The document summarizes the process of mushroom cultivation. It discusses the structure of mushrooms and the nutrients they contain. The main steps of cultivation are described as: 1) Using mushroom spawn, 2) Preparing compost by longer or shorter methods, 3) Spawning the compost, 4) Applying a casing layer, and 5) Cropping mushrooms over 50-60 days. Common mushrooms grown are Agaricus bisporus due to their high worldwide production levels.

1. DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
BY
B SREEHAR NAICK
P212034
1ST M.SC MICROBIOLOGY

2. INTRODUCTION
• Mushroom is fleshy fungi
• It’s a small umbrella like structure
• Cap- PILES & thread like structure- MYCELIA
• Mycelia absorbs nutrients from the soil
• No need of sunlight for mushroom growth
• They are low in fat content
• Monosodium glutamate is present . It is used as a flavor enhancer.

3. MUSHROOM STRUCTURE

4. Nutrients present in Mushroom
Per 100g

5. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
Mostly in cultivation of mushroom ‘‘Agaricus biosporus’’ is chosen
Because by the way of production , it comes the first place in the world.
The favorable season for mushroom cultivation is October - march in India
The cultivation Procedure has five main steps:
1. Mushroom Spawn
2. preparing of compost
3. Spawning
4. Casing
5. Cropping

6. 1.Mushroom Spawn
• Spawn is planting material for mushroom cultivation.
• That is, it is a seed of a mushroom.
• mushroom grower import spawn from the renowned source
• Good Qualities mushroom spawn has the following qualities
 The spawn should Be rapidly growing in the compost
 Provide early pruning following casing
 high yielding
 It must create a greater grade of mushroom

7. 2. Preparing
of Compost :
 Compost is an artificially prepared growth medium
 In this medium essential nutrients are included which
are necessary for the growth of mushroom
 essential nutrients necessary for growth.
 There are two primary methods for compost
preparation:
A. Longer method
B. Short method

8. A. Longer method
• It takes around 28 days to complete.
• wheat straw or paddy straw is placed for 1-2 days (24-48 hours) on the floor
and spray water several times a day with a fixed time.
• Materials are required for the longer method :
Ingredient Weight
Wheat straw 300 kgs
Wheat bran 15 kgs
calcium ammonium nitrate 9kgs
Urea 4kgs
Muriate of Potash 3kgs
Superphosphate 3kgs
Gypsum 20kgs

9. Day 1 :
• the above Ingredient except Gypsum is mixed well and makes a 5-feet-
wide, 5-foot-high stack and It kept as it is for five days
• Water is spray as per the requirement of lower moisture in the outer layers
• This stack’s temperature in about two to three days gets around 65-70°C
6th day :
• On the sixth day, start the first turnaround
• stack should be thoroughly mixed and enough air circulates so that
humidity gets rid of each piece of compost
• If the compost’s moisture content is reduced, then the water is sprayed as
per the requirement
• Above process is followed for every three days upto 24th day.

10. 25th day :
• Malathion (insecticide) sprinkled on the compost
• And followed the turnaround process.
28th day :
• Ammonia and moisture content is checked in the compost
• This day 68-70 Percent moisture is present and it is suitable for seed
production
• smell of ammonia and sweet aroma comes from the compost
• then compost is spread on the floor and cool down to 25 degrees Celsius
and used for cultivated

11. B.Short method
• By this method gives a high-quality product
• There is very little chance of infections
• This method is complete in two stages. They are :
I. Outdoor Composting
II. Indoor Composting
• Materials are required for the short method :
Ingredient Weight
Wheat straw 1000kgs
Chicken manure 600kgs
Wheat bran 60kgs
Urea 15kgs
Gypsum 50kgs

12. I. Outdoor Composting
• Mix Wheat straw with chicken manure and spray water
• The first turning starts on the 4th day
• On 7th day the second turning will be started
• whet bran, urea, and gypsum are add mix thoroughly
• maintain the inner temperature of the compost in between 70-75 °C
• On 8th day the third turning will be started
• On 10th day compost is transferred toward the pasteurization tunnel and
starts the second phase of indoor composting

13. II. Indoor Composting
• In this stage Compost filled in the pasteurization tunnel
• The blower is placed on for recirculation of air
• The stage II indoor composting procedure is complete in 3 phases:
a. Pre-Peak Heating Point
b. Peak Heat Point
c. Post-Peak Heat Point
A. Pre-Peak Heating Point:
• After about 12-15 hours of filling the compost the temperature of
compost slowly increases
• It needs to be kept for 36-40 hours
• It will be kept up to the stage of self production of heat.

14. B. Peak Heat Point
• The temperature of compost is increased by self production of heat.
• The temperature is maintained at 57-58°C.
• Steam is passed through the compost for sterilization for 8 hours.
• Fresh air is introduced to this compost
C. Post-Peak Heat Point
• Decrease the temperature slowly to 48-52°C and keep until no
indications of ammonia have been found in compost.
• Then cool the compost down to about 25°C
• This temperature is favourable for spawning.

15. 3. Spawning
• In spawning the seeds are mixed with the compost
• Before seeding into the compost wash the instruments going to use and hands of
the person with 2% formalin.
• 1kg spawn is added to 600 lbs of compost and incubated .
• After 18 days it will be rready for casing.
4. Casing
• The pH of this casing soil should be 7.5-7.8 and have to be free of
diseases
• In this casing soil is treated with 4% formalin
• it’s covered with a polythene sheet for another 3-4 days.
• Then it will be gone for Pasteurization at 65°C for 6-8 hours and cooled
down
• 3-4 cm thick coating of casing soil has been spread thickly on the compost

16. 5. Cropping
• The mushroom crop is harvested in 50-60 days
• Mushroom Pinhead initiation starts after 10-12 days
• When the harvesting is finished fill the gap on beds with fresh spawn.
• And spray the water.

17. Packing & storing
• The mushrooms are taken in a container.
• Then it is washed with KMS solution.
• Then it is kept in a plastic container and packed with plastic cover.
• It is stored in 2-5ºC temperature.

18. Statistics of mushroom cultivation in India