The document discusses multistage amplifiers. Multistage amplifiers connect two or more amplifiers together to increase the overall gain. The overall gain is calculated by multiplying the individual gains of each stage. There are several types of multistage connections including cascade, cascode, Darlington, and direct coupling. Cascade connection is most common and works by coupling the output of one stage to the input of the next. This allows the stages to multiply their gains to achieve a high overall gain.

1. MULTISTAGE
AMPLIFIERS

2. Multistage Amplifiers
Two or more amplifiers can be connected to increase the
gain of an ac signal. The overall gain can be calculated by
simply multiplying each gain together.
A’v = Av1Av2Av3 ……

3. Introduction
 Many applications cannot be handle with single-
transistor amplifiers in order to meet the specification
of a given amplification factor, input resistance and
output resistance
 As a solution – transistor amplifier circuits can be
connected in series or cascaded amplifiers
 This can be done either to increase the overall small-
signal voltage gain or provide an overall voltage gain
greater than 1 with a very low output resistance

4. Multistage Amplifiers
Multi-stage amplifiers are amplifier circuits cascaded to
increased gain. We can express gain in decibels(dB).
Two or more amplifiers can be connected to increase the gain of
an ac signal. The overall gain can be calculated by simply
multiplying each gain together.
A’v = Av1Av2Av3 ……

5. Example
Find Vout
Av1 = 5 Av2 = 10 Av3 = 6 Avn = 8
Vin = 5 mV

6. 6
Multistage Amplifier Cutoff
Frequencies and Bandwidth
 When amplifiers having equal cutoff frequencies are cascaded,
the cutoff frequencies and bandwidth of the multistage circuit are
found using
)
(
1
)
(
2
/
1
1
)
(
1
/
1
2
)
(
2
BW
1
2
1
2
T
C
T
C
n
C
T
C
n
C
T
C
f
f
f
f
f
f







7. Introduction (cont.)
 Multistage amplifier configuration:
Rc1 Rc2
RB
Vi Q1
Q2
R2
RL
R1
Vo
Vi Q1
Q2
R3
R1 R2
Vi
Vo
R1
Vi
Vo
T
Cascade /RC coupling
Cascode
Transformer coupling Darlington/Direct coupling
Q1
Q2
Q1
Q2

8. i) Cascade Connection
-The most widely used method
-Coupling a signal from one stage to the another
stage and block dc voltage from one stage to
the another stage
-The signal developed across the collector
resistor of each stage is coupled into
the base of the next stage
-The overall gain = product of the
individual gain
**refer page 219

9. i) Cascade Connection (cont.)
 small signal gain is:
by determine the voltage gain at stages 1 & stage 2
therefore
- the gain in dB
 input resistance
Output resistance
- assume ,so also
Therefore
)
)(
//
)(
//
( 2
2
1
2
1
S
i
i
L
C
C
m
m
S
o
V
R
R
R
R
R
r
R
g
g
V
V
A


 
1
2
1 //
// 
r
R
R
Ris 
0

S
V 0
2
1 
 
 V
V 0
2
1
1 
 
 V
g
V
g m
m
2
0 C
R
R 
2
1 V
V
V A
A
A 
)
log(
20
)
( V
dB
V A
A 

10. Exercise 1:
Draw the ac equivalent circuit and calculate the voltage gain, input
resistance and output resistance for the cascade BJT amplifier in
above Figure. Let the parameters are:











 k
R
R
k
R
R
k
R
R
k
R
R E
E
C
C 1
,
2
.
2
,
7
.
4
,
15 2
1
2
1
4
2
3
1





 0
)
(
2
1 ,
7
.
0
,
200
,
20 r
V
V
V
V ON
BE
Q
Q
CC 


11. Solution 1 (cont.):
2
1
1
// R
R
RB

1

r


1

V


2

V 2

r
2
C
R
1
C
R
1
1 
V
gm
2
2 
V
gm
4
3
2
// R
R
RB

i
V
0
V
1
B 2
B
1
E
1
C
2
E
2
C
i
R
0
R
Ac equivalent circuit for cascade amplifier

12. Solution 1:
DC analysis:
At Q1:
At Q2:
AC analysis:
At Q1:
At Q2:
S
g
k
r
m 153
.
0
307
.
1
1
1




Why the Q-point values same for both
Q1 & Q2 ?
mA
I
A
I
CQ
BQ
979
.
3
89
.
19
1
1

 
S
g
k
r
m 153
.
0
307
.
1
2
2




mA
I
A
I
CQ
BQ
979
.
3
89
.
19
2
2

 

13. Solution 1 (cont.):
From the ac equivalent circuit:
At Q1, the voltage gain is:
Where is the o/p voltage looking to the Q1 transistor
and is the i/p resistance looking into Q2 transistor
Therefore
The voltage gain at Q1 is:
2
i
R
1
0Q
V
)
//
( 2
1
1
0
1 i
C
m
Q
VQ R
R
g
Vi
V
A 


06
.
102
)
36
.
957
//
2
.
2
(
153
.
0
1 


 k
AVQ



 36
.
957
307
.
1
//
7
.
4
//
15
// 2
2
2 k
k
k
r
R
R B
i 

14. Solution 1 (cont.):
From the ac equivalent circuit:
At Q2, the voltage gain is:
Where is the i/p voltage looking into the Q2 transistor
Therefore, the voltage gain at Q2 is:
The overall gain is then,
** The large overall gain can be produced by multistage amplifiers!!
So, the main function of cascade stage is to provided the larger overall gain
2
iQ
V
)
( 2
2
0
2 C
m
iQ
VQ R
g
V
V
A 


6
.
336
)
2
.
2
(
153
.
0
2 


 k
AVQ
353
,
34
)
6
.
336
)(
06
.
102
(
2
1 



 VQ
VQ
V A
A
A

15. Solution 1 (cont.):
From the ac equivalent circuit:
The i/p resistance is:
The o/p resistance is:




36
.
957
307
.
1
//
7
.
4
//
15
//
// 1
2
1 k
k
k
r
R
R
Ri 


 k
R
R C
o 2
.
2
2

16. ii) Cascode Connection
-A cascode connection has one transistor on top of (in series with) another
-The i/p into a C-E amp. (Q1) is, which drives a C-B amp. (Q2)
-The o/p signal current of Q1 is the i/p signal of Q2
-The advantage: provide a high i/p impedance with low voltage gain to
ensure the i/p Miller capacitance is at a min. with the C-B stage providing good
high freq. operation
**refer page 223

17. ii) Cascode Connection (cont.)
From the small equivalent circuit, since the capacitors act as short circuit,
by KCL equation at E2:
solving for voltage
Where
the output voltage is
or
2
2
2
2
1
1 


 V
g
r
V
V
g m
m 

2

V
 
S
m V
g
r
V 1
2
2
2
1 












2
2
2 
 r
gm

)
//
)(
( 2
2 L
C
m
o R
R
V
g
V 


 
S
L
C
m
m
o V
R
R
r
g
g
V )
//
1 2
2
2
1 













18. ii) Cascode Connection (cont.)
Therefore the small signal voltage gain:
From above equation shows that:
So, the cascode gain is the approximately
* The gain same as a single-stage C-E amplifier
 
L
C
m
m
S
V R
R
r
g
g
V
V
A //
1 2
2
2
1
0














 
L
C
m
V R
R
g
A //
1


1
1
1 2
2
2
2
2 










 



r
gm

19. iii) Darlington Connection
-The main feature is that the composite transistor acts as a single unit with a
current gain that is the product of the current gains of the individual transistors
-Provide high current gain than a single BJT
-The connection is made using two separate transistors having current gains of
and
So, the current gain
If
The Darlington connection
provides a current gain of
2
1

 
D
1
 2



 
 2
1
2

 
D
Figure 1: Darlington transistor

20. iii) Darlington Connection (cont.)
 Figure shown a Darlington configuration
refer page 222

21. iii) Darlington Connection (cont.)
 The small current gain :
Since
Therefore
Then,
The o/p current is:
The overall gain is:
** The overall small-signal current gain = the product of the individual
current gains
i
i
m
m I
I
r
g
V
g 1
1
1
1
1 

 

2
1
2 )
( 
  r
I
I
V i
i 

i
i
m
m I
I
V
g
V
g
I )
1
( 1
2
1
2
2
1
1
0 



 




2
1
1
2
1
0
)
1
( 



 




i
i
I
I
A
i
o
i I
I
A /

1
1 
 r
I
V i


22. iii) Darlington Connection (cont.)
 The input resistance:
Known that:
So, the i/p resistance is:
The base of Q2 is connnected to the emitter of Q1, which means that the i/p
resistance to Q2 is multiplied by the factor , as we saw in
circuits with emitter resistor.
So, we can write: and
Therefore
The i/p resistance is then approximately
**The i/p resistance tends to be large because of the multiplication
2
1
1
2
1 )
1
( 


  r
I
r
I
V
V
V i
i
i 




2
1
1 )
1
( 
  r
r
Ri 


1
1
CQ
T
I
V
r

 
2
2
1

CQ
CQ
I
I 
2
1
2
2
1
1 
 

 r
I
V
r
CQ
T










2
1
2 
 r
Ri 
)
1
( 1


