Nolle prosequi is a Latin term meaning "do not prosecute" that allows the Director of Public Prosecution to formally determine that a case or part thereof will not proceed. This power can be exercised at any point before a verdict is given and is provided for under Kenyan law. The DPP may enter a nolle prosequi for various reasons such as proven innocence, insufficient evidence, or plea negotiations, and it can apply to some counts, some accused, or the whole case. While it discharges the accused, subsequent prosecution may still occur under some circumstances. The Kenyan constitution now requires the DPP to seek court permission before entering a nolle prosequi.
This matter concerns a police conduct complaint submitted 8 November 2015 which was initially dealt with by way of Local Resolution. The outcome (which was appealed and referred to the IOPC) was provided on 3 April 2017. On completing the review, the IOPC deemed the statutory conditions were not met for the matter to be suitable for local resolution and directed the force to fully investigate the complaint, taking into consideration further information such as evidence in support of alleged collusion between the police, CPS and Courts.
This document discusses developing a monitoring concept to study adherence to human rights. It explains that the monitoring concept involves identifying a research task linked to a strategic objective and working goals. Potential research tasks are then narrowed down by identifying specific issues to study and formulating detailed research questions. The document provides an example research task of studying adherence to Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights in district courts. It lists potential working goals and corresponding research tasks that could be studied to achieve this strategic objective.
Decision to Prosecute (Criminal procedure in Kenya)Quincy Kiptoo
This document outlines factors for prosecutors to consider when deciding whether to institute a prosecution against an individual. It discusses that the decision to prosecute is important and must be well-founded. Prosecutors must apply an evidentiary test to determine if there is enough evidence to support a credible prosecution. They must also apply a public interest test to consider factors like the seriousness of the offense, interests of victims and communities, and circumstances of the offender. The prosecutor's discretion must be exercised in accordance with the Constitution and with regard for public interest, interests of justice, and preventing abuse of the legal process.
1. The criminal investigation process allows police to gather sufficient evidence to support charges against suspected criminals. Police have powers to search, seize evidence, and question suspects to build strong cases.
2. However, not all reported crimes are fully investigated due to limited resources, and the lengthy investigation process can delay justice. Some crimes may not be pursued even when reported.
3. While technology like DNA evidence has helped solve difficult cases, an over-reliance on certain types of evidence alone could risk wrongful convictions. A thorough investigation considers multiple forms of lawful evidence.
Supporting document (Exhibit A-1) to Appellant’s notice of appeal against a Decision Notice issued by the Information Commissioner, in accordance with rule 22 of the Tribunal Procedure (First-tier) (General Regulatory Chamber) Rules 2009. Concerns requests for information made to Humberside police to obtain the number of times the phrase "YOU CANT MAKE ME" appeared in police officers witness statements. Humberside Police relied on section 14(1) (vexatious requests) of FOIA.
The document summarizes the revised rules of criminal procedure in the Philippines regarding the prosecution of offenses. It outlines rules for instituting criminal actions through complaints or informations, defines complaints and informations, specifies who may prosecute criminal actions, and establishes requirements for complaints and informations such as stating the accused's name, designation of the offense, acts constituting the offense, place and approximate date of commission, and name of the offended party. It also addresses issues like amending complaints or informations, where criminal actions are to be instituted, and jurisdiction over offenses committed in transit.
This document outlines two main methods that individuals can use to challenge decisions made about prosecuting them: 1) constitutional reference to the High Court, and 2) judicial review seeking orders to quash or prohibit prosecution. It discusses factors a court will consider, such as whether the prosecution constitutes an abuse of process or violates constitutional rights. It also notes that while stays can be granted, legislative intervention may be needed to avoid stays clogging the justice system.
Nolle prosequi is a Latin term meaning "do not prosecute" that allows the Director of Public Prosecution to formally determine that a case or part thereof will not proceed. This power can be exercised at any point before a verdict is given and is provided for under Kenyan law. The DPP may enter a nolle prosequi for various reasons such as proven innocence, insufficient evidence, or plea negotiations, and it can apply to some counts, some accused, or the whole case. While it discharges the accused, subsequent prosecution may still occur under some circumstances. The Kenyan constitution now requires the DPP to seek court permission before entering a nolle prosequi.
This matter concerns a police conduct complaint submitted 8 November 2015 which was initially dealt with by way of Local Resolution. The outcome (which was appealed and referred to the IOPC) was provided on 3 April 2017. On completing the review, the IOPC deemed the statutory conditions were not met for the matter to be suitable for local resolution and directed the force to fully investigate the complaint, taking into consideration further information such as evidence in support of alleged collusion between the police, CPS and Courts.
This document discusses developing a monitoring concept to study adherence to human rights. It explains that the monitoring concept involves identifying a research task linked to a strategic objective and working goals. Potential research tasks are then narrowed down by identifying specific issues to study and formulating detailed research questions. The document provides an example research task of studying adherence to Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights in district courts. It lists potential working goals and corresponding research tasks that could be studied to achieve this strategic objective.
Decision to Prosecute (Criminal procedure in Kenya)Quincy Kiptoo
This document outlines factors for prosecutors to consider when deciding whether to institute a prosecution against an individual. It discusses that the decision to prosecute is important and must be well-founded. Prosecutors must apply an evidentiary test to determine if there is enough evidence to support a credible prosecution. They must also apply a public interest test to consider factors like the seriousness of the offense, interests of victims and communities, and circumstances of the offender. The prosecutor's discretion must be exercised in accordance with the Constitution and with regard for public interest, interests of justice, and preventing abuse of the legal process.
1. The criminal investigation process allows police to gather sufficient evidence to support charges against suspected criminals. Police have powers to search, seize evidence, and question suspects to build strong cases.
2. However, not all reported crimes are fully investigated due to limited resources, and the lengthy investigation process can delay justice. Some crimes may not be pursued even when reported.
3. While technology like DNA evidence has helped solve difficult cases, an over-reliance on certain types of evidence alone could risk wrongful convictions. A thorough investigation considers multiple forms of lawful evidence.
Supporting document (Exhibit A-1) to Appellant’s notice of appeal against a Decision Notice issued by the Information Commissioner, in accordance with rule 22 of the Tribunal Procedure (First-tier) (General Regulatory Chamber) Rules 2009. Concerns requests for information made to Humberside police to obtain the number of times the phrase "YOU CANT MAKE ME" appeared in police officers witness statements. Humberside Police relied on section 14(1) (vexatious requests) of FOIA.
The document summarizes the revised rules of criminal procedure in the Philippines regarding the prosecution of offenses. It outlines rules for instituting criminal actions through complaints or informations, defines complaints and informations, specifies who may prosecute criminal actions, and establishes requirements for complaints and informations such as stating the accused's name, designation of the offense, acts constituting the offense, place and approximate date of commission, and name of the offended party. It also addresses issues like amending complaints or informations, where criminal actions are to be instituted, and jurisdiction over offenses committed in transit.
This document outlines two main methods that individuals can use to challenge decisions made about prosecuting them: 1) constitutional reference to the High Court, and 2) judicial review seeking orders to quash or prohibit prosecution. It discusses factors a court will consider, such as whether the prosecution constitutes an abuse of process or violates constitutional rights. It also notes that while stays can be granted, legislative intervention may be needed to avoid stays clogging the justice system.
This law is heavily influenced by Philippine law (PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 968). Individuals convicted of a crime may be excused from their punishments for a specified period of time, and the court will monitor them. The court will agree that it is preferable for the offender to avoid prison and instead be monitored by the judge. Because the law's objective is not only to punish criminals by imprisoning them, but also to assist them in changing for the better in settings other than prison, such as those on probation.
Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights provides the right to a fair trial in both civil and criminal cases. It guarantees the right to an independent and impartial tribunal, a public hearing within a reasonable time, and the presumption of innocence. Additional rights in criminal cases include being informed of charges, adequate time to prepare a defense, legal representation, examining witnesses, and an interpreter if needed. However, the right to a fair trial is not absolute, and closed hearings may be allowed for national security or privacy reasons. The document discusses how the use of closed materials, treatment of children in courts, and cuts to legal aid may compromise the right to a fair trial in some instances.
This document discusses the law around arrests in Kenya. It covers arrests with and without warrants, the process and procedures that must be followed, and some key constitutional issues. Some main points covered include:
- Arrests can infringe on rights to liberty and freedom of movement. Force used must be reasonable.
- Police can arrest without a warrant for cognizable offenses or if a non-cognizable offense is committed in their presence. Arrested persons must be brought promptly before a magistrate.
- Private citizens can arrest for felonies, cognizable offenses, or to detain property offenders. They must promptly hand over arrested persons to police.
- Warrants are required for other arrests and must meet formal requirements
The document discusses the rules and procedures relating to criminal prosecution in the Philippines, including the jurisdiction of various courts over criminal cases. It covers topics such as the complaint or information required to initiate a criminal case, who may prosecute criminal actions, when injunctions can be used to restrain criminal prosecution, and the different types of jurisdiction including territorial jurisdiction. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over certain cases and appellate jurisdiction to review cases involving constitutional questions, while the Court of Appeals has appellate jurisdiction over final judgments of RTCs.
Mihai Mares - The New Criminal Procedure CodeMihai_Mares
The document discusses key issues in Romania's new Criminal Procedure Code regarding the defense right, preventive arrest, and the rights of third parties whose assets are seized. Regarding the defense right, the new code takes a common law approach that recognizes lawyers' individual rights. Preventive arrest sees debate around reasonable suspicion standards and removing public danger. Third parties have rights to defend their seized assets, including summons notices and double jurisdiction appeals.
The document outlines the key stages of a criminal trial in India. It discusses the differences between a summons case and a warrant case, and covers the trial procedures for warrant cases before a Sessions Court and Magistrate. The trial procedures covered include framing of charges, examining witnesses and evidence, defenses, submissions, and judgment. It also discusses some common provisions like acquittal or conviction, absence of complainant, and compensation for false accusations. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the different stages and processes involved in criminal trials under Indian law.
This document discusses search and seizure laws in Kenya. It covers searches conducted with a warrant, which require proof on oath or a lawful complaint. A warrant must specify the offense, person/place to be searched, and is valid until executed or cancelled. Searches can also be conducted without a warrant in certain situations, such as with consent, if delay would destroy evidence, or when arresting a person. However, these raise issues of illegally obtained evidence. Reasonable suspicion is required for warrantless searches. The document also discusses extension, execution, and contents of warrants as well as privileged documents and disposal of seized items. It analyzes several relevant court cases from Kenya.
The document summarizes the process of criminal trials in India. It outlines the key laws governing criminal procedure and offenses in India, including the Code of Criminal Procedure, Indian Penal Code, and Indian Evidence Act. It then provides a flow chart depicting the typical stages of a criminal investigation and trial in India, from police investigation and filing charges to court proceedings, potential appeals, and outcomes of acquittal or conviction. Key concepts in Indian criminal law like bailable vs. non-bailable offenses, anticipatory bail, and cognizable vs. non-cognizable cases are also defined for context.
This document outlines the procedures and considerations around bail in the criminal justice system. It discusses where a person can be detained after arrest (police station or court), the presumption of bail prior to conviction, factors considered in granting bail pending trial or appeal, and the tests and criteria applied by courts. Key points include that bail is the rule pre-conviction, the prosecution must show why bail should be denied, and courts examine likelihood of appearance, interference with investigations, and commission of further offenses.
ANTICIPATORY BAIL- Section 438 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973Utkarsh Kumar
This document discusses anticipatory bail under Section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. It begins by introducing anticipatory bail and its purpose of protecting against false accusations. It then discusses the history and introduction of anticipatory bail provisions. The key points are:
1) Anticipatory bail is meant to safeguard against false accusations and ensure the release of falsely accused persons before arrest.
2) Section 438 was introduced to allow courts to grant bail in anticipation of arrest.
3) Anticipatory bail literally means bail granted before arrest, not in anticipation of it. It becomes operational only upon arrest.
Judgment is a decision of a court regarding the rights and liabilities of parties in a legal action or proceeding. Judgments also generally provide the court's explanation of why it has chosen to make a particular court order.
when all the facts of a case are heard, and a judge or jury makes the final decision about the court case. An offender can waive their rights to a jury trial and just have the judge make the ruling in a bench trial.
The document summarizes key aspects of bail under Indian criminal law. It discusses:
1) The right to bail for bailable and non-bailable offenses, including the conditions that must be met for bail in non-bailable cases.
2) The types of bail available, including personal bonds, bonds with sureties, and anticipatory bail.
3) Circumstances where bail is mandatory and the powers of police to grant bail for arrests with and without a warrant.
Holding charge vis a vis section 293 of ACJA, the thought of Ugochukwu Ugwu, EsqUgochukwu Ugwu
The document discusses the concept of "holding charge" in Nigerian criminal law and analyzes Section 293 of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act, 2015 regarding this issue. It makes three key points:
1) A holding charge allows police to detain an accused person without proper investigation in order to build a case, undermining the presumption of innocence. Section 293 attempts to legalize this practice, contradicting constitutional protections.
2) No court has jurisdiction to try a case or issue remand orders if it lacks jurisdiction over the underlying offense. Section 293 violates this principle.
3) The practice of holding charge has been repeatedly criticized and condemned by Nigerian courts as an abuse of power that undermines personal liberty guarantees
Bail is the release of an accused person from custody, on the condition that they will return for their trial or other legal proceedings. The purpose of bail is to ensure the presence of the accused at trial while also protecting their liberty prior to being proven guilty. Bail laws originated in ancient times and are now codified in the Indian Criminal Procedure Code. Bail can be granted for bailable offenses with sentences under 3 years or fines only. For more serious non-bailable offenses, courts consider various factors like evidence and witness tampering risk when deciding bail. The process involves applying to the court and potentially depositing an amount until the trial. Grant of bail is mandatory in certain circumstances like incomplete investigations or if the accused is
The document discusses defenses in drug cases where there are irregularities in buy-bust operations conducted by law enforcement. It notes that to secure a conviction for illegal drug sales, the prosecution must prove the identity of the buyer and seller, details of the transaction, and presentation of the illegal drugs in court. However, if there are issues with preserving the integrity of the evidence or establishing the chain of custody, reasonable doubt can exist. The document analyzes several cases where defendants were acquitted due to failures to properly mark, document or establish the chain of custody of seized illegal drugs. Strict adherence to procedures is important to avoid planting evidence or compromising the case.
This document summarizes Rule 116 of the Rules of Criminal Procedure regarding arraignment and plea. It discusses how arraignment is conducted, the timeline for arraignment, how pleas are made, when a not guilty plea can be entered, what constitutes a valid plea bargain, and the circumstances under which arraignment can be suspended or a guilty plea withdrawn. Key points include that a not guilty plea must be entered if the accused presents exculpatory evidence or makes a conditional guilty plea, plea bargaining is limited to pleading guilty to a lesser included offense, and a guilty plea can be withdrawn if found to be improvident and the judgment is not yet final.
This letter before claim concerns a proposed application for judicial review of a decision by the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) not to review findings of a police investigation. The letter provides background on the claimant's criminal case where he believes false witness statements and police misconduct occurred. It details the claimant's police complaints process regarding the witness statements and arresting officer. The letter argues the IOPC should intervene as the police complaints process was mishandled and statutory obligations were breached. The claimant seeks to challenge the IOPC's decision not to review the police investigation findings.
APPEALS AGAINST DECISIONS OF THE EXAMINING MAGISTRATE IN CAMEROONAkashSharma618775
The Examining Magistrate is involved in the administration of justice in Cameroon. His functions are to
carryout preliminary investigations and this has caused the preliminary duties of investigation to be smooth and
more matured. Preliminary Inquiry is therefore a criminal hearing usually conducted by an Examining Magistrate
to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to prosecute the defendant before a competent court of law.
During the preliminary inquiry, the Examining Magistrate is assisted by a Registrar and the defendant may be
represented by counsel. At the close of the inquiry, the Examining Magistrate shall ascertain whether or not any
offence is sustainable on the evidence against the defendant and shall make either a total or partial no case ruling
or a committal order. These various orders and rulings of the Examining Magistrate can be appeal against by any
disgruntled party to the proceedings before the Inquiry Control Chambers (ICC) of the competent Court of
Appeal.
This law is heavily influenced by Philippine law (PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 968). Individuals convicted of a crime may be excused from their punishments for a specified period of time, and the court will monitor them. The court will agree that it is preferable for the offender to avoid prison and instead be monitored by the judge. Because the law's objective is not only to punish criminals by imprisoning them, but also to assist them in changing for the better in settings other than prison, such as those on probation.
Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights provides the right to a fair trial in both civil and criminal cases. It guarantees the right to an independent and impartial tribunal, a public hearing within a reasonable time, and the presumption of innocence. Additional rights in criminal cases include being informed of charges, adequate time to prepare a defense, legal representation, examining witnesses, and an interpreter if needed. However, the right to a fair trial is not absolute, and closed hearings may be allowed for national security or privacy reasons. The document discusses how the use of closed materials, treatment of children in courts, and cuts to legal aid may compromise the right to a fair trial in some instances.
This document discusses the law around arrests in Kenya. It covers arrests with and without warrants, the process and procedures that must be followed, and some key constitutional issues. Some main points covered include:
- Arrests can infringe on rights to liberty and freedom of movement. Force used must be reasonable.
- Police can arrest without a warrant for cognizable offenses or if a non-cognizable offense is committed in their presence. Arrested persons must be brought promptly before a magistrate.
- Private citizens can arrest for felonies, cognizable offenses, or to detain property offenders. They must promptly hand over arrested persons to police.
- Warrants are required for other arrests and must meet formal requirements
The document discusses the rules and procedures relating to criminal prosecution in the Philippines, including the jurisdiction of various courts over criminal cases. It covers topics such as the complaint or information required to initiate a criminal case, who may prosecute criminal actions, when injunctions can be used to restrain criminal prosecution, and the different types of jurisdiction including territorial jurisdiction. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over certain cases and appellate jurisdiction to review cases involving constitutional questions, while the Court of Appeals has appellate jurisdiction over final judgments of RTCs.
Mihai Mares - The New Criminal Procedure CodeMihai_Mares
The document discusses key issues in Romania's new Criminal Procedure Code regarding the defense right, preventive arrest, and the rights of third parties whose assets are seized. Regarding the defense right, the new code takes a common law approach that recognizes lawyers' individual rights. Preventive arrest sees debate around reasonable suspicion standards and removing public danger. Third parties have rights to defend their seized assets, including summons notices and double jurisdiction appeals.
The document outlines the key stages of a criminal trial in India. It discusses the differences between a summons case and a warrant case, and covers the trial procedures for warrant cases before a Sessions Court and Magistrate. The trial procedures covered include framing of charges, examining witnesses and evidence, defenses, submissions, and judgment. It also discusses some common provisions like acquittal or conviction, absence of complainant, and compensation for false accusations. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the different stages and processes involved in criminal trials under Indian law.
This document discusses search and seizure laws in Kenya. It covers searches conducted with a warrant, which require proof on oath or a lawful complaint. A warrant must specify the offense, person/place to be searched, and is valid until executed or cancelled. Searches can also be conducted without a warrant in certain situations, such as with consent, if delay would destroy evidence, or when arresting a person. However, these raise issues of illegally obtained evidence. Reasonable suspicion is required for warrantless searches. The document also discusses extension, execution, and contents of warrants as well as privileged documents and disposal of seized items. It analyzes several relevant court cases from Kenya.
The document summarizes the process of criminal trials in India. It outlines the key laws governing criminal procedure and offenses in India, including the Code of Criminal Procedure, Indian Penal Code, and Indian Evidence Act. It then provides a flow chart depicting the typical stages of a criminal investigation and trial in India, from police investigation and filing charges to court proceedings, potential appeals, and outcomes of acquittal or conviction. Key concepts in Indian criminal law like bailable vs. non-bailable offenses, anticipatory bail, and cognizable vs. non-cognizable cases are also defined for context.
This document outlines the procedures and considerations around bail in the criminal justice system. It discusses where a person can be detained after arrest (police station or court), the presumption of bail prior to conviction, factors considered in granting bail pending trial or appeal, and the tests and criteria applied by courts. Key points include that bail is the rule pre-conviction, the prosecution must show why bail should be denied, and courts examine likelihood of appearance, interference with investigations, and commission of further offenses.
ANTICIPATORY BAIL- Section 438 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973Utkarsh Kumar
This document discusses anticipatory bail under Section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. It begins by introducing anticipatory bail and its purpose of protecting against false accusations. It then discusses the history and introduction of anticipatory bail provisions. The key points are:
1) Anticipatory bail is meant to safeguard against false accusations and ensure the release of falsely accused persons before arrest.
2) Section 438 was introduced to allow courts to grant bail in anticipation of arrest.
3) Anticipatory bail literally means bail granted before arrest, not in anticipation of it. It becomes operational only upon arrest.
Judgment is a decision of a court regarding the rights and liabilities of parties in a legal action or proceeding. Judgments also generally provide the court's explanation of why it has chosen to make a particular court order.
when all the facts of a case are heard, and a judge or jury makes the final decision about the court case. An offender can waive their rights to a jury trial and just have the judge make the ruling in a bench trial.
The document summarizes key aspects of bail under Indian criminal law. It discusses:
1) The right to bail for bailable and non-bailable offenses, including the conditions that must be met for bail in non-bailable cases.
2) The types of bail available, including personal bonds, bonds with sureties, and anticipatory bail.
3) Circumstances where bail is mandatory and the powers of police to grant bail for arrests with and without a warrant.
Holding charge vis a vis section 293 of ACJA, the thought of Ugochukwu Ugwu, EsqUgochukwu Ugwu
The document discusses the concept of "holding charge" in Nigerian criminal law and analyzes Section 293 of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act, 2015 regarding this issue. It makes three key points:
1) A holding charge allows police to detain an accused person without proper investigation in order to build a case, undermining the presumption of innocence. Section 293 attempts to legalize this practice, contradicting constitutional protections.
2) No court has jurisdiction to try a case or issue remand orders if it lacks jurisdiction over the underlying offense. Section 293 violates this principle.
3) The practice of holding charge has been repeatedly criticized and condemned by Nigerian courts as an abuse of power that undermines personal liberty guarantees
Bail is the release of an accused person from custody, on the condition that they will return for their trial or other legal proceedings. The purpose of bail is to ensure the presence of the accused at trial while also protecting their liberty prior to being proven guilty. Bail laws originated in ancient times and are now codified in the Indian Criminal Procedure Code. Bail can be granted for bailable offenses with sentences under 3 years or fines only. For more serious non-bailable offenses, courts consider various factors like evidence and witness tampering risk when deciding bail. The process involves applying to the court and potentially depositing an amount until the trial. Grant of bail is mandatory in certain circumstances like incomplete investigations or if the accused is
The document discusses defenses in drug cases where there are irregularities in buy-bust operations conducted by law enforcement. It notes that to secure a conviction for illegal drug sales, the prosecution must prove the identity of the buyer and seller, details of the transaction, and presentation of the illegal drugs in court. However, if there are issues with preserving the integrity of the evidence or establishing the chain of custody, reasonable doubt can exist. The document analyzes several cases where defendants were acquitted due to failures to properly mark, document or establish the chain of custody of seized illegal drugs. Strict adherence to procedures is important to avoid planting evidence or compromising the case.
This document summarizes Rule 116 of the Rules of Criminal Procedure regarding arraignment and plea. It discusses how arraignment is conducted, the timeline for arraignment, how pleas are made, when a not guilty plea can be entered, what constitutes a valid plea bargain, and the circumstances under which arraignment can be suspended or a guilty plea withdrawn. Key points include that a not guilty plea must be entered if the accused presents exculpatory evidence or makes a conditional guilty plea, plea bargaining is limited to pleading guilty to a lesser included offense, and a guilty plea can be withdrawn if found to be improvident and the judgment is not yet final.
This letter before claim concerns a proposed application for judicial review of a decision by the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) not to review findings of a police investigation. The letter provides background on the claimant's criminal case where he believes false witness statements and police misconduct occurred. It details the claimant's police complaints process regarding the witness statements and arresting officer. The letter argues the IOPC should intervene as the police complaints process was mishandled and statutory obligations were breached. The claimant seeks to challenge the IOPC's decision not to review the police investigation findings.
APPEALS AGAINST DECISIONS OF THE EXAMINING MAGISTRATE IN CAMEROONAkashSharma618775
The Examining Magistrate is involved in the administration of justice in Cameroon. His functions are to
carryout preliminary investigations and this has caused the preliminary duties of investigation to be smooth and
more matured. Preliminary Inquiry is therefore a criminal hearing usually conducted by an Examining Magistrate
to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to prosecute the defendant before a competent court of law.
During the preliminary inquiry, the Examining Magistrate is assisted by a Registrar and the defendant may be
represented by counsel. At the close of the inquiry, the Examining Magistrate shall ascertain whether or not any
offence is sustainable on the evidence against the defendant and shall make either a total or partial no case ruling
or a committal order. These various orders and rulings of the Examining Magistrate can be appeal against by any
disgruntled party to the proceedings before the Inquiry Control Chambers (ICC) of the competent Court of
Appeal.
INVESTIGATIONS AND THE TRIAL PROCEDURE IN UGANDA 2Kakuru Joel
This document discusses investigations and the criminal trial process in Uganda. It covers:
- Investigations are carried out by the police to collect evidence and place the accused at the scene of the crime. Different investigation methods are used depending on the crime.
- The stages of a criminal trial in a magistrate's court, including plea taking, prosecution presenting their case, defense presenting their case, judgement, and appeals.
- The stages are similar in the high court but begin with preliminary proceedings like drawing up an indictment.
- Some miscellaneous applications that can be made during the trial like bail applications, habeas corpus if the accused is not produced in court.
- A successful investigation is important to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt and
The document discusses the process of inquest in the Philippines. An inquest is conducted by a public prosecutor to determine whether a detained person should remain in custody or be charged in court when they have been arrested without a warrant. It outlines the documents required in an inquest, including an affidavit of arrest, and timelines for filing a complaint depending on the severity of the alleged crime. It also explains that the prosecutor must determine if the arrest was proper before proceeding with the inquest. If probable cause is found, the prosecutor may file a complaint in court and recommend bail.
This document discusses the rules and procedures regarding preliminary investigations in the Philippines according to Rule 112 of the Rules of Court. It defines a preliminary investigation as an inquiry to determine if there is probable cause that a crime has been committed and the respondent is guilty. Preliminary investigations are required for offenses with penalties of at least 4 years and are conducted by prosecutors, judges, and other authorized officers in an inquisitorial manner. Their purpose is to preserve evidence and determine if a case should be filed in court. The rights and procedures related to preliminary investigations are further discussed.
This document discusses object evidence under Philippine rules of evidence. It defines object evidence as real objects addressed to the senses of the court that are relevant to facts at issue in a case. Object evidence includes things that appeal to sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. For admission, object evidence must be relevant, authenticated by a competent witness, and formally offered. It discusses requirements for establishing chain of custody of unidentifiable objects and limitations on admitting object evidence. Categories of object evidence include actual physical evidence and demonstrative evidence like photographs.
030905 ICC Policy Issues Before The Office Of The Prosecutor [For FAILURE TO ...VogelDenise
17 USC § 107 Limitations on Exclusive Rights – FAIR USE
This document is provided to EDUCATE and INFORM the Public/International Communities of the LAWFUL Options available to VICTIMS of War Crimes, Apartheid, Genocide, etc. by their Government Officials that have created a DESPOTISM Empire and MONOPOLIZED "ALL" Branches of Government and have REPEATEDLY "FAILED TO ACT" on Civil/Criminal Violations REPORTED to Government/Law Enforcement Agencies...
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The document discusses sting operations, including their origins, legal issues raised, and guidelines/cases related to their use and legality in India. Some key points:
1. A sting operation involves secretly recording individuals to expose criminal behavior, but can raise moral questions as innocent people may be entrapped.
2. Indian courts have examined the legality of sting operations, establishing some have public interest but others may be illegal if solely intended to harm individuals.
3. Guidelines have been issued for sting operations televised in India, including verifying their authenticity, obtaining permissions, and protecting privacy.
4. Recent supreme court cases have further explored when sting operations are legally permitted investigations versus illegal entrap
This document provides information about three government offices that provide legal redress and remedies in the Philippines:
1. The Public Attorney's Office (PAO) provides free legal services to indigent persons in criminal, civil, labor, administrative and other quasi-judicial cases. It has offices nationwide.
2. The Office of the Deputy Ombudsman for Military and Other Law Enforcement Officers (OMB-MOLEO) investigates and prosecutes criminal and administrative cases against members of the police, military and other law enforcement agencies. It has five bureaus that handle investigations, prosecutions, public assistance and graft prevention.
3. The Commission on Human Rights (CHR) is an independent national
Similar to NDPP TO WITHDRAW CHARGES IN THE MATTER OF THE STATE VERSUS IVAN PILLAY AND TWO OTHERS FOLLOWING A REVIEW PROCESS (13)
This document is the 2022 Budget Speech given by South African Minister of Finance Enoch Godongwana on February 23, 2022. In the speech, Godongwana outlines South Africa's current fiscal framework, including a revised economic growth outlook, improved tax revenue collection, and plans to narrow the budget deficit and stabilize government debt. He also announces new spending proposals to support education, health, law enforcement, infrastructure development and social assistance programs.
- Over 881,152 public service employees in South Africa have taken sick leave or incapacity leave since March 2020 due to COVID-19.
- The total cost of this leave for the government was R14.3 billion.
- The leave was broken down by national department, provincial department, and average duration of leave taken per department, ranging from 1.5 to 11.47 days on average across departments.
This document is the January 8th Statement 2022 from the African National Congress (ANC). It summarizes the current situation in South Africa, including the ongoing impacts of COVID-19 and efforts to rebuild after state capture. It outlines 5 priorities for the ANC in 2022: 1) Build a social compact to address unemployment and poverty, 2) Defend democratic gains against attempts to undermine the constitution, 3) Accelerate ANC renewal, 4) Build a capable developmental state, and 5) Continue working for a better Africa and world. The statement calls for urgent action on unemployment, land reform, climate change, and COVID vaccination, while defending recent democratic progress.
The President thanks the State Capture Commission for its work over the past 4 years investigating allegations of corruption. He acknowledges the dedication of Acting Chief Justice Raymond Zondo and the Commission staff. The President says the first part of the Commission's report will be made public, and the full report will be submitted to Parliament by June 2022 along with the government's plan to implement its recommendations. Finally, he expresses confidence that the report will help strengthen transparency and accountability in government.
President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa has tested positive for COVID-19 and is experiencing mild symptoms. He started feeling unwell after attending a memorial service in Cape Town earlier today. The President is being monitored by the South African Military Health Service and is self-isolating in Cape Town for the next week, delegating his responsibilities to Deputy President David Mabusa. Ramaphosa is fully vaccinated and urges all South Africans to get vaccinated and remain vigilant against exposure to help curb the spread of the virus.
The South African National Editors' Forum (SANEF) calls for an investigation into death threats directed at journalists from SABC's Lesedi FM for their coverage of local government elections in the Free State Province. The journalists, including Dimakatso Ratselane, Palesa Chubisi and Lahliwe Matsoso, received threats accusing them of being responsible for the ANC's defeat in the elections. SANEF is also concerned about attacks on the SABC by the ANC and its leaders, which encourages cyberbullying and undermines the important role of journalists.
Sanef and the Campaign for Free Expression (CFE) are taking action to ensure that the SABC's disciplinary action against Phathiswa Magopeni, the public broadcaster's head of news, takes place openly and transparently. They have argued to the chair of the hearing that the media should be allowed to attend the proceedings, which begin on December 17. Magopeni has been charged with negligence and bringing the SABC into disrepute after an investigative program aired in contravention of a court order. She alleges she is being targeted for resisting attempts to force her to carry an unscheduled interview with the president during the recent elections.
- Scientists in South Africa identified a new COVID-19 variant called Omicron which has been designated a variant of concern by the WHO.
- Early identification of Omicron is due to South Africa's genomic surveillance capabilities which have helped monitor the virus.
- Some key things known about Omicron so far include that it has many more mutations than prior variants, current tests can detect it, and it is spreading rapidly in South Africa. However, more data is still needed on transmission risk, reinfection risk, severity of disease, and vaccine effectiveness.
- COVID cases in South Africa have risen sharply recently, likely signaling the start of a fourth wave, and daily case numbers have more than tripled in the
The Al Jama-ah party provides input for the selection of the new Chief Justice of South Africa. They are satisfied with the list of well-qualified candidates from diverse backgrounds. However, they believe the JSC should consider each candidate's vision, plans to add value and leave a legacy, knowledge of South African and African legal systems, and preparedness to accommodate diverse refugee groups in South Africa. The party stresses the importance of understanding different customary laws across African countries and regions, as culture influences legal systems. They also believe the chosen candidate's character traits, such as being judicious and impartial, are important considerations for the role.
Letter appointment of judges of constitutional court rsa Preggie Moodley
The letter discusses the appointment of two applicants as judges to the Constitutional Court of South Africa. It notes that the writer has no objections to the applicants. The letter recommends that candidates for judicial positions have a strong understanding of African jurisprudence and commit to continuing education on African legal traditions. It urges the president to discuss African jurisprudence with the shortlisted applicants before making the appointments.
Letter appointment of judges of constitutional court rsa Preggie Moodley
The letter discusses the appointment of two applicants as judges to the Constitutional Court of South Africa. It notes that the writer has no objections to the applicants. The letter recommends that candidates for judicial positions have a strong understanding of African jurisprudence and commit to continuing education on African legal traditions. It urges the president to discuss African jurisprudence with the shortlisted applicants before making the appointments.
Sanef presser sanef calls for transparency and a fair process on the sabc's...Preggie Moodley
The South African National Editors' Forum (SANEF) has called for transparency and a fair process in the SABC's disciplinary action against its Editor-in-Chief, Phathiswa Magopeni. SANEF is concerned about political pressure and attacks on Magopeni from the ANC over the SABC's coverage of local elections. While the SABC must investigate the airing of a program in breach of a court order, the timing raises suspicions of a politically motivated witch hunt. SANEF has called for Magopeni's hearing to be public to dispel any perception of a politically motivated process.
Statement of the monetary policy committee november 2021Preggie Moodley
The Monetary Policy Committee of the South African Reserve Bank increased the repurchase rate by 25 basis points to 3.75% in response to rising inflation risks. While South Africa's economy grew strongly in the first half of 2021, growth is expected to slow in the second half due to the July unrest and other factors. Inflation forecasts for 2021 and 2022 were revised upwards due to higher fuel, food and electricity prices. The risks to the inflation outlook are assessed as upside, though inflation is expected to remain close to the mid-point target over the medium term. Policy decisions will continue to be data-dependent and sensitive to risks in the uncertain economic environment.
The South African government withdrew its support for the Miss South Africa pageant after the organizers decided to participate in the Miss Universe pageant being held in Israel in December 2021. Despite discussions, the organizers were unwilling to reconsider. The government cannot support the event due to Israel's well-documented human rights abuses against Palestinians. While acknowledging the personal impact, the Minister of Sport, Arts and Culture believes withdrawing is better for Miss South Africa's reputation and standing than participating in the event in Israel.
The document summarizes the results of the Election Satisfaction Survey conducted by the Human Sciences Research Council on behalf of the Electoral Commission of South Africa after the 2021 Local Government Elections. The survey found that:
- Overwhelming majorities of voters reported positive experiences at voting stations and found the voting procedures to be free and fair.
- Voters gave very high ratings to the performance of Electoral Commission officials and expressed widespread confidence in the vote counting process.
- There was also strong satisfaction with voter education efforts and COVID-19 safety protocols on election day.
- Based on these findings, the HSRC concludes that voters expressed overwhelming confidence that the 2021 local elections were free and fair and that the Elect
The document outlines the terms of reference for a shortlisting panel that will recommend candidates for the position of Chief Justice of South Africa. The panel will be chaired by Judge Navi Pillay and include five other members. The panel must assess all nominations against criteria like constitutional qualifications and leadership abilities. They must then submit a report to the President with a shortlist of three to five recommended candidates by October 29th.
The term of the current Chief Justice of South Africa ends in October 2021. President Ramaphosa is calling for nominations to fill this role. He aims to promote transparency through an open nomination process that allows for public participation. Nominations must be accompanied by endorsements and submitted by October 1st. A panel of eminent legal experts will then shortlist 3 to 5 candidates. The President will consult on this shortlist before appointing the next Chief Justice.
Letter of dismissal to cde carl niehaus 9 september 2021Preggie Moodley
The document is a letter from the African National Congress (ANC) to Mr. Carl Niehaus, an ANC employee, summarizing his dismissal. It acknowledges receipt of Niehaus' response to an earlier letter requesting reasons why he should not be summarily dismissed for his conduct. The ANC notes Niehaus' response did not clarify allegations and instead attacked the ANC. The letter details prior warnings issued to Niehaus in 2020 and 2021 for behavior undermining the ANC. Most recently, Niehaus distributed a media alert inviting media to witness him laying criminal charges against ANC leaders, which the letter states was a deliberate act of misconduct intended to damage the ANC's image. The ANC concludes
1) A rally against mandatory vaccinations is planned outside of Groote Schuur Hospital this weekend, which is disrespectful to health workers who risk their lives saving others and do not deserve harassment at work.
2) South Africa does not have a policy of mandatory vaccinations, and the rally organizers provide no details and previously promoted vaccines as "the devil's work".
3) Health workers have been on the frontlines of the pandemic and work long hours in difficult conditions, yet continue showing up every day to do life-saving work. They deserve respect, protection, and support.
This document discusses the importance of protecting whistleblowers in South Africa. It notes that as corruption investigations have progressed, witnesses have faced threats, intimidation, and even death. It specifically mentions the murder of Babita Deokaran, who was a key witness in a corruption investigation. The document calls for reviewing protections for whistleblowers as the fight against corruption intensifies, and strengthening support systems and addressing legal/policy gaps to protect their safety, livelihoods, and reputations. It praises whistleblowers for their brave public service in exposing corruption.
The Biggest Threat to Western Civilization _ Andy Blumenthal _ The Blogs.pdfAndy (Avraham) Blumenthal
Article in The Times of Israel by Andy Blumenthal: China and Russia are commonly considered the biggest military threats to Western civilization, but I believe that is incorrect. The biggest strategic threat is a terrorist Jihadi Caliphate.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Your Go-To Press Release Newswire for Maximum Visibility and Impact.pdfPressReleasePower4
This downloadable guide explains why press releases are still important for businesses today and the challenges you might face with traditional distribution methods. Learn how [Your Website Name] offers a comprehensive solution for crafting compelling press releases, targeting the right media outlets, and maximizing visibility.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
Howard Fineman, Veteran Political Journalist and TV Pundit, Dies at 75
NDPP TO WITHDRAW CHARGES IN THE MATTER OF THE STATE VERSUS IVAN PILLAY AND TWO OTHERS FOLLOWING A REVIEW PROCESS
1. MEDIA STATEMENT
NDPPTO WITHDRAW CHARGES IN THE MATTER OF THE STATE VERSUSIVAN PILLAYANDTWO OTHERS
FOLLOWINGA REVIEW PROCESS
Friday7 February2020
The National Directorof PublicProsecutions,AdvShamilaBatohi hasdecidedtowithdraw charges
againstIvanPillay(Pillay),AndriesJanse VanRensburg(VanRensburg)andJohanVanLoggerenberg
(VanLoggerenberg) (collectively“the accused”).The NDPPhasinformedrelevantprosecutorsandthe
lawyersrepresentingthe accused(the “Defence”) of thisdecision.
PillayandVanRensburgare chargedwiththe allegedcontraventionof Section49(1) of the Regulationof
Interceptionof CommunicationandProvisionof CommunicationRelatedInformationAct,No70 of 2002
(Count1). The essential allegationsare thatPillayandVanRensburgauthorisedthe installationof
surveillance equipmentatofficesof the Directorate of Special Operations(DSO) inthe National
ProsecutingAuthority(NPA),andthe interceptionof communicationatthose offices,withoutan
interceptiondirection.
PillayandVanLoggerenbergare chargedwiththe allegedcontraventionof Section10of the Prevention
and Combattingof CorruptActivitiesAct,No12 of 2004 (Count2). In the alternative,theyare charged
withcontraveningsection3of the saidAct. The essentialallegationsare thatPillayandVan
Loggerenberg,whilstinthe employof SARSgave,oragreedtogive,toa certainindividual (name
withheld)anunauthorisedgratificationof approximately R100000 incash, inrelationtothe exercise or
performance of the saidindividual’spowersdutiesandfunctionswithinthe scope of hisemployment
relationship.Inthe alternate charge,PillayandVanLoggerenbergare allegedtohave given,oragreedto
give tothe saidindividual,anillegal gratification.
Thismatter hassince beenthe subjectof protractedlitigationandcommunicationbetweenthe Defence
and the NPA.
Followingthe Defence submittingrepresentationstothe NDPPinsupportof a requestto have the
decisiontoprosecute reviewed,the NDPPappointedaReview Paneltoconsiderthe matter,andto
2. provide herwithanopinionandrecommendations.The PanelcomprisedDirectorof Public
Prosecutions,Mr.Barry Madolo,ActingDirectorof Public Prosecutions,Adv.IndraGoberdan,and
DeputyDirectorof PublicProsecutions,Adv.AdrianMopp.
The Panel finaliseditsworkandsubmittedareportwithrecommendationstothe NDPP.Afteracareful
assessmentof the evidence andotherrelevantmaterial, the unanimousconclusionof the Panel in
respectof all counts,is that there are no reasonable prospectsof asuccessful prosecution.The Panel
recommendsthatall chargesagainstthe accusedbe withdrawn.
Wheninstitutingormaintainingcriminal proceedings,aprosecutorshouldproceedonlywhenacase is
well founded,uponevidence containedinthe police case docketreasonablybelievedtobe reliableand
admissible,andshouldnotcontinue suchproceedingsinthe absence of suchevidence,thatis,if there is
no primafacie case.
In termsof the ProsecutionPolicyof the NPA,aprosecutor,indecidingwhethertoinstitutecriminal
proceedingsagainstanaccusedperson,mustassesswhetherthere issufficientandadmissibleevidence
to provide areasonable prospectof asuccessful prosecution,otherwise,the prosecutionshouldnotbe
commencedorcontinued. The ProsecutionPolicyprovidesfurtherthatthe testof a reasonable
prospectmustbe appliedobjectivelyaftercareful deliberation,toavoidan unjustifiedprosecution. The
ProsecutionPolicystatesthatvariousfactorsare to be consideredwhenthe prosecutorevaluates
evidence,notably(i) the strengthof the case forthe State,(ii) the availabilityof evidence,(iii) whether
the State witnessesare likelytobe credible,(iv)the admissibilityof evidence,(v) the reliabilityof
evidence,and(vi)the strengthof the case forthe defence.
Exercisingprosecutorial discretionrequiresprosecutorstoassessthe evidence andthe substantive
criminal law,andto follownecessaryprescriptsandprescribedprosecutorialdirectivesorguidelines,in
orderto determine whetherandhowto bringa criminal case forward. Prosecutorial discretionmustbe
exercisedingoodfaith,basedonanimpartial,independent,honestassessmentof the evidence,the law
and the publicinterest,andinamannerconsistentwiththe Constitution,the NPA Act,the Code of
Conductfor Membersof the NPA and the ProsecutionPolicydirectivesandguidelines.
In line withthe above,the NDPPhascarefullyconsideredthe Panel’sreport,the evidence andother
relevantmaterial,andhelddiscussionswiththe panel.The NDPPagreeswiththe Panelthatthere are no
reasonable prospectsof asuccessful prosecutioninthismatter.
3. As a result,the NDPPhasdecidedthatchargesagainstall the accusedwill be withdrawn.
Issuedby:
Ms BulelwaMakeke
Headof Communications
National ProsecutingAuthorityof SouthAfrica
+27 84 702 5617 / media@npa.gov.za