Class II division 1 malocclusion is characterized by maxillary excess and mandibular retrusion and can be intercepted during mixed dentition using cervical headgear to restrain maxillary growth and distalize the upper dentition. A Kloehn facebow applies orthopaedic forces to the maxilla via a rigid outer bow connected to cervical traction to guide alveolar growth and correct the class II malocclusion. Long-term outcomes of early headgear treatment show reduced need for extraction treatment and maintenance of arch expansion.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
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how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
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Scope Of Macroeconomics introduction and basic theories
NBUTYDFRTIHL.pptx
1. These children have an aberrant pattern of
muscle activity of the facial musculature such as
a flaccid upper lip hyperactive mentalis and
lower lip trap under the procumbent upper
incisors.
Lower lip trap
under the
procumbent
upper incisors
2. An excessive labial
proclination and forward
position of the maxillary
anterior teeth is a
common finding in class
IIdivision 1
malocclusion.
The maxillary first
molar is more mesially
positioned ..
Class 2 division 1 , division 2 : the upper first molar mesially
positioned.
3. Moyers et al6 (1980) have identified six
horizontal types of class II pattern which they
designated: A, B,C, D, E and F.They identified
five (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) vertical class II types ..
4.
5. Aclass II skeletal pattern may be associated with:
prognathic maxilla retrognathic mandible or combination
of these in varying severity…
Prognathic maxilla
Rertognathic mandible
6. Maintenance of healthy primary dentition.
All efforts are directed
towards maintenance of the
healthy primary dentition
and thus integrity of arch
length. This is achieved
through education and
home care by all the
measures that minimize
occurrence of dental caries.
.
7.
8. There is a downward tipping
of palatal plane at the anterior nasal spine (ANS).
causes rotation of the palatal plane and slight increase in
SN-PP angle. The inferior descent or extrusion of upper
molars is essentially prevented by the forces of occlusion
from the masticatory muscles.
9. Kloehn (1953) was the earliest advocate of the use of
orthopaedic forces to change positions of teeth and so
influence the changes of the alveolar process in the maxilla.
During normal craniofacial and alveolar growth, alveolus
and teeth move forward and this can be intercepted. Thus
if the maxilla is restrained in class II patients, mandible will
follow its normal growth and reach to a normal relation with
the maxilla.
10. single category or type, and it may have a
combination of sagittal, vertical and transverse
deviations of varying severity. Hence, the
treatment options may have to be considered
accordingly and should be chosen as a function of
disease entity. For type B and E, extraoral traction
to maxilla is suggested while for C, D and F
functional jaw orthopaedics is proposed….
11. ° (10°-20°) to the inner bow to prevent distal tipping of the
first molar crowns and prevent their extrusion
The inner bow is expanded, 8 to 10 mm larger than distance
between first molar tubes, and made parallel to the occlusal
plane.
The ends of inner bows are bent inwards to prevent the
rotation of the first molars in their position.
12. Aforce 350 gm is used from cervical gear to the outer bow.
The cervical headgear is recommended to be worn 12-14
hrs/day, in the evening and at night
It usually takes about 12 months to achieve class I molar
relation.
improvement in over jet. This phase of orthopaedic
correction is followed by full bonded fixed mechanotherapy
13.
14. Effect o f cervical headgear on dental/
craniofacial structures in sagittal, vertical and
transverse dimensions..
Following 12-18 months of treatment, there is a reduction
in maxillary protrusion, while mandible continues to
Grow normally. The distalizing effect on maxillary molars
causes them to erupt backward and downward, thus inhibit
loweringof the posterior region of the maxilla, while
anterior region continues to move downward.
.
15. Transverse width of the maxilla improves from the
expanded inner bow, and allows an anterior displacement of
mandible and hence, improvement in the facial convexity.
The maxillary protrusion is reduced while sagittal position
of the mandible improves, which is measured as a reduction
in angleANB. The improvement in craniofacial skeletal and
dental profile is sustained during the period of fixed
appliance therapy and post retention period.
16.
17. Supervisor . Dr Maher
Fouda
Prepared by Hawwa
Shoaib
Class II division 1 malocclusion:
features and early intervention of
growing maxillary excess
18. Prevalence of malocclusion of class 2
malocclusion.
Cephalometric finding.
Clinical findings.
Interception of growing class2 division 1
malocclusion.
OVERVIEW
19. Class 2 malocclusion comprises agroup of specific
skeletal. Dental and facial features. It is second in
frequency. Distribution and prevalence amongAngle’s
malocclusion classes .
It is the most frequently encountered and treated
malocclusion in orthodontic practice
20. Class 2 malocclusion is a synonym with distal position of
the lower molar or mandible or protrusion of the maxilla
and maxillary teeth or a variable combination
21. Prevalence
The prevalence of Angle’s class 2 malocclusion varies
among population groups.. It is high among caucasians
and lowest among the primitive races..
Class 2 malocclusions are observed in a wide – spectrum
of presentation and severity …
23. Clinical findings
Presentation during deciduous and early mixed
dentition..
• Adistal step relationship 2nd deciduous molars is an
indication of a devoloping class 2 malocclusion during
the mixed dentition ..
Mixed dentition Permanent dentition
24. Occlusal and craniofacial characteristics from
deciduous to mixed dentition
• Distal terminal plane of second deciduous molars . Large
over jet and overbite .
• Narrow maxillary basal bone
• Poor or no spacing in the deciduous dentition
• Transverse discrepancy ( TD) between maxillary and
mandibular deciduous intermolar withs (2.8-1.1) mm
compared to nil among normal occlusal groups .
• Retruded mandible and shorter mandibular length ( Co-Pg)
on cephalometric examination
• The maxilla can also displaced forward in class || subjects
with or without difference in the mandible ..
25. Occlusal and craniofacial characteristics from
deciduous to mixed dentition
• It has been stated by Bishara et al that a distal step deciduous
molar relationship is never self - correcting in growing
children.
• Children with straight terminal plane may develop into a class |
molar or class || molar relationship influenced by the
mandibular growth pattern and adjustment of occlusion during
the late mixed dentition .that would in clinical sense .
• Infer that when we encounter a class|| distal molar relation
early in the mixed or permanent dentition.
• Some sort of interceptive measures may have to be undertaken
or planned because nature would not take care
26. • During transition from deciduous to mixed dentition ,the
craniofacial skeletal patteren shows an abnormal and
variable patteren of growth in class || children compared
to the control group of normal occlusion .
• The upper jaw becomes more prominent due to larger
increments of maxillary protrusion relative to stable basal
cranial structures .
• The mandible grows at a lesser pace than children with
normal occlusion.
• A more backward and downward inclination of the
mandibular body leading to a lesser decrease in the facial
angle is seen .
27. • All this is coupled with a narrow maxillary base in the
development of class || malocclusion .
• Other variations in class || subjects consist of contraction
of the maxilla at both the skeletal and dentoalveolar levels
and narrowing of the base of the nose.
• In general , the occlusal and skeletal features of class ||
malocclusion may remain stable or worsen to the stage of
mixed dentition . There are certainly no favourable
changes into a class | occlusion ..
28. Occlusal and craniofacial findings of class II
malocclusion during late mixed/permanent dentition stage
• A child with class II malocclusion presents with a
protrusive mid-face and/or a retrusive chin. They often
report with complaints of superior protrusion, front teeth
jutting out or showing too much.
.
Mid – face protrusive
Retrusive chin
29. This is often accompanied by a large overjet,
deep bite (open bite can be seen in some) and a
class II (distal) molar, premolar and canine
relationship.
.
Large over jet
Deep bite
30. The etiology may be attributed to mouth
breathing/prolonged thumb sucking which can be
elicited on carefully recording the history of the
patient….
THUMP SUCKING
MOUTH BREATHING
31. The underlying craniofacial pattern of class II children has
been extensively investigated. Most of the studies have
concentrated on angular, sagittal and vertical
measurements on lateral cephalograms. A few studies are
also available ontransverse dimensions using PA
cephalograms.
Cephalometric findings
PA. CEPHALOGRAM
LA
T. CEPHALOGRAM
32. McNamara5 observed two types of skeletal
combinationsin class II children. He found
mandibular retrusion thesingle most
characteristic feature which was attributed
toenvironmental factors such as :
abnormal muscle
function which
altered occlusal
interdigitations.
33. The skeletal maxillary protrusion was not the major finding.
But was rather neutral.
The 2nd was a combination of maxillary and mandibular
skeletal retrusion, often in association with altered mode of
respiration, i.e. mouth breathing.
These children with maxillary and mandibular retrusion
showed :
Greater vertical
development of the
face
34. The anterior segment of maxilla is more
protrusive and superiorly positioned. Excessive
anterior cranial base length and enlarged frontal
and maxillary sinus may be a contributing factor in
the development of class IIdiv. 1 malocclusion.
The mandible and dentition were identical to those
of the controls in size, form and position..
35.
36.
37. Interception of developing class II malocclusion
Orthodontic interventions in class II
malocclusion during deciduous dentition :
Only limited orthodontic interventions are possible during
the deciduous dentition stage for the interception of
developing class II malocclusion…..
38. Restoration of carious teeth to their correct antero posterior
dimensions is absolutely essential especially proximal
carious lesions on deciduous molars.
The sole purpose is that permanent first molars should
occupy the space distal to 2nd deciduous molars and
should not prematurely migrate forward.
6
E
39. Habits. Non-nutritive sucking habits such as prolonged
thumb and finger sucking are taken care of with appropriate
counselling and interceptive habit breaking appliance.A
child with recurrent throat infection, nasal blockages or
allergies should have ENT consultation to prevent mouth
breathing.
Mouth breathing ENT consultation
40. Orthodontic interventions in class II
malocclusion during mixed dentition..
1- Cases involving essentially maxillary excess compared
to the mandible.
2 - Cases involving essentially mandibular retrusion .
41. Cases involving essentially maxillary excess compared to
the mandible. Involve guiding alveolar growth in class II
division 1 using headgear orthopaedic force.
Used in class 2 with open bite
cases to intrude molars
Used in class 2 with deep bite
cases to extrude molars
42. Acervical headgear with
a face bow is used to
restrain maxillary growth
and distalize the upper
dentition to
class I dentition.
43. Components of a face bow
Kloehn cervical facebow consists of an inner bow of 0.045"
diameter and an outer bow of 0.071" diameter. The inner
bow fits in the round headgear tube on the first molar
bands. Conventionally, a double buccal tube is welded and
soldered on to the maxillary first molar bands..
The inner face bow fits in the headgear tube on
first molar bands
Inner and outer facebow
44.
45. Age of treatment
Kloehn facebow can be used in suitable cases where
maxillary prognathism exists or mesial molar movement has
occurred. The facebow is indicated in early mixed dentition
when permanent maxillary first molars have erupted and can
be banded.
46. Filho et al8 recommended the onset of treatment
in the late mixed dentition or beginning of the permanent
dentition based on the belief that it often coincides with the
facial growth spurt. It may also have the advantage of
continuing the treatment with full-banded fixed appliance,
following completion of 12 months of the first phase.
47. cervical traction is continued during/or till the end of
activeclinical crown height. The purpose is to place it close
to centre of resistance of the first molar which is near the
trifurcation of the roots. The inner bow has stops against
molar tubes and are so adjusted that a space of 4-6 mm is
kept between the bow and incisors. The stops can be either
soldered or bent..
48. The outer face bow is extended to the tragus of the ear.
The rigid outer bow is maintained at an elevation of about
treatment to prevent relapse and enhance anchorage for
maxillary anterior retraction/overjet correction
49.
50. Adverse effects
Unwanted side effects of Kloehn headgear can result from
the use of this method of treatment in high angle cases,
where molar extrusion and distal tipping may be significant.
This coupled with unfavourable growth of mandible and
clockwise rotation may bring about an undesirable outcome.
The success of the treatment is fully compliance dependent.
The appliance, if not worn correctly or in case of loose
molar band, breakage or welding failure of buccal tube(s),
may cause injury of various kinds and severity.
51. Long-term effects
The long-term effects of early headgear treatment on 8-year
follow-up have shown that headgear treatment shows a
significant reduction in number of extraction treatment as
compared to controls. The appliance inhibits the growth of
the maxilla and results in wider and longer arches. Its main
effect on maxilla is on the orientation of the maxillary plane.
The maxillary arch expansion achieved during early headgear
treatment results in a corresponding wide lower arch as an
adaptation to maxillary arch..
The arch expansion has been found to be maintained during
long-term follow-up
52.
53. Summary
The forward growing maxilla can be intercepted during
mixed dentition utilising orthopaedic forces in right
direction and amount with Kloehn face bow
This modality of treatment was once very popular
especially in USA. The appliance is effective however
requires patient compliance..