (USD) per share.
22. CONTD…
On its first day of trading the stock closed up
+49% at $80.50 (USD) on the NYSE.
In 2007, the CBOT and the CME merged to form
the CME Group.
In 2012, the CBOT expanded electronic trading
hours to 22 hours per day to become more
competitive in the industry.
The open outcry hours remained the same.
26. INTRODUCTION
The Minneapolis Grain
Exchange (MGEX) was formed in 1881
in Minneapolis
Founded as the Minneapolis Chamber of
Commerce in 1881, the MGEX has been a
marketplace for producers, processors and
millers for more than 125 years.
The Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce
opened as a regional cash marketplace to
promote fair trade and to prevent trade
abuses in wheat, oats and corn.
27. In 1883, the Chamber of Commerce
introduced its first futures contract: Hard
Red Spring Wheat.
This contract was launched to address
price risk management needs
of buyers and sellers of spring wheat and
still trades today.
In 1947, the exchange was renamed the
Minneapolis Grain Exchange. Today the
exchange uses MGEX
28. MGEX has been the principal market
for Hard Red Spring Wheat (HRSW) since
1881
offering futures and options contracts
based on its unique commodity
HRSW is one of the highest -
protein wheat
MGEX offers five financially settled
agricultural index products
29. MGEX offers five financially settled
agricultural index products:
1. Hard Red Spring Wheat Index (HRSI),
2. Hard Red Winter Wheat Index (HRWI),
3. Soft Red Winter Wheat Index (SRWI),
4. National Corn Index (NCI) and
5. National Soybean Index (NSI).
30. Hard Red Spring Wheat
Hard red spring wheat is one of the
highest protein wheat grown and is sought
by millers because of its high quality. It is
found in bagels, high quality breads and
cereals.
31. Wheat is the principal U.S. cereal grain for
export and domestic consumption.
There are several hundred varieties of
wheat produced in the United States
Wheat grown depends largely upon
rainfall, temperature, soil conditions and
tradition
36. Winnipeg Commodity
Exchange
The Winnipeg Commodity Exchange is the
former name of a derivatives exchange based
in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada now known as ICE
Futures Canada. Futures and options contracts are
electronically traded in western barley and canola .
The WCE began its existence as the Winnipeg
Grain & Produce Exchange in 1887.
In 1904, it introduced its first futures contracts. It
was, and remains, Canada's only commodity
futures exchange. It also formerly operated the
Canadian Financial Futures Market.
37.
38. In December 2004, WCE converted from the
traditional “open outcry" method of trading to an
electronic trading format. This made it the first
commodity futures exchange in North America to
go fully electronic.
Until December 2007, futures were traded on the
platform of the Chicago Board of Trade.
Winnipeg commodity exchange trades in feed
wheat, western barley, canola and flaxseed.
45. HISTORY OF U.S. CFTC.
Futures contracts for agricultural commodities
have been traded in the United States for more
than 150 years and have been under Federal
regulation since the 1920s. When the CFTC was
created in 1974 with the enactment of the
Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act, most
futures trading took place in the agricultural
sector. Over the years, the futures industry has
become increasingly varied and complex.
Significant dates in the history of futures
regulation before the creation of the CFTC and
significant dates in CFTC history from 1974 to the
present are given here.
46. ABOUT CFTC.
Founded – 1974
Acting Chairman – Mark Wetjen.
Branch Of Government – Executive.
Location – Washington D.C. , New York ,
Chicago , Kansas City.
47. CFTC ORGANISATION.
The CFTC organisation consists of the
Commissioners, the offices of the Chairman, and the
agency's operating units.
The Commission consists of five
Commissioners appointed by the President, with the
advice and consent of the Senate, to serve staggered
five-year terms. The President designates one of the
Commissioners to serve as Chairman. No more than
three Commissioners at any one time may be from
the same political party.
48. DIVISIONS
DCR (Division of Clearing and Risk.)
DOE (Division Of Enforcement.)
DMO (Division of Market Oversight.)
DSIO (Division of swap dealer and
intermediary operations.)
50. MISSION
The mission of the Commodity Futures
Trading Commission (CFTC) is to protect
market participants and the public from
fraud, manipulation, abusive practices and
systemic risk related to derivatives – both
futures and swaps – and to foster
transparent, open, competitive and
financially sound markets.
In carrying out this mission and to
promote market integrity, the Commission
polices the derivatives markets for various
abuses and works to ensure the protection
of customer funds.