This document summarizes a pamphlet from 1847 that proposes establishing agricultural colonies on uncultivated land in France to address issues of poverty, unemployment, and lack of opportunity among the working classes. It argues that providing the working classes access to land and organizing their labor through these colonies would make them more prosperous and integrated into society while benefiting the national economy. The proposal calls for the government to pass a law granting control of unused public lands to a working association, provide an initial fund of 300 million francs over 4 years to establish the colonies, and organize the system. The goal is to give work and a future to the poor through productive use of idle lands and idle hands.
Early economics: a call for a peoples' currency in colonial Pennsylvania. Hard to find article (maybe earliest tract ever on political economy in America)
Provably Good Sampling and Meshing of SurfacesDmitry Anisimov
My presentation of the article "Provably Good Sampling and Meshing of Surfaces" of J.-D. Boissonnat and S. Oudot. All Rights for text are Reserved by authors of this paper.
Date of presentation: May 2012
For preparing my slides I take pictures and some other information from the internet and I try to use only legal one. But if I did not notice something and you have Rights for any kind of this information and do not want to see it in the presentation please let me know and I will remove it from the slides as fast as possible or remove the slides themselves. Thanks for your collaboration.
Ffs egypt lessonslearned Relation between Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE I...Sandro Santana
Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC and United States on relationship among Demonstrations, 2013. IMPEACHMENTS of 22 governments, Relation, Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, United States, Demonstrations countries IMPEACHMENT, GOOGLE INC, the torture suffered by Sandro Suzart, Genocide in Egypt and Lybia.
relationship between Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC and United States on Demonstrations 2013 and Impeachments of 22 governments Relation, Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, United States on Demonstrations countries IMPEACHMENT GOOGLE INC
Early economics: a call for a peoples' currency in colonial Pennsylvania. Hard to find article (maybe earliest tract ever on political economy in America)
Provably Good Sampling and Meshing of SurfacesDmitry Anisimov
My presentation of the article "Provably Good Sampling and Meshing of Surfaces" of J.-D. Boissonnat and S. Oudot. All Rights for text are Reserved by authors of this paper.
Date of presentation: May 2012
For preparing my slides I take pictures and some other information from the internet and I try to use only legal one. But if I did not notice something and you have Rights for any kind of this information and do not want to see it in the presentation please let me know and I will remove it from the slides as fast as possible or remove the slides themselves. Thanks for your collaboration.
Ffs egypt lessonslearned Relation between Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE I...Sandro Santana
Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC and United States on relationship among Demonstrations, 2013. IMPEACHMENTS of 22 governments, Relation, Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, United States, Demonstrations countries IMPEACHMENT, GOOGLE INC, the torture suffered by Sandro Suzart, Genocide in Egypt and Lybia.
relationship between Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC and United States on Demonstrations 2013 and Impeachments of 22 governments Relation, Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, United States on Demonstrations countries IMPEACHMENT GOOGLE INC
WEF Nexus Innovation to adress Climate Transition and Food Security. Tunisia ...Mondher Khanfir
Industrial Innovation based on the Water Energy Food (WEF) Nexus has the potential to significantly contribute to the food security and sustainable development in Africa. By introducing new technologies, industrial practices and approaches WEF nexus innovation can enhance agricultural productivity, ensure resource efficiency, and
promote social progress and economic growth while minimizing environmental impacts.
The “Club of Ossiach”, a group of agriculturists, agribusiness managers, agriculture technologists and agricultural ICT specialists from around the world, met at Ossiach between 17-19 June 2013 at the “AgriFuture Days” Conference. They reviewed current trends and
possible discontinuities resulting from political, social, environmental and technological changes, potentially impacting on the future of agriculture, farming, rural viability, food and nutrition worldwide.
The future, by its very nature, is uncertain. That point was made emphatically by futurist Keith Suter at AgInstitute Australia’s national conference in Sydney in November 2018. His presentation deflated the pretensions of those who claim to see the future clearly or that they can easily wish a preferred future into existence.
Dr. Suter’s challenge was to prepare for an uncertain future through scenario planning processes that dare to “think the unthinkable” and consider what might be possible in a world, whose key features are much better or much worse than what our usual extrapolations of the present into the future might lead us to expect. How might we then deal with the challenges and opportunities that those scenarios represent? If we prepare to do so we will be better equipped to respond flexibly as circumstances change rather than locking ourselves into a single vision of what our future should be.
The Western Australian Division of AgInstitute Australia chose to rise to that challenge by holding the AgFutures 2035 conference to examine a range of scenarios for the future of Western Australian agriculture, and the capabilities that industry and government will need to meet the range of challenges and opportunities that they foreshadow.
The timeliness and importance of planning to adapting to an uncertain future has been highlighted by recent events. Who foresaw the scale of escalation of protests in Hong Kong, the devastation of the world’s largest oil refinery by drone attack, North Korea’s test of a submarine launched ballistic missile, the detection of African swine fever in Timor Leste, and the launch of legal action against five of the world’s largest economies by a teenage activist claiming that their climate policies breach the rights of children within the few short weeks after this conference?
I would like to thank the Department of Primary Industries and regional Development, GRDC and Careers in Grain for their sponsorship of the event and the keynote speakers and participants who came together to make the conversation both informed and vibrant. Thanks too to the committee of the Western Australian division and other AgInstitute members who worked so hard to make the event possible and to the staff of Novotel Perth Langley for looking after us so well. Finally, I would like to thank Future iQ for their skilled facilitation of the workshop sessions and the preparation of this report.
Dr. David Windsor Chair, Western Australian Division, AgInstitute Australia October 201
DR. KAYODE FAYEMI AT THE GRADUATION OF 150 PARTICIPANTS AND DECLARATION OF A N500 MILLION CREDIT FACILITY FOR ARABLE PRODUCTION HELD IN ADO-EKITI ON MONDAY, 6TH AUGUST, 2012.
FROM DATA TO DIRT. The first “green revolution”—a series of rapid technological and agronomic advances that took place after World War II—transformed agriculture, saving over a billion people from starvation and setting the stage for the world’s population to increase from 3 billion in the late 1960s to an estimated 7.3 billion today. Despite this phenomenal growth, however, there are significant challenges to the continued expansion of this first green revolution, and in some ways it has been the victim of its own success. This article explains the Second Green Revolution and the Internet of Things and its forthing impact for Agriculture.
This webinar covers the highlights of the World Economic Forum meeting in Davos, including responsible AI, the future of food, integrated retail and the blockchain.
Agribusiness and Innovation Platform of ICRISAT (AIP) : Accelerate agricultur...ICRISAT
ICRISAT works in agricultural research for development across the drylands of Africa and Asia. We work across the entire value chain from developing new varieties to agribusiness and linking farmers to markets.Promote agribusiness start-ups that use novel agribusiness models focused on farmer producer groups, seed systems, post-harvest management, food processing, and ICT-based applications that benefit smallholder farmers and rural communities.
The Brussels Development Briefing n. 55 on "Opportunities of blockchain for agriculture" organised by CTA, the European Commission/EuropeAid, the ACP Secretariat, Concord and BMZ was held on 15th May 2019 (9h00-13h00) at the ACP Secretariat, Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels, Room C.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
WEF Nexus Innovation to adress Climate Transition and Food Security. Tunisia ...Mondher Khanfir
Industrial Innovation based on the Water Energy Food (WEF) Nexus has the potential to significantly contribute to the food security and sustainable development in Africa. By introducing new technologies, industrial practices and approaches WEF nexus innovation can enhance agricultural productivity, ensure resource efficiency, and
promote social progress and economic growth while minimizing environmental impacts.
The “Club of Ossiach”, a group of agriculturists, agribusiness managers, agriculture technologists and agricultural ICT specialists from around the world, met at Ossiach between 17-19 June 2013 at the “AgriFuture Days” Conference. They reviewed current trends and
possible discontinuities resulting from political, social, environmental and technological changes, potentially impacting on the future of agriculture, farming, rural viability, food and nutrition worldwide.
The future, by its very nature, is uncertain. That point was made emphatically by futurist Keith Suter at AgInstitute Australia’s national conference in Sydney in November 2018. His presentation deflated the pretensions of those who claim to see the future clearly or that they can easily wish a preferred future into existence.
Dr. Suter’s challenge was to prepare for an uncertain future through scenario planning processes that dare to “think the unthinkable” and consider what might be possible in a world, whose key features are much better or much worse than what our usual extrapolations of the present into the future might lead us to expect. How might we then deal with the challenges and opportunities that those scenarios represent? If we prepare to do so we will be better equipped to respond flexibly as circumstances change rather than locking ourselves into a single vision of what our future should be.
The Western Australian Division of AgInstitute Australia chose to rise to that challenge by holding the AgFutures 2035 conference to examine a range of scenarios for the future of Western Australian agriculture, and the capabilities that industry and government will need to meet the range of challenges and opportunities that they foreshadow.
The timeliness and importance of planning to adapting to an uncertain future has been highlighted by recent events. Who foresaw the scale of escalation of protests in Hong Kong, the devastation of the world’s largest oil refinery by drone attack, North Korea’s test of a submarine launched ballistic missile, the detection of African swine fever in Timor Leste, and the launch of legal action against five of the world’s largest economies by a teenage activist claiming that their climate policies breach the rights of children within the few short weeks after this conference?
I would like to thank the Department of Primary Industries and regional Development, GRDC and Careers in Grain for their sponsorship of the event and the keynote speakers and participants who came together to make the conversation both informed and vibrant. Thanks too to the committee of the Western Australian division and other AgInstitute members who worked so hard to make the event possible and to the staff of Novotel Perth Langley for looking after us so well. Finally, I would like to thank Future iQ for their skilled facilitation of the workshop sessions and the preparation of this report.
Dr. David Windsor Chair, Western Australian Division, AgInstitute Australia October 201
DR. KAYODE FAYEMI AT THE GRADUATION OF 150 PARTICIPANTS AND DECLARATION OF A N500 MILLION CREDIT FACILITY FOR ARABLE PRODUCTION HELD IN ADO-EKITI ON MONDAY, 6TH AUGUST, 2012.
FROM DATA TO DIRT. The first “green revolution”—a series of rapid technological and agronomic advances that took place after World War II—transformed agriculture, saving over a billion people from starvation and setting the stage for the world’s population to increase from 3 billion in the late 1960s to an estimated 7.3 billion today. Despite this phenomenal growth, however, there are significant challenges to the continued expansion of this first green revolution, and in some ways it has been the victim of its own success. This article explains the Second Green Revolution and the Internet of Things and its forthing impact for Agriculture.
This webinar covers the highlights of the World Economic Forum meeting in Davos, including responsible AI, the future of food, integrated retail and the blockchain.
Agribusiness and Innovation Platform of ICRISAT (AIP) : Accelerate agricultur...ICRISAT
ICRISAT works in agricultural research for development across the drylands of Africa and Asia. We work across the entire value chain from developing new varieties to agribusiness and linking farmers to markets.Promote agribusiness start-ups that use novel agribusiness models focused on farmer producer groups, seed systems, post-harvest management, food processing, and ICT-based applications that benefit smallholder farmers and rural communities.
The Brussels Development Briefing n. 55 on "Opportunities of blockchain for agriculture" organised by CTA, the European Commission/EuropeAid, the ACP Secretariat, Concord and BMZ was held on 15th May 2019 (9h00-13h00) at the ACP Secretariat, Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels, Room C.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
1. Digitization of this work funded by the JISC Digitisation Programme.
JISC and Newcastle University are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Cowen Tracts.
http://www.jstor.org
Extinction of pauperism
Author(s): Napoleon
Source: Cowen Tracts,
1847
Contributed by: Newcastle University
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/60201169
Accessed: 18-09-2015 07:55 UTC
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2. If—'
3JlT. r;»; C^:: j'y
EXTINCTION
PAUPERISM.
PRINCENAPOLEONLOUISBONAPARTE.
(rflTJKTHEDITION.)
LONDON:
CLEAVE,SHOE-LANE,FLEET-STREET.
1847.
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UTC
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4. BEIUNCtER,FROMHISItETREATATTASSY,NEAH
PARIS,
Prince,
I havethehonourofreturningyoumythanksfor
yourlastwork,whichyouhavebeenpleasedtosend
to me,it -willgainyouthesuffrageofall friendsof
humanity.Theideawhichyouhaveexpressedin
yourpamphlet,whichisbuttooshort,isoneofthose
bestcalculatedto amelioratethe conditionof the
industriousandworkingclasses.It isnotwithinmy
province,Prince,tojudgeofthecorrectnessoftheir
calculations,bywhichyousupportyourplan;but
dreani3ofa similarkindhaveoftenpassedthrough
myownmind,andenabledmetoappreciatethefull
worthofyourgenerouspurposes.Byan accident,
fromwhichI deriveafeelingof pride,the Utopian
schemesof myfiresideareirregularlylike those,
whichyouhavedevelopedsoclearly,andsupported
bysuchirresistiblereasons.I speakof my own
speculations,inthisway,Prince,muchlessfromany
feelingofvanity,thantoenableyoutojudgeof the
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5. degreeofsatisfactionwhichthepeiu&alotyourwork
hasgivenme. It is praise-worthyof you,in the
midstoftheannoyances,andsufferingsofcapitivity,
tobeablethustooccupyyourthoughtswiththoso
ofyourfellow-countrymen,whoseevilsareso nu¬
merousandalarming.Thisis theverybestmanner
ofoccupyingyourtime,andit is mostworthyofthe
greatnamewhichyoubear,tomakethosestatesmen
sensibleof theirwrongs,whohesitateso longin
restoringyoutoliberty,andto the enjoymentof a
country.
Withmywishesforyourrccoveringat last,the
one,as wellas the other,be pleased,Prince,to
acceptthe assuranceof my feelingsof profound
respect,*
I havethehonour,
Prince,
Ofbeingyourhumbleservant,
BntAlSGEK.
Passy,30thJune,1844.
*Takenbypermissionfrom"ThePrisonerofIIim"
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7. This content downloaded from 82.173.129.116 on Fri, 18 Sep 2015
07:55:53 UTC
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8. EXTINCTION
OF
PAUPERISM.
CHAPTERI.
Thewealthofacountrydependsuponthe pros¬
perityof agricultureand industry,the develop¬
mentofcommerceathomoandabroad,andajus.tand
equitabledistributionoftherevenue.Therois not
oneofthesedifferentelementsof prosperitywhich
is notunderminedinFranceby anorganicdelect.
Allindependentmindsacknowledgeit. Theydiffer
onlyinregardtothoremediestobe applied.
Agriculture.—Itisaverredthattheextremedi¬
visibilityofpropertytendstoruinagriculture;and
yet there-enactmentofthelawof Primogeniture,
whichmaintainedthegreatestatesandfavouredthe
cultivationofthesoil,isnowanimpossibility.We
maycongratulateourselvesin a politicalpointof
viewthatit is so.
Industby.—Labour,thesourceofallwealth,has
neithersystem,organisation,noraim. It is like a
machineworkingwithouta regulator,andtotally
unconcernedaboutitsmovingpower.Crushingbe-
tweenitswheelsalikemenandmatter,it depopu¬
latesthecountry,crowdsthepopulationintonarrow
spacoswithoutair,enfeeblesbothmindandbody,
nndfinally,castsintothestreetwhenit,no longer
requiresthem,thosemenwho,to gainsomething,
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9. 0 EXTINCTION
havesacrificedstrength,youth,andexistence.Like
averitableSaturn,manufacturingindustrydevours
itschildrenandlivesbutupontheirdestruction;must
we,however,towardofftheseevilssubjectitto an
ironyoke,depriveit ofthatlibertyon whichalone
itnourishes,andinonewordslayit,becauseitslays
others,withoutcalculatingthe immensebenefitsit
confers?Webelievethatit willbe sufficientto
cure its wounded,and avertits wounds. It is
urgenttodoso,forsocietyis nofictitiousbeing. It
is abodycomposedoffleshandbonowhichcannot
prosper,unlessallitscomponentpartsareinastate
of perfecthealth. We musthavean efficacious
remedyfortheevilsenduredbyindustry.Thewel¬
fareotthecountry,thevoiceofhumanity,andeven
theinterestofgovernmentimperativelydemandit.
HomeCommerce—Suffers,becauseindustrypro¬
ducestoomuchincomparisonwiththe slenderre¬
quitalit givesto the producer,whilstagriculture
doesnotproducesufficient.Thenationisthuscom¬
posedofproducerswhocannotsell,andof famished
consumerswhocannotbuy. Thisloss of balance
causesthegovernmenthere,asin England,togoto
Chinain searchof somethousandsofconsumers,
whilsttherearemillionsofFrench,orEnglish,who
arestrippedofeverything,andwho,if theycould
purchasesufficientfoodandclothing,wouldcreatea
commercialmovementmuchmore considerable
thanthatcausedbythemostadvantageoustreaties.
Foreign Commerce.—Thecauseswhichaffect
ourexportationsaretoocloselyalliedwithpolitics
tospeakofthornhere. Itis sufficientforustosay,
thatthequantityof merchandisewhicha country
exports,is alwaysindirectrelationwiththenumber
of bulletswhichit candischargeagainstitsenemies
whenitshonourordignitycommandit.
Theeventswhichoccurredin China,sufficiently
attestthattruth.
Wewillnowspeakof
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10. OFPAL1LKIVM. a
TAXATION.
Franceisoneofthomosthighlytaxedcountrips
inEurope.It mightbeperhaps,therichestcountry
ifthepublicrevenuewa3distributedin the most
equitablemanner. Thelevyingof taxes,maybe
comparedto theactionof the sun'srays,which
absorbthemoisturefromthe earth,to distributeit
againintheformof rainoverallplacesrequiring
waterforfecundityorproduce.Whenthisresti¬
tutionoperatesregularly,fertilityensues,butwhen
heaveninitswrath,scatterstheabsorbedvapoursim¬
partiallyin storms,whirlwindsandtempests,the
germsofproductionaredestroyed,andsterilityre¬
sults,fortoomuchis givehere,andtoolittlethere.
Stillwhatevermayhavebeenthebeneficialor in¬
juriousinfluenceof theatmosphere,almostalways
attheendof theyear,the samequantityof water
thathasbeentakenis returned.
Thedisti'ibutionalonemalesall the difference.
Whenit is regularandequitable,abundanceis
created.Whenitis prodigalandimpartial,scarcity
istheresult.
Thesameeffectsareproducedbya goodora bad
administration.Ifthetaxosannuallyleviedfrom
thepeopleareexpendedinanon-productivemaimer,
suchasinthecreationof sinecures,the erectionof
sterilemonuments,andthesuppoitof an armyin
timesofpeace,moreexpensivethanthatwhichcon¬
queredatAusterlitz,thentaxationbecomesacrush¬
ing burdenjit exhauststhe countryby taking
withoutreturning.Butif,on theotherhand,the
nationalresourceswereemployedin creatingnew
elementsofproduction,in re-establibhingthe equi¬
libriumofwealth,inabolishingmisery,in stimulat¬
ingandorganisinglabour,and,in short,in curing
thoseevilswhichourcivilisationbringsinits train,
thenassuredlytaxationwouldbecomeforourciti¬
zens,asaministersaidonedayfromthotribune,the
verybestofallinvestments.
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11. 10 EXTINCTION
Inthebudgetwemustfindthefirststartingpoint
ofanysyste.nwhichhasforitsaimtheamelioration
oftheworkingclasses. To seekit elsewhereis a
chimera.
SavingsBanksarenodoubtusefulto thebetter
classofworkmen;theyaffordthemanopportunityof
makingan advantageoususe of theirsavings,or
superfluities;buttothenumerousclasswhohaveno
superfluity,andconsequentlyno meansof saving,
thesystemis altogetherworthless.Toseektomiti¬
gatethewretchednessofmen,whohavenotsufficient
food,byproposingthattheyshallannuallyputaside
somethingwhichtheyhavenotgot,is eitheraderi¬
sionorafolly.
Whatshouldbe done? Hereit is—ourlawof
equalityrelativeto the divisionof propertyruins
agriculture.Thisinconveniencemustbe remedied
byan association,whichby employingeveryidle
arm,shall re-creategreatestatesand increase
cultivation,withoutcausinganydisadvantageto our
politicalprinciples.Manufacturingindustrycon¬
tinuallydrawsthepopulationintotowns,andener¬
vatesthem. Wemustrecalthoseinto fieldswho
aretoo numerousin towns,andinvigoratetheir
mindsandbodiesinthecountry.
Theworkingclassespossessnothing.We must
makethemproprietorsof the soil. Theypossess
nowealthsavein theirarms. We mustemploy
these,soastomakethemusefultoall.
TheworkingclassesarelikeHelotsin the midst
ofaSabyritepeople.Wemustgivethenaposition
in society,and bindtheirintereststo the soil.
Finally,theworkingclassesarewithoutorganisation
attachments,rights,or prospects.Womustgive
thembothrightsandfutureprospects,andelevate
theminthescaleofSocietybycombination,educa¬
tion,anddiscipline.
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12. OFPAUPERISM. 11
CHAPTERII.
Toaccomplishaprojectso worthyof the demo¬
craticandphilanthropicspiritoftheage,so neces¬
saryforthegeneralwellbeing,andsousefultothe
reposeof society,threethingsarenecessary:—1st,
Alaw. 2nd,Theadvancementof fundsfromthe
budget.3rd,Organisation.
I. THELVW.
ThereareinFrance,accordingtoofficialagricul¬
turalstatistics,9,190,000acresofuncultivatedlands
belongingtogovernment,toboroughsorindividuals.
Theseheaths,commons,orpasturelandsyieldavery
smallrentof8francsanacre. Theyarelike sunk
capital,benefitingno one. Let thechambersde¬
creethatalltheseuncultivatedlandsshallbelong
inrighttothoworkingassociation,onconditionthat
theyannuallypaytotheactualproprietorsthesame
amountwhichtheyreceivenow. Letthemconsign
theidleacrestotheidlearms,andthesetwounpro¬
ductivecapitalswillspringintolife,the oneopera¬
tingupontheother.
Thenthemeanswillhavebeendiscoveredofmiti¬
gatingmiseryby enrichingthecountry. Soasto
avoidthereproachofexaggeration,wewillsuppose
thattwothirdsoftheseninemillionsofacrescanbe
givenuptotheassociation,andthatthe remainder
maybecitherunarableor occupiedbyhouses,liv¬
ers,canals,&c. TherewillremainC,127,000acres
tobecleared.
Thisworkwouldberenderedpossiblebythecrea¬
tionof agriculturalcolonies,whichwhenscattered
alloverFrancewouldformthe basisof a single
andvastorganisation,ofwhichallthepoorworkmen
mightbemembersalthoughnotindividualproprie¬
tors.
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13. IX EXTINCTION
•2.tiit: advanceor ruNDs.
Thenecessaryadvanceof moneyfor thecreation
ofthesecoloniesoughttobefurnishedbythestate.
Accordingto ourestimate,300 millionsof francs
or12,0OO,O00Z.payablein fouryears,wouldbe re¬
quired.
Afterthelapseofthattimethesecolonies,byaf¬
fordingthemeansof existenceto a greatmassof
workmen,wouldbeadirectbenefit.At the endof
tenyearstheGovernmentmightlevyalandtax of
8millionsoffrancsor320,000/.withoutcountingthe
naturalincreaseofindirecttaxes,whichalwaysaug¬mentin proportionto the consumptionwhichex¬
pandswiththegeneralcomfortofthepeople.
Thisadvanceof300millionsof francswouldnot
thenbea sacrifice,buta magnificentinvestmentof
money;andcouldthe Stateoncontemplatingthe
grandeuroftheobjectrefuseit,whilstannuallyex¬
pending46millions.offrancsin preventingorpun¬
ishingattacksmadeuponproperty,whilstsacrific¬
ingeveryyear300millionsoffrancsinteachingthe
tradeofsoldiering,andwhilstproposinganexpendi¬
tureof 120millionsoffrancsin theconstructionof
newprisons?In short,the nationwhichwithout
perishinggave2000millionsto the Invadersof
France,whichwithoutmurmuringpaid1000millions
toemigrants,whichwithoutalarmexpended300mil¬
lionsonthefortificationsofParis;willthatnation,I
ask,hestitatetoadvance300millionsinfouryearsto
abolishpauperism,to relievethecommunityofthe
enormousburdens,imposedby misery,andtoaug¬
menttheterritorialwealthbymorethan1000mil-
liens?
3 organisation.
Theunorganisedmassarenothing,unitedtheyareeverything;withoutorganisationtheycannei¬
therspnakthemselves,normakeothersunderstand
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14. OFPAUPERISM. 13
them;they cannoteven receiveor act upona
commonimpulse.
Ontheonehand,thevoiceof20millionsof men,
scatteredoveravastterritory,is lostinecho;onthe
other,thereis no languagesufficientlystrongand
persuasiveto springfroma centralpoint,andbear
to20millionsofconscienceswithoutrecognisedme¬
diatorstheseveredoctrinesof power.Thereignof
castesis over. Theycanonlygovernnowbythe
masses.It is thereforenecessarytoorganisethem,
sothattheymayreducetheirwishosto form,and
disciplinethem,so thattheymaybe directedto¬
wards,andenlightenedupontheirrealinterests.
Togovern,meansno longerto rulethe people
byviolenceandphysicalforce,buttheartofconduct¬
ingthemtowardsa moregloriousfuture,by ap¬
pealingtotheirreasonandfeelings.
Butsincethe massesneedinstruction,andthe
governmentrequirestoberestrained,andevenen¬
lightened,astotheinterestof thegreatestnumber,
itis absolutelynecessarythatthereshouldbe in
societytwoequallypowerfulmovements:theaction
ofpoweruponthemassandthe re-actionof the
massuponpower.
Theseseparateinfluencescannotact withoutcol¬
lision,exceptthroughmediators,whoatoncepossess
theconfidenceof thosewhomtheyrepresent,and
theconfidenceof thosewhorule.
Thesemediatorswouldpossesstheconfidenceof
thefirst,the momenttheywerefreelyelectedby
them;andtheywoulddeservetheconfidenceof the
second,themomenttheyfilledan importantplace
insociety;foronemaysayingeneral,thatmanis
thatwhichthefunctionsheperformsobligeshimto
be. Guidedbytheseconsiderationswewishtosee
createdbetweentheworkmenandtheiremployers,
anintermediateclassenjoyingrightslegallyrecog-
nisedjandelectedbythewholemassofworkmen.
•Thisintermediateclasswouldformthe corpsof
managersoroverseers.Weshouldlikeallthowork-
B
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15. 14 EXTINCTION
ing-mento assemblein theirrespectivecommunes
everyyear,andproceedto the electionof their,
representativesor overseersin the proportionof
onetoeverytenworkmen.Goodconductwouldbe
thesolequalification.
Everymanufacturer,orfarmer,oranytradesman
whatevershouldbecompelledbylawtohavea man¬
agerwheneverheemployedmorethanten work¬
men,andtopayhimdoubletheamountofacommon
workman.
Thesemanagerswouldperformamongstthe
workingclassesthesamedutythatnon-commission¬
edofficersdointhearmy,theywouldcomposethe
firststepinthesocialhierarchystimulatingthelaud¬
ableambitionofallbyshowingthema recompense
easytobeobtained.
Elevatedin theirownestimationby theduties
theyhadtoperform,theywouldbe compelledto
set anexampleofgoodconduct.Accordingtothis
planeverytenoftheworkmen,wouldcontainwith¬
inthemselvesthegermofperfection.
Toamelioratetheconditionof men,youmustal¬
waysplacebeforethemsomeattainableobject,
whichmayatoncebehonourableandhonoured.
Thequestionofgivinganimpulsetothemass,of
enlighteningthem,of appealingto them,andof
causingthemtoact,is foundtorestsimplyin the
relationwhichonebearstoten.
Supposethereare25millionsofmen,whoexist
bylabouralone,therewouldbetwomillionsanda
halfof managersorintermediateagents,to whom
theycouldappealwithgreaterconfidence,because
theyparticipateatonceintheinterestsofthosewho
obey,aswellasinthosewhocommand.
Thesemanagerswouldbedividedintotwoclass¬
es. Thefirstwouldbslongtoprivateindustry,the
secondwouldbe employedin theagriculturalesta¬
blishments;andwerepeatthatthisdifferentmis-'
6ionwouldbetheresultofthe rightofdirectelec¬
tionbyalltheworking-classes.
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16. OFPAUPERISM. 15
CHAPTERIII.'
AGRICULTURALCOLONIES.
Letussupposethatthethreeprecedingmeasures
havebeenadopted.The25millionsofactualwork¬
menhavetheirrepresentatives,andthefourthpart
oftheagriculturalareaof Franceis theirproperty,
supposingtheydid,astheymostassuredlywouldin
theend,purchasetheactualproprietorship.
In eachdepartmentof France,andin thefirst
instance,whereverthe uncultivatedlandswere,
agriculturalcolonieswouldbeestablished,offering
food,education,religiousinstruction,andwork,to
allwhorequiredthem,andGodknowsthenumber
isgreatin France.Thesecharitableinstitutions,in
themidstof a selfishworld,abandonedtothefeu¬
dalityofmoney,oughttoproducethesamebenefi¬
cialeffectasthosemonasterieswhichflourishedin
themiddleages,in the bosomof forests,amidst
warlikemenandserfs,formingthegermsofenlight-
ment,peace,andcivilisation.
Therebeingbut one nationalassociation,the
unequaldistributionof theuncultivatedland,and
eventhelimitedquantityincertaindistricts,would
benoobstacle.
Thepoorofonedepartmentcouldremoveto the
colonyof thenext; or cultivatedlandsmightbe
purchasedwhich,althoughunprofitableto indivi¬
duals,mightbeadvantageousto anassociation.
Thegreatbenefitof combinationarisesfromthe
eijaaldistributionof aid, andthe mitigationof
misery,withoutthatconstantexcuseof inhumanity
beingadduced,"Oh!thepauperdoesnotbelongto
myparish."
Agriculturalcolonieswouldhavetwo endsto
fulfil.Thefirstwouldbetosupporta vastnumber
ofpoorbyemployingtheminthecultivationof the
soil,&c. Thesecondwouldbe to affordatempo-
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17. 16 EXTINCTION
raryrefugeto thefloatingmassofworkmen,whom
theprosperityoftradeoncecalledintoactivity,and
whomitsstagnationortheimprovementsinmachi¬
neryplungedintothedeepestmisery.
AJ1thepoor,allwhowereoutofwork,wouldfind
in thesecoloniesmeansof employingmindand
bodyforthebenefitoftheentirecommunity.
Thustherewouldbein thesecolonies,indepen¬
dentof the men, women,and childrenstrictly
necessaryfor farmlabour,a greatnumbercon¬
stantlyemployedin reclaimingnewland,andin
ereptingnewestablishmentsfortheoldandinfirm.
The advancesmadeto the associationon its
ulteriorprofitswouldallowof theemploymentof a
considerablecapitalinthesenecessaryexpenses.
Whenprivateindustryrequiredhands,it would
seekthemat thosecentraldepots,andit is clear
thattheworkmanwhowasalwayssureto finda
livingintheagriculturalcolonieswouldnotaccept
ofprivateemploymentunlessthe latterpresented
greaterbenefitsthantheformer;hencea remu¬
nerativescaleofwageswouldalwaysbemaintained.
To stimulatean exchange,aswellto excitethe
emulationoftheworkmen,alevywouldbemadeon
the profitsof eachcolony,to createa capitalfor
eachworkman.A realsavingsbankwouldthusbe
formed,fromwhichtheworkman,atthemomentof
hisdeparture,coulddrawthebalancedueto him,
whichwouldberegulatedin amountbythelength
ofhisemployment,hiszeal,andhisgoodconduct.
Thelaboriousmanwouldbeabletoamassin a
few yearsa sum sufficientto ensurehis living
duringthe remainderof his life,evenoutof the
colonyaltogether.
To defineour systembetterwe shallhavere¬
courseto a comparison.A largeriverflowing
throughacountryis a generalcauseof prosperity;
butsometimestoogreatanabundanceorascarcity
of itswatersgivesriseto inundations,or produces
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18. OFPAUPERISM. 17
draught.Whatoughttobe donetoremedythose
twocalamities?
The Nile furnishesuswithan example.—Vast
basinsaredug,inwhichthesurpluswatersremain,
andfromwhichtheyflowwhenthereis toolittle,
maintaininga constantlevel, fromwhichresults
abundance.
Well,weproposea similarthingfortheworking
classes,whoseflowof industrymaybe at oncea
sourceofruinorfertility,accordingasitscourseis
guided.Wedemand,forthefloatingmassofwork¬
men,vastplacesof refuge,wheretheirmindsand
bodiesmaybe equallydeveloped;refugeswhich,
whenthe nationalactivityis partiallysuperseded,
shallpreservethesurplusunemployedlabourto
restoreitagaininproportiontothegeneraldemand.
Wedemand,in oneword,veritablelabourreser¬
voirs,whichwouldalwaysmaintainat its levelthe
industryofthecountry.
Themanagersorrepresentativesoftheworkmen
wouldbecomethe regulatorsof that continual
exchange.Themanagersinprivateconcerns,alive
to all the wantsof theiremployers,wouldshare
withthe magistratesthe rightof sendingto the
agriculturalcoloniesthosewhomtheycouldnot
employ.
Themanagersofthecolonies,awareofthecapa¬
cityofeachindividual,wouldendeavourto procure
advantageousappointmentsin privateestablish¬
mentsforthosewhowererequiredthere.
Severalpracticalinconveniencesmightattendthis
exchange;butwhatinstitutiondoesnotpresentthe
sameinthebeginning.
Thisonewouldpossesstheimmenseadvantageof augmentingpopularinstruction,of givingthe
massa healthyemployment,andofteachingthem
agriculture;andwouldestablish,asa generalcus¬
tom,thatwhichthemanufacturingofsugarfrom
beetrootandsilkmanufacturinghavealreadyintro-
B3
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19. 18 EXTINCTION
duced,viz.,thealternateexchangeof fieldlabour
forthatofthefactory.
Themanagerswouldbeintheproportionof one
toten,asinprivatebusiness.
Abovethe managerstherewouldbe directors,
whosedutieswouldbetoleaehpracticalagriculture.
Thesedirectorswouldbe electedbytheworkmen
andmanagerscombined.
Beforetheywereeligibletheywouldrequireto
produceproofof a practicalknowledgeof agricul¬
ture. Finally,abovethe directors,managers,and
workers,therewouldbeagovernorforeachcolony.
Hewouldbenominatedbytheuniteddirectorsand
managers.
The administrationwouldbe composedof the
governor,one-thirdof thedirectors,andtwo-thirds
ofthemanagers.
Everyyeartheaccountswouldbepublished,laid
beforethegeneralassemblyof workmen,andsub¬
mittedtothegeneralcouncilofthedepartmentfor
theirapproval,whowouldlikewisehavetherightto
dischargethemanageror directorswhohadexhi¬
bitedanyincapacity.
Everyyearthegovernorsof colonieswouldhave
toproceedtoParis,audthere,underthepresidence
of the Ministerof the Interior,discussthebest
meansof employingtheirfunds,forthe general
benefitoftheassociation.
Everybeginningis difficult.Thuswehavenot
discoveredthemeansof creatingtheseagricultural
colonicseconomicallywithoutestablishingcamps
where,intheoutset,ourworkmenwouldbein bar¬
rackslikeourtroops.
Itwillbe understoodthatassoonasthereceipts
surpassthe expensesthe barrackswouldbe re¬
placedbymorehealthybuildings,erectedaccording
toamaturedplan.
Accessorybuildingswouldthenbeaddedtoafford
thomembersof thecolonyandtheirchildrenboth
riv'l,-indreligiousinstruction.Finally,vasthospi-
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20. Or PAUPERISM. 19
talswouldbe builtfortheinfirm,andforthose
whoseagemadelabourimpossible.
A severedisciplinewouldreignoverthesecolo¬
nies. Lifewouldtherebesalutarybutrough,for
theirobjectis notto hatchidlersbuttoennoble
menbyhealthyandremunerativelabour,aswellas
bymoraleducation.Theworkmenandtheirfami¬
lieswouldbetreatedinthesimplestmannerpossi¬
ble.
Lodging,food,andclothingwouldberegulated
bythearmytariff,formilitaryorganisationis tho
onlyonewhichisbasedat onceonthecomfortof
allitsmembersandthestrictesteconomy.
Theseestablishments,however,wouldnot be
military,theywouldonlyborrowfromthearmyits
admirableorder,andthatwouldbeall.
Thearmyis simplyanorganisation.Thework¬
ingclasswouldforman association.Thesetwo
bodiesdifferin principleandobject.
Thearmyis anorganisationwhich,requiringto
executeblindlyandwithpromptitudethecommand
ofthechief,oughttohaveforitsbasisahierarchy,
beginningfromabove.
Theworkingclassesformanassociation,whose
leaderswouldhavenootherdutiesexcepttoregu¬
late andexecutethe generalwill, its hierarchy
oughtthentoresultfromelection.
Thatwhichwepropose,then,hasno connection
withmilitarycolonies.Soasto makeoursystem
morepalatableweareabouttoglanceattheproba¬
blereceiptsandexpensesofanagriculturalcolony.
Thecalculationsarebasedonofficialreturns.
Everyonewillunderstandthedifficultyofdrawing
up sucha budget. Nothingcanbemoreinexact
thanadetailedappreciationoftherentofland.
Wedonotpretendtohaveforeseenall.
Thebestprevision,saysMontesquieu,is to try
andnotseetoomuch.
Butif ourfiguresmaygiverisetovariousinter¬
pretations,weshallnotadmitthatit issowiththe
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21. 20 EXTINCTION
systemitself. It is possible,notwithstandingthe
carewehavetakenin ourvaluations,thatwehave
omittedsomeexpensesandreceipts,or estimated
theproduceofthesoiltoo high. But theseomis¬
sionsdo notdamageintheleastthefundamental
ideawhichwebelievetobejust,trueandfruitfulof
goodresults. The followingsimplereasonwill
proveit.
Generallyspeaking,the rentsof the landare
dividedinto threeparts,withoutcountingfiscal
duties. Thefirstgoestosupporttheworkmen,the
secondisthefarmers'share,andthethirdenriches
theproprietor.
Inourmodelfarmstheworkingclasswouldhave
thesethreeproductsfor themselves.Theywould
comprisewithinthemselvesworkmen,farmers,and
landlords.
Theseadvantageswouldbe immense,andmore
especiaUyso,because,in awell-establishedassocia¬
tion,theexpensesarealwayslessthaninindividual
business.
The firstpartwouldenablemanypoorfamilies
toliveinmoderatecomfort.Thesecondpartwould
formpersonaldeposits,asweformerlystated,and
thethirdwouldsupplythemeans,notonlyoferect¬
inghousesof refuge,butwouldunceasinglyaug¬
mentthecapitalofsociety,bythepurchaseofnew
land.
Inthatconsistsoneof thegreatestadvantagesof
oursystem,foranysystemwhichdoesnotcontain
withinitselfthemeansof constantlyincreasingis
defective.
It mayleadtogoodtemporaryresults,butwhen
thateffectisrealisedtheevilit soughttodestroyis
renewed,anditisasifnothinghadbeendone.The'
Poor-lawandthe UnionWorkhousesinEnglandfurnishastrikingexample.
_Here,onthecontrary,whentheagriculturalcolo¬
niesshallbeinfullaction,itwillbealwayspossible
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22. OFPAUPERISM. 21
toextendtheirterritory,tomultiplytheirestablish¬
ments,andtocreatenewworkmen.
Thesoleobstacletothisincreasewillmomenta¬
rilyspringfromth<jdemandforlabourmadebythe
individualmanufacturers,ofwhichtheycanmakea
moreadvantageoususe. The cultivatedsoilwill
notbeabandonedonthataccount.The excessof
workmenwillenterthelabourmarket,andremain
thereuntil somenewstagnationin tradedrives
thembackuponthe agriculturalcolony. Thus,
whilstourlaw of equalitydividespropertymore
andmore,theworking-men'sassociationwouldre¬
constructlargeestatesandstimulateagriculture.
Whilstmanufacturingindustrywasattractingthe
peopleceaselesslyto the towns,thecolonieswould
recalthemtothecountry.
Whentherewasnolongersufficientlandata low
enoughpriceinFrance,theassociationwouldestab¬
lishbranchesin Algiers,or eveninAmerica.It
mightonedayinvadetheworld,forwhereverthere
wasanacreof landto clear,orpoortonourish,it
wouldbe therewithits capital,its armyof work¬
men,anditsincessantactivity.
Letthemnotaccuseusof dreamingofanimpos¬
sibility. Wehaveonlyto recalto mindtheexam¬
pleofthefamousEnglishEastIndiaCompany.
Whatis it butanassociationlikethatwhichwe
propose,whoseresults,althoughastonishing,arenot
sofavourabletohumanityasthatwhichwecallfor
withallourheartandsoul.
Beforewepenetratesofarintothefuture,let us
calculatetheprobablereceiptsandexpenditureof
thesecolonies.
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23. 22 EXTINCTION
CHAPTERIV.
RECEIPTSANB>EXPENSES.
Accordingto oursupposition,theworking-men's
associationwouldhaveto claimtwo-thirdsof un¬
cultivatedlands,or6,127,000acres.
Toascertainhowmuchtheseacreswouldyield,if
subjectedtopropercultivation,withoutanybeing
leftfallow,wehavemadethefollowingcalculation.
The numberof acresof cultivatedlandsin all
France,is 19,314,741
Thenaturalandartificialprairies 5,774,745
Total 25,089,486
Theroughvalueoftheproduceoftheselandsis,
Forthearablesoil 3,479,583,005
Fortheprairies 66G,363,4I2
Total 4,145,946,417
Theaverageproduceperacre,forseedor prairie
lands,wouldriseto 165francsper acre. Onthe
otherhand,thereareinFrance51,568,845,domestic
animalsofeverykind,whichgivea roughproduce
of767,251,851francs,withoutcomprisingthevalue
ofnjeatconsumed.Takingonewiththeother,each
head of cattle produces15francs,andas those
animalsarcfedon26millionsof acres,itwillmake
twoforeachacre. Wemaysay thatthe average
produceofeachacreis,195francs,165fromland,and
30fromtheanimals.Our6,127,000acresputinto
cultivationorpasture,wouldyieldfromtherough
produceofthesoil 1,010,955,000francs,andfrom
theproduceofanimals183,810,000,makingatotalof
1,194,765,000francs. Deductfromthatsumthe
amountwhichtheselandsnowproduce,viz. 54,709,
364francs,andtheterritorialwealthwouldbe aug¬
mentedby1,140,055,636francs.Letusnowestimate
theexpense.Toassistourcalculations,letus sup-
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24. OFPAUPERISM, 23
posethatthelandstobeclearedareequallyspread
overeachpoliticaldivisionof France.
Wewouldhavethentodividethenumberofacres
by 86, whichwouldleave foreachdepartment
71,241acres. *
Fixing20yearsasthetimeafterwhichall these
landsshouldbecultivated;therewouldbeforeach
department3,562acrestoclearannually.
Thenumberofhandsrequiredforthiswork,could
beregulatedthus;oneworkmanwouldonanaverage
clearthreeacresannually,ashecandotwoofwood¬
landorfourofturf. Butaswemustcalculatesick¬
ness,andlikewise,thatafterthe secondyearthe
workmenwouldbeobligedtoattendto the cultiva¬
tionofthesoil,andassistthe agriculturalfamilies,
whowouldbaannuallyaugmenting,wewillsuppose
thatonlytwoacresareannuallycleared.It would
be necessarythen,to employ1781workmento
accomplishtheworkin20years,andastherewould
beclearedannually3,562acres,the colonywould
receiveeveryyear120familiestoassistinthecul¬
tivationofthoseclearedlands.
A largelandedproprietorinformsus, thatunder
theoldsystemofagriculture,ofwheat,cornandfallow
alternating,it wasnecessarytoemployonafarmof
150acres,8 domestics,6thrashers,and20harvest-
men. Underthe newsystem,wherethe pastures
arereplacedbygreencropsrequiringweeding,one
handmorewouldberequiredeachyear. We have
calculatedtwo beastsper acrein France. The
colonywouldthenannuallypurchasodoublethe
numberofcattletotheacres,whichtheyhadcleared
duringthe precedingyear.
Thusduringtheintervalof20 years,the colony
wouldhaveitsreceiptsandexpensesprogressivelyin¬
creasing.
Thereceipts,withoutcountingthe firstgovern¬
mentadvances,wouldbecomposedoftheperiodical
augmentationof3,562acres,andtheirannualin¬
creasesinvalue;foradmittingthateachacreyields
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25. 24 EXTINCTION
195francs,thelandswouldnotproducethatamount,
exceptattheendofthreeyears,andafterfouryears
ofcultivation.
Thatis to say, eachacreafterbeing cleared
wouldyieldthefirstyear65francs,thesecond130,
andeachsucceedingyear195francs.
Asfortheexpensesindependentofthefirstoutlay,
theexpenditurewouldbecontinuallyrenewed,such
asforthepaymentof1781workmenand120familes,
therentduetoBoroughsorindividuals,seed,out¬
houses,management,and7,124beaststo purchase.
Besidestherewouldbeeachyeararegularincrease
in expensescausedbythemaintenanceof 120new
families,andtheerectionofbarrackstolodgethem.
Eachworkmanwouldreceivethepayofa soldier,
andeachfamily,thatof threeworkmen.Clothing
wouldbecheaperfortheworkmenthanforthesoldier;
butwewillcalculateit at themarketprice. Each
manwouldannuallycost,includingeverything,318
francs.
The managerswouldreceivethe pay of non¬
commissionedofficers;thedirectorsthatof officers^
andthegovernorthatofacolonel.
Untilthecolonyyieldedprofit,all the workmen
wouldbelodgedinbarracksconstructedlikemili¬
taryones. Theseimmensehealthyconstructions,
builtonasmallscale,wouldcontaintenmenand
theiroverseers,oronefamily.
Inmanydepartmentstherearesimilarbarracks
nearthesugarmanufactories.In makingthecal¬
culationswhichwe haveplacedat the endof the
book,it willbefoundthatwithan advanceof 3O0>
millionsoffrancs,thereceiptsandexpensesof our
colonieswouldattheendof23yearsbeasfollows:—
Annualreceipts francs1,194,694,800
Expenses 378,622,278
Profit 816,072,522
296,400familiesand153,166poorworkmenwould
ba supported.Francewouldbe enrichedby 12
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26. OFPAUPERISM. 25
millionsofcattle. Finallythe governmentmight
layontheroughincomeaccordingto the present
rates,about37millionsoffrancs.
CHAPTERV.
* REVIEW.
Inthesummaryviewwe havegivenofthebene¬
fits,wehavekeptwithinthotruth;forthecultivation
ofa fourthpartof the uncultivatedlandswould
notonlyincreaseby a quarterthe roughrevenue
ofFrance,butthisincreaseofwealthwouldgiveto
allbranchesofnationalindustryanimmensestimu¬
lus/whichitis moreeasytounderstandthanexplain
in allitsdetails.
Notonlywouldthesecolouiespreventin20years,
morethanamillionofhumanbeingsfromlanguish¬
inginmisery,notonlywouldtheysupporta host
ofworkmeninconnectionwithagriculture,butthe
annualexchangeof800millionsoftrancsworthof*
landproductsforotherswouldincreaseconsumption
andimprovethehomemarket.Thisdemandwould
presentanoutletforallthefruitsof industrymore
considerablethanthemostadvatageouscommercial
treatiescouldaffect,becausethe 800 millionsof
francsvalue,surpassby 156millionsthe value
ofallourexportations,whichonlyamountto 644
millionsof francs. To makethisreasoningmore
apparentandto showthevastimportanceof the
homemarket,letussupposetheseagriculturalcolo¬
nieswerenotwithinourterritorialboundary,but
separatedfromthe continentby an armofthesea
andaline of custom-houseofficers,andthatthey
wereneverthelesscompelledtohaveno commercial
dealingsexceptwithFrance.
It isclearthatif theiragriculturalproducerea-
C
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27. 26 EXTINCTION
lised profitsof 800millionsof francs;thatsum
wouldbe exchangedforvariouscontinentalpro¬
duce.
We believe,that increasedhomeconsumption
favouredbythegeneralaugmentationofwealthand
comfort,wouldremedymorethananythingelse,
thoseevilsof whichcertainclassescomplain,and
aboveall thatit woulddiminishby onehalf,the
sufferingsofthevinegrowerby makingtheirfood
cheaper.
Infactit maybe presumedthatthesecolonies
Fromthenatureofthesoil,willproducegrainand
cattle,ratherthanwine. Butby augmentingthe
quantityof wheat,andof fleshmeat,theywould
lowerthepriceofcommonnecessaries,andincrease
consumptionbyputtingthemwithinreachof the
workingclasses.
Ontheotherhand,theincreasedcomfortsofso¬
cietywouldaddto thenumberof thosewhocould
drinkwineandconsequentlyimprovegeneralcon¬
sumption.
Franceproduces36,783,223hectolitresof wine
withoutcountingbrandy.
It consumes 23,578,248
Exports 1,351,677
Total 24,929,925
Deductthis sumfromthe production,andthere
willremain118,53,298hectolitresunemployed.
Thesefiguresdemonstrate,not onlythemischief
buttheremedy.Theyprovethesuperiorityofthe
homemarketoverthe foreign,forif throughthe
meanswehavepointedoutthe stimulusgivento
thehomemarketwouldonlyincreaseconsumption,
byone-tenthpart,whichisnotimprobable,thein¬
creasewouldbe 2,357,824hectolitreswhichis
doubleourexportation.
Onthootherhand,if ourgovernmentsucceeded,
andwearefarfromanticipatingit inincreasingour
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28. OFPAUPERISM. 27
exportation,one-fifthpartofthataugmentationwould
onlybe270,334.
Labourwhichcreateseasy'circumstancesandthose
againwhichaddtoconsumptionformtherealbasis
ofanation'sprosperity.Thefirstduty,then,ofa
•wiseandableminister,is to endeavourby improv¬
ingagricultureandthe conditionof the massesto
increasehomeconsumptionwhichis nowvery far
fromitsheight.
Speakingstatisticallyeachinhabitantof France
annuallyconsumes271hectolitresof wheatand
barleywhichmake328rationsofbroadperheadper
annum;ofbutchersmeat20kilogrammes;of wine70
litres;sugar3.4kilogrammes.
Thismeanshumanlyspeakingthattherearein
Francemillionswhoeatneitherbread,meat,nor
sugar,andwhodrinknowine.
Therichconsume365rationsof breadinstead
of328;180kilogrammesof meatinsteadof 20;
and3C5litresof wineinsteadof 70;and50 kilo¬
grammesofsugarinsteadof3andtwofifths.*
Wedo not producesufficient,we do notcon¬
sumeenough.
Insteadofseekingconsumersin Chinalot us in¬
creaseourterritorialwealth.Let thememployall
theidlearmsforthebenefitofallthewretchedand
industrious,andlet themnotforgetthatFrance,whichhas been so richlyendowedby heaven,
containswithinherselfall the elementsof pros¬
perity.
It is a stigmauponourcivilisationtothinkthat
in tho nineteenthcenturythetenthpartof our
popuktionshouldbe in ragsandperishingfrom
want,amidstmanufacturingproducewhichcannot
besold,andagriculturalsupplieswhichcannotbe
consumed.
*ALitreIs 2.1133pints,English.Hectolitre 26,419gallons.Kilogramme 21b.3oz.5drachms.
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29. 28 EXTINCriON
Tosumup. Thesystemwhichwoproposeis the
resultofalltheideaswhichhaveemanatedfromthe
mostablepoliticaleconomistsof thelasthalfcen¬
tury.
InM.Gouin'sStatisticalandOfficialAgricultural
Report,pagexxviii,theministerdeclaresthatthe
greatestprogressto be obtainedis byreclaiming
thewastelandswhichdonotyieldmorethaneight
francsperacre. Ourprojectrealisesthatidea.
Everyoneanimatedby a lovefor his species
demandsjusticefortheworkingclasses,whoBeem
tobedisinheritedofall thebenefitsof civilisation.
Ourprojectconfersuponthemallthatis calculated
toimprovetheconditionofman,comfort,education,
order,andthechancewhichis affordedeveryoneof
elevatinghimselfbyhisownmeritandindustry.
Ourorganisationtendsto nothinglessthanthe
making,in the courseof a fewyears,thepoorer
classestherichestassociationinallFrance.
Nowtherewardof labouris left to chanceor
violence.Themastereitheroppresses,orthework¬
manrevolts.
Accordingtooursystemwageswouldbefixed,as
allhumanthingsoughttoberegulated,notbyforce,
butaccordingtothejustequilibriumestablishedbe¬
tweenthewantsof thosewhotoilandthenecessi¬
tiesofthosewhoprovidework.
InthepresentdayallflocktoParis,whichas a
centreabsorbsalltheenergiesof the country;our
systemwithoutinjuringthecentre,wouldcarrylife
to the furthestextremitiesbybringingintoaction
86newsystems,workingunderthedirectionofthe
government.
Whatiswantedto realisesucha project?One
year'spayofthearmy,15timesthesumgivento
America,oranexpenseequalto that employedon
thefortificationsof Paris.
Thisadvancewouldafter20years,bringbackto
Franceonethousandmillions,totheworkingclasses
800millions,andarevenueof 37millionsoffrancs.
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30. OFPAUPERISM. 29
Letthegovernmentputourprojectintoexecution,
modifyingit accordingtotheexperienceofmenwell
versedinsuchcomplicatedmatters,andwhomay
supplyusefulhintsandcastnewlightsuponthem.
Letit taketo heartthe greatnationalinterests.
Letit establishthecomfortofthemasses,onanim¬
movablebasisandit willbecomeimmoveableitself.
Povertywouldno longerbecomeseditious,when
wealthwasnolongeroppressive.
Itis agreatandholymissionandworthyofman's
highestambitiontostriveto subduehumannature,
tohealallwounds,tosooththesufferingsofhumanity
byunitingthepeopleof the samecountryin one
commoninterest,andby acceleratingthatfuturo
whichcivilisation,willsoonerorlaterusherin.
InthebeginningofthelastcenturyLa Fontaine
utteredthissentencewhichis toooftentrue,but
alwayssadandsodestructiveofsociety,order,and
hierarchies."I tellyouinplainFrenchourenemyisourmaster."In thepresentdaytheaimofeverywisegovernmentshouldbe to bringabouta time,
whenit mightbesaid,"thetriumphofChristianity
hasdestroyedslavery. ThetriumphoftheFrench
revolutionhasdestroyedservitude,andthetriumphofdemocracyhasdestroyedpauperism."
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