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e terms economic development & economic growth are often understood as referring to the economic progress of a country. These are taken as pointers of higher standard of living and better quality of life. However, the perception of economist in this regard is quite different.
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RACE IAS is the Best IAS and UPSC Coaching Center In Lucknow, we have some of the best coaches handpicked from all across the country to ensure that our students get the best of everything. Our mission is to help aspirants with facts, analytical skills and attitude.
RACE IAS is the Best IAS and UPSC Coaching Center In Lucknow, we have some of the best coaches handpicked from all across the country to ensure that our students get the best of everything. Our mission is to help aspirants with facts, analytical skills and attitude. In addition to imparting knowledge of the concerned subjects, RACE IAS lays great emphasis on leadership development, ethics and social responsibility, and personality development.
e terms economic development & economic growth are often understood as referring to the economic progress of a country. These are taken as pointers of higher standard of living and better quality of life. However, the perception of economist in this regard is quite different.
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लगाने और िफनटेक İखलािड़योंȪारा अनैितक वसूली Ůथाओं से बचाने के िलए िडिजटल ऋण देने के मानदंडों को कड़ा िकया।
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observed every year from September 1-7. The purpose of this week is to raise awareness among the
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lifestyle. T
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India has emerged as the largest producer and consumer of sugar in the world and the second
largest exporter. During the sugar season in India, over 5,000 lakh metric tons (LMT) of
sugarcane was produced out of which about 3,574 LMT was crushed by Sugar Mills to produce about
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in what may be termed an uncommon phenomenon, La Ninã conditions prevailing over the
equatorial Pacific Ocean since September 2020 have entered the third year. There are only six instances
of La Ninã lasting for more than two years since 1950s, data with the India Meteorologica
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inventor of the first effective rabies vaccine in the world. The day is observed to promote the fight
against Rabies, raise awareness of its prevention, and celebrate the
achievements the world has made against this deadly disease.
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हाल ही मŐ ,आयुष मंũालय के साथ संयुƅŝप से मिहला और बाल िवकास मंũालय)MWCD (के िविभɄहˑƗेपों के तहत ,लगभग 4.37लाख आंगनवाड़ी कŐūों ने पोषण वािटका थािपत की है।
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contend with the geo-political and geo-economic shifts both at the regional and global levels. This has
required the two countries to overcome the old romanticism of the Indo-Soviet ties and engage at a
pragmatic level. T
While a part of the rupee outperformance is attributed to speculation of Indian government bonds
in the JPMorgan Government Bond Index-Emerging Markets (GBI-EM) index, it now turns out
that the interventions also helped, banking insiders told ET.
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largely owing to their shared cultural, linguistic
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आरबीआई ने उपभोƅाओं को डेटा गोपनीयता के उʟंघन, अनुिचत ʩावसाियक आचरण, अȑिधक ɯाज दरों पर शुʋ
लगाने और िफनटेक İखलािड़योंȪारा अनैितक वसूली Ůथाओं से बचाने के िलए िडिजटल ऋण देने के मानदंडों को कड़ा िकया।
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conduct, charging of exorbitant interest rates and unethical recovery practices by fintech players
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n India, the first week of September every year is celebrated as National Nutrition Week. The week is
observed every year from September 1-7. The purpose of this week is to raise awareness among the
general public about the value of healthy eating practices and proper nutrition for upholding a healthy
lifestyle. T
Current Affairs 30 August English by RaceIAS.pdfraceias1
The Prime Minister of India while addressing a ‘Peace, Unity and Development’ rally in Assam’s Karbi Anglong district announced earlier this year that the Government intends to withdraw the much-dreaded Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act 1958(AFSPA), completely from the north-east.
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agenda from the very start of India’s journey as an independent nation
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2. Resource / संसाधन:
• Everything available in our environment which can be
used to satisfy our needs, is called a resource. It should
be technologically accessible, economically feasible and
culturally acceptable. Only then, it can be termed as a
‘Resource’. Examples: minerals, forests, fossil fuels etc.
• हमारे पर्ाावरण में उपलब्ध प्रत्र्ेक वस्तु जिसका उपर्ोग हमारी
आवश्र्कताओं की पूर्ता क
े ललए ककर्ा िा सकता है, संसाधन
कहलाती है। र्ह तकनीकी रूप से सुलभ, आर्थाक रूप से व्र्वहार्ा
और सांस्कृ र्तक रूप से स्वीकार्ा होना चाहहए। तभी इसे 'संसाधन'
कहा िा सकता है। उदाहरण: खर्नि, वन, िीवाश्म ईंधन आहद।
3. Classification of Resources / संसाधनों का िर्गीकरण::
(a) On the basis of origin: Biotic and Abiotic.
(a) उत्पवि क
े आधार पर: िैववक और अिैववक।
(b) On the basis of exhaustibility: Renewable and Non-
renewable.
(b) ननिाातनीयता क
े आधार पर: नवीकरणीर् और गैर-
नवीकरणीर्।
4. (c) On the basis of ownership: Individual (Personal),
Community, National and International.
(c) स्िामित्ि क
े आधार पर: व्र्जततगत, समुदार्, राष्ट्रीर् और
अंतरााष्ट्रीर्।
(d) On the basis of status and development: Potential,
Developed, Reserve and Stock.
(d) स्स्िनत और विकास क
े आधार पर: संभाववत, ववकलसत,
ररिवा और स्टॉक।र्नष्ट्प्रभावीता
5.
6. • Biotic Resources are obtained from the biosphere. They
have life or are living resources, e.g., human beings,
fisheries, forests, etc.
• िैव संसाधन िीवमंडल से प्राप्त होते हैं। उनक
े पास िीवन है
र्ा वे िीववत संसाधन हैं, िैसे, मनुष्ट्र्, मत्स्र् पालन, वन,
आहद।
• Abiotic Resources include all non-living things, e.g.,
rocks and minerals.
• अिैववक संसाधनों में सभी र्निीव चीिें शालमल हैं, िैसे
चट्टानें और खर्नि।
7. Renewable Resources / निीकरणीय संसाधन :
• The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by
physical, chemical and mechanical processes are
known as renewable or replenishable resources, e.g.,
water, wildlife, forests, solar energy, wind energy, etc.
• जिन संसाधनों का भौर्तक, रासार्र्नक और र्ांत्रिक प्रकिर्ाओं
द्वारा नवीनीकरण र्ा पुनरुत्पादन ककर्ा िा सकता है, उन्हें
नवीकरणीर् र्ा पुनःपूर्ता र्ोग्र् संसाधनों क
े रूप में िाना
िाता है, िैसे, िल, वन्र् िीवन, वन, सौर ऊिाा, पवन ऊिाा,
आहद।
8. Non-renewable Resources / अनिीकरणीय संसाधन :
• The resources which once get exhausted, cannot be
remade. They take a long geological period of time,
i.e., millions of years in their formation, e.g., minerals,
fossil’ fuels, etc.
• िो संसाधन एक बार समाप्त हो िाते हैं, उन्हें दोबारा नहीं
बनार्ा िा सकता है। वे एक लंबी भूवैज्ञार्नक अवर्ध लेते हैं,
अथाात, उनक
े गठन में लाखों वर्ा लगते हैं। िैसे- खर्नि,
िीवाश्म ईंधन, आहद।
9.
10. 1. Individual resources: Owned by individuals, e.g., own
land, house etc.
व्यस्ततर्गत संसाधन: व्र्जततर्ों क
े स्वालमत्व, िैसे, अपनी
िमीन, घर आहद।
2. Community Owned Resources: Resources which are
accessible to all the members of the community, e.g.,
parks, playground etc.
सिुदाय क
े स्िामित्ि िाले संसाधन: वे संसाधन िो समुदार्
क
े सभी सदस्र्ों क
े ललए सुलभ हैं, िैसे, पाक
ा , खेल का मैदान
आहद।
11. 3. National Resources: Resources which belong to
the nation, e.g., roads, railways etc.
राष्ट्रीय संसाधन: वे संसाधन िो राष्ट्र से संबंर्धत हैं, िैसे,
सड़क
ें , रेलवे आहद।
4. International resources: Resources which no
individual country can utilize, e.g., oceanic waters
beyond 200 km.
अंतरााष्ट्रीय संसाधन: वे संसाधन जिनका कोई भी देश उपर्ोग
नहीं कर सकता, उदाहरण क
े ललए, 200 ककमी से अर्धक
समुद्री िल।
12. 5. Potential resources: Resources found in a region but not
in use, e.g., solar energy in Rajasthan,wind energy in
Gujarat.
संभावित संसाधन: ककसी क्षेि में पाए िाने वाले संसाधन, लेककन
उपर्ोग में नहीं, िैसे, रािस्थान में सौर ऊिाा, गुिरात में पवन
ऊिाा।
13. 6. Stock: Resources available but do not have appropriate
technology to access, e.g., lack of technical know how
to use hydrogen and oxygen as source of energy.
स्टॉक: संसाधन उपलब्ध हैं लेककन उनक
े पास पहुंचने क
े ललए
उपर्ुतत तकनीक नहीं है, उदाहरण क
े ललए, ऊिाा क
े स्रोत क
े
रूप में हाइड्रोिन और ऑतसीिन का उपर्ोग करने क
े ललए
तकनीकी िानकारी की कमी।
14. 7. Reserve: Subset of stock. Can be used for future
needs, e.g., water in the dams, forest resources.
ररजिा: स्टॉक का सबसेट। भववष्ट्र् की िरूरतों क
े ललए
इस्तेमाल ककर्ा िा सकता है, िैसे, बांधों में पानी, वन
संसाधन।
15. Sustainable development / सतत विकास :
• Sustainable economic development means that
‘development should take place without damaging the
environment and development in the present should not
compromise with the needs of future generation’.
• सतत आर्थाक ववकास का अथा है कक 'ववकास पर्ाावरण को
नुकसान पहुंचाए त्रबना होना चाहहए और वतामान में ववकास
भववष्ट्र् की पीढी की िरूरतों से समझौता नहीं करना चाहहए'।
16. Land under important relief features in India / भारत िें
िहत्िपूणा उच्चािच सुविधाओं क
े तहत भूमि :
• Plains-43%, Mountains-30%, Plateaus-27%
• मैदान-43%, पवात-30%, पठार-27%
17. Land Degradation / भूमि क्षरण :
• Continuous use of land over a long period of time
without taking appropriate measures to conserve and
manage it.
• भूलम क
े संरक्षण और प्रबंधन क
े ललए उर्चत उपार् ककए त्रबना
लंबे समर् तक भूलम का र्नरंतर उपर्ोग।
18. Measures to solve problem of land degradation /
भूमि क्षरण की सिस्या क
े सिाधान क
े उपाय :
• Afforestation, proper management of grazing to control
overgrazing planting of shelter belts of plants,
stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes,
control of mining activities, avoid over-irrigation and
overuse of fertilizers and pesticides.
• वनरोपण, अर्धक चराई को र्नर्ंत्रित करने क
े ललए पौधों की
आश्रर् पेहटर्ों क
े रोपण का उर्चत प्रबंधन, क
ं टीली झाडड़र्ों को
उगाकर रेत क
े टीलों का जस्थरीकरण, खनन गर्तववर्धर्ों पर
र्नर्ंिण, अर्धक लसंचाई और उवारकों और कीटनाशकों क
े अर्त
प्रर्ोग से बचना।
19. Soil erosion / िृदा अपरदन :
• The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing
down is soil erosion. Reasons for soil erosion include-
• मृदा आवरण का अनाच्छादन और बाद में धुल िाना मृदा
अपरदन है। मृदा अपरदन क
े कारणों में शालमल हैं-
(a) Human activities like deforestation, over grazing,
construction, mining defective method of fanning
etc./ मानव गर्तववर्धर्ों िैसे वनों की कटाई, अर्धक चराई,
र्नमााण, खनन फ
ै र्नंग की दोर्पूणा ववर्ध आहद।
(b) Natural forces like wind, glacier and water flow. /
प्राकृ र्तक बल िैसे हवा, ग्लेलशर्र और िल प्रवाह।
20. Types of erosion/ क्षरण क
े प्रकार :
(a) Gully erosion : The running water cuts through the
clayey soils and makes deep channels known as gullies.
This makes the land bad land and in the Chambal basin
such land is known as ravines.
र्गली कटाि: बहता पानी लमट्टी को लमट्टी से काटता है और
गहरे चैनल बनाता है जिसे गली क
े रूप में िाना िाता है।
इससे भूलम खराब हो िाती है और चंबल बेलसन में ऐसी भूलम
को खड्ड क
े रूप में िाना िाता है।
21. (b) Sheet erosion : When top soil over large area is
washed away it is known as sheet erosion.
शीट अपरदन: िब बड़े क्षेि की ऊपरी लमट्टी बह िाती है तो
इसे शीट अपरदन क
े रूप में िाना िाता है।
22. Methods to prevent soil erosion in hilly area /
पहाडी क्षेत्र िें मिट्टी क
े कटाि को रोकने क
े उपाय :
• Ploughing along the contour lines-contour ploughing;
terrace cultivation; strip farming and shelter belts.
• समोच्च रेखाओं क
े साथ िुताई करना - समोच्च िुताई;
सीढीदार खेती; जस्रप फालमिंग और शेल्टर बेल्ट्स।
23. Soils and its types / मिट्टी और उसक
े प्रकार :
• Alluvial soils: Entire northern plains are made of
alluvial soil. Also found in the eastern coastal plains
particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the
Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers. Fertile soil
therefore, fit for agriculture purpose. Regions of
alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely
populated. Rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime
which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy,
wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.
24. • जलोढ़ मिट्टी: पूरा उत्तरी मैदान िलोढ लमट्टी से बना है। पूवी
तटीर् मैदानों में भी ववशेर् रूप से महानदी, गोदावरी, कृ ष्ट्णा
और कावेरी नहदर्ों क
े डेल्टा में पाए िाते हैं। उपिाऊ लमट्टी
इसललए, कृ वर् उद्देश्र् क
े ललए उपर्ुतत है। िलोढ लमट्टी क
े
क्षेि सघन खेती और घनी आबादी वाले हैं। पोटाश, फॉस्फोररक
एलसड और चूने से भरपूर िो गन्ना, धान, गेहूं और अन्र्
अनाि और दलहनी फसलों क
े ववकास क
े ललए आदशा हैं।
25. • Black soil: Black in colour and are also known as regur
soils. Ideal for growing cotton and is also known as
black cotton soil. Found in the plateaus of Maharashtra,
Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
also along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys. Made
up of extremely fine, i.e., clayey material. Well-known
for their capacity to hold moisture. Rich in calcium
carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.
26. • काली मिट्टी: रंग में काली और रेगुर लमट्टी क
े रूप में भी
िानी िाती है। कपास उगाने क
े ललए आदशा और इसे काली
कपास लमट्टी क
े रूप में भी िाना िाता है। महाराष्ट्र, सौराष्ट्र,
मालवा, मध्र् प्रदेश और छत्तीसगढ क
े पठारों में भी गोदावरी
और कृ ष्ट्णा घाहटर्ों क
े साथ पाए िाते हैं। अत्र्ंत महीन, र्ानी
लमट्टी की सामग्री से बना है। नमी धारण करने की उनकी
क्षमता क
े ललए िाना िाता है। क
ै जल्शर्म काबोनेट,
मैग्नीलशर्म, पोटाश और चूने से भरपूर।
27. • Red and yellow soils: Found in the areas of low rainfall
in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan
plateau. Also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh,
southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the
piedmont zone of the Western Ghats. Develop a reddish
colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and
metamorphic rocks.
28. • लाल और पीली मिट्टी: दतकन क
े पठार क
े पूवी और दक्षक्षणी
भागों में कम वर्ाा वाले क्षेिों में पाई िाती है। ओडडशा,
छत्तीसगढ क
े क
ु छ हहस्सों, मध्र् गंगा क
े मैदान क
े दक्षक्षणी
हहस्सों और पजश्चमी घाट क
े पीडमोंट क्षेि में भी पाए िाते हैं।
किस्टलीर् और कार्ांतररत चट्टानों में लोहे क
े ववसरण क
े
कारण लाल रंग का रंग ववकलसत होना।
29. • Laterite soils: Develops in areas with high temperature
and heavy rainfall. Found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil
Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the hilly areas of Odisha
and Assam. Suitable for cultivation with adequate
doses of manures and fertilizers. Low Humus content
because decomposers, like bacteria, get destroyed due
to high temperature.
30. • लैटेराइट मिट्टी: उच्च तापमान और भारी वर्ाा वाले क्षेिों में
ववकलसत होती है। कनााटक, क
े रल, तलमलनाडु, मध्र् प्रदेश
और ओडडशा और असम क
े पहाड़ी इलाकों में पार्ा िाता है।
खाद और उवारकों की पर्ााप्त मािा क
े साथ खेती क
े ललए
उपर्ुतत। कम ह्र्ूमस सामग्री तर्ोंकक उच्च तापमान क
े
कारण बैतटीररर्ा िैसे डीक
ं पोिर नष्ट्ट हो िाते हैं।
31. • Arid soils: Found in the western parts of Rajasthan.
After proper irrigation these soils become cultivable.
Lacks humus and moisture because dry climate, high
temperature make evaporation faster. Salt content is
very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating
the water.
32. • शुष्ट्क मिट्टी: रािस्थान क
े पजश्चमी भागों में पाई िाती है।
उर्चत लसंचाई क
े बाद र्े लमट्टी खेती र्ोग्र् हो िाती है।
ह्र्ूमस और नमी की कमी होती है तर्ोंकक शुष्ट्क िलवार्ु,
उच्च तापमान वाष्ट्पीकरण को तेि करते हैं। नमक की मािा
बहुत अर्धक होती है और पानी को वाजष्ट्पत करक
े सामान्र्
नमक प्राप्त ककर्ा िाता है।
33. • Forest soils: Found in the hilly and mountainous areas
where sufficient rain forests are available. Feature
differs based on location. Loamy and silty in valley
sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes. Sil in the
lower parts of the valleys particularly on the river
terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.
34. • िन मिट्टी: पहाड़ी और पवातीर् क्षेिों में पाई िाती है िहााँ
पर्ााप्त वर्ाा वन उपलब्ध हैं। स्थान क
े आधार पर सुववधा
लभन्न होती है। घाटी क
े ककनारों में दोमट और लसल्टी और
ऊपरी ढलानों में मोटे दाने। घाहटर्ों क
े र्नचले हहस्सों में ववशेर्
रूप से नदी की छतों पर और िलोढ पंखे उपिाऊ हैं।