This is the topic of my lecture in the Summer School on International Labour and Business in the University of Ferrara & Padova (4th - 15th September 2016).

1. Multinational enterprises faced with
global migratory movements:
facilitation or obstruction of
international labour mobility?
Ferran Camas Roda
Professor of Labour Law and Social Security and Director of
the Chair of Immigration, Rights and Citizenship, University
of Girona
SUMMER SCHOOL ON INTERNATIONAL LABOUR AND BUSINESS LAW.
Doctoral Schools of University of Ferrara in Rovigo & University of Padova)
4th-15th September 2016

2. Summary
• 1. Facts and perceptions concerning international migration. Status
of global migrations: the challenge of forced migrations.
• 2. TRIPARTITE DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES CONCERNING
MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES AND SOCIAL POLICY – MIGRATION.
• 3. OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises.
• 4. Other international laws, reports or political initiatives of interest
for multinational enterprises in work-related migration
management.
• 5. The new: “GLOBAL COMMITMENTS TO ADDRESSING LARGE
MOVEMENTS OF REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS”
• 6. Issues to discuss.
2

3. Facts and perceptions concerning
international migration
Growth in migration worldwide and increasing
concern over large-scale involuntary migration
(due to conflicts, environmental disasters and
for economic reasons).
3

4. • Types of public discourse and policies on these
issues? Focus on security or solidarity?
• Can a country meet the challenges of
immigration alone or are other supranational
or international solutions needed?
4

5. • The importance of economic or work-related
migration, faced by all regions, although half
of migrant workers are located in Northern
America and in southern, northern and
western Europe.
In this context, an increase in female
migration, particularly in the domestic service
sector, can be seen.
5

6. • Should migration policies be defined
depending on the migrant’s motive for
migration, or should the political vision be
universal, whatever the reasons for migration?
• Concerning migrant workers, should a
restrictive or liberal policy be adopted?
• Should the rights of migrant workers be
guaranteed whatever their status –
documented or undocumented migrants?
6

7. The Raft of the Medusa (1818/19. T. Géricault)

8. TRIPARTITE DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES
CONCERNING MULTINATIONAL
ENTERPRISES AND SOCIAL POLICY
(adopted by the Governing Body of the International
Labour Office at its 204th Session (Geneva,
November 1977) as amended at its 279th
(November 2000) and 295th Session(March 2006))
8

9. The MNEs Declaration is the most relevant
document among those aiming at regulating
corporate behaviour (such as the OECD
Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, the UN
Report on Business and Human Rights and the
UN Global Compact) given its formal adoption
by the ILO and being the most comprensive text
in the area of labour principles (The ILO MNEs Declaration: What’s
in it for workers. International Labour Office, 2011).
9

10. Basic premises of the Declaration
The aim of the Declaration is to promote the
positive contribution that Multinational
Enterprises (MNEs) can bring to social and
economic progress, a goal that will be promoted
through laws and practices adopted by
governments.
[Tension between the view that MNEs bring
benefits if they are subject to the national laws of
host countries and the view advocating that
MNEs should be allowed to operate without
constraints]
10

11. • [The concept of a Multinational Enterprise is not
defined, but guidance is provided in Paragraph 6
which states that]: “Unless otherwise specified,
the term “multinational enterprise” is used in this
Declaration to designate the various entities
(parent companies or local entities or both or the
organization as a whole) according to the
distribution of responsibilities among them, in
the expectation that they will cooperate and
provide assistance to one another as necessary to
facilitate observance of the principles laid down
in the Declaration”.
11

12. • [Voluntary application] Paragraph 7: ”This
Declaration sets out principles in the fields of
employment, training, conditions of work and
life and industrial relations which
governments, employers' and workers'
organizations and multinational enterprises
are recommended to observe on a voluntary
basis; its provisions shall not limit or
otherwise affect obligations arising out of
ratification of any ILO Convention”
12

13. • [Promoting some international conventions]
Paragraph 9. “Governments of States which
have not yet ratified Conventions Nos. 29, 87,
98, 100, 105, 111, 122, 138 and 182 are urged
to do so and in any event to apply, to the
greatest extent possible, through their
national policies, the principles embodied
therein and in Recommendations Nos. 35, 90,
111, 119, 122, 146, 169, 189 and 190”.
13

14. The aim of these International Labour Organization Conventions or
Recommendations are as follows:
• Convention (No. 29) concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour;
• Convention (No. 87) concerning Freedom of Association and
Protection of the Right to Organise;
• Convention (No. 98) concerning the Application of the Principles of
the Right to Organise and to Bargain Collectively;
• Convention (No. 100) concerning Equal Remuneration for Men and
Women Workers for Work of Equal Value;
• Convention (No. 105) concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour;
• Convention (No. 111) concerning Discrimination in Respect of
Employment and Occupation;
• Convention (No. 122) concerning Employment Policy;
• Convention (No. 138) concerning Minimum Age for Admission to
Employment;
• Convention (No. 182) concerning the Prohibition and Immediate
Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour
14

15. • Recommendation (No. 35) concerning Indirect Compulsion to
Labour;
• Recommendation (No. 90) concerning Equal Remuneration for Men
and Women Workers for Work of Equal Value;
• Recommendation (No. 111) concerning Discrimination in Respect of
Employment and Occupation;
• Recommendation (No. 119) concerning Termination of Employment
at the Initiative of the Employer;
• Recommendation (No. 122) concerning Employment Policy;
• Recommendation (No. 146) concerning Minimum Age for
Admission to Employment;
• Recommendation (No. 169) concerning Employment Policy;
• Recommendation (No. 189) concerning General Conditions to
stimulate Job Creation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises;
• Recommendation (No. 190) concerning the Prohibition and
Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child
Labour.
15

16. Conclusion:
The Tripartite Declaration concerning Multinational Enterprises does
not establish that States should ratify ILO Conventions and
Recommendations which directly regulate issues concerning the
work or employment of migrant workers
• Migration for Employment Convention (Revised), 1949 (No. 97)
• Migration for Employment Recommendation (Revised), 1949 (No.
86)
• Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975 (No.
143)
• Migrant Workers Recommendation, 1975 (No. 151)
16

17. Migration for Employment Convention (Revised), 1949 (No. 97)
• Requires ratifying states to facilitate international migration for
employment by establishing and maintaining a free assistance and
information service for migrant workers and taking measures
against misleading propaganda relating to emigration and
immigration. Includes provisions on appropriate medical services
for migrant workers and the transfer of earnings and savings. States
have to apply treatment no less favourable that that which applies
to their own nationals in respect to a number of matters, including
conditions of employment, freedom of association and social
security
ILO: http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/migrant-workers/lang--
en/index.htm
17

18. [Something of interest: Article 6]
1. Each Member for which this Convention is in force undertakes to
apply, without discrimination in respect of nationality, race, religion or
sex, to immigrants lawfully within its territory, treatment no less
favourable than that which it applies to its own nationals in respect of
the following matters:
–(a) in so far as such matters are regulated by law or regulations, or
are subject to the control of administrative authorities-
(i) remuneration, including family allowances where these form
part of remuneration, hours of work, overtime arrangements,
holidays with pay, restrictions on home work, minimum age for
employment, apprenticeship and training, women's work and the
work of young persons;
(ii) membership of trade unions and enjoyment of the benefits of
collective bargaining;
(iii) accommodation;
18

19. Migration for Employment Recommendation
(Revised), 1949 (No. 86)
4.1 It should be the general policy of Members to develop
and utilise all possibilities of employment and for this
purpose to facilitate the international distribution of
manpower and in particular the movement of manpower
from countries which have a surplus of manpower to those
countries that have a deficiency.
4.2 The measures taken by each Member should have due
regard to the manpower situation in the country and the
Government should consult the appropriate organisations
of employers and workers on all general questions
concerning migration for employment
19

20. 16.1 Migrants for employment authorised to
reside in a territory and the members of their
families authorised to accompany or join them
should as far as possible be admitted to
employment in the same conditions as
nationals.
20

21. Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention,
1975 (No. 143)
Provides for measures to combat clandestine and illegal
migration while at the same time setting forth the general
obligation to respect the basic human rights of all migrant
workers. It also extends the scope of equality between legally
resident migrant workers and national workers beyond the
provisions of the 1949 Convention to ensure equality of
opportunity and treatment in respect of employment and
occupation, social security, trade union and cultural rights,
and individual and collective freedoms for persons who as
migrant workers or as members of their families are lawfully
within a ratifying state's territory.
ILO: http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/migrant-workers/lang--
en/index.htm
21

22. Something of interest:
Article 1: Each Member for which this Convention is in
force undertakes to respect the basic human rights of all
migrant workers.
Article 10: Each Member for which the Convention is in
force undertakes to declare and pursue a national policy
designed to promote and to guarantee, by methods
appropriate to national conditions and practice, equality
of opportunity and treatment in respect of employment
and occupation, of social security, of trade union and
cultural rights and of individual and collective freedoms
for persons who as migrant workers or as members of
their families are lawfully within its territory.
22

23. Migrant Workers Recommendation, 1975 (No. 151)
[Something of interest: Article 8.3]
“Migrant workers whose position has not been or
could not be regularised should enjoy equality of
treatment for themselves and their families in
respect of rights arising out of present and past
employment as regards remuneration, social
security and other benefits as well as regards trade
union membership and exercise of trade union
rights”
23

24. Other ILO Conventions and Recommendations that refer to
migrant workers:
Employment Relationship Recommendation, 2006 (No. 198)
•1. Members should formulate and apply a national policy for
reviewing at appropriate intervals and, if necessary, clarifying
and adapting the scope of relevant laws and regulations, in
order to guarantee effective protection for workers who
perform work in the context of an employment relationship
•5. Members should take particular account in national policy
to ensure effective protection to workers especially affected
by the uncertainty as to the existence of an employment
relationship, including women workers, as well as the most
vulnerable workers, young workers, older workers, workers in
the informal economy, migrant workers and workers with
disabilities
24

25. Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189)
8.1 National laws and regulations shall require that
migrant domestic workers who are recruited in
one country for domestic work in another receive
a written job offer, or contract of employment
that is enforceable in the country in which the
work is to be performed, addressing the terms
and conditions of employment referred to in
Article 7, prior to crossing national borders for
the purpose of taking up the domestic work to
which the offer or contract applies
25

26. Domestic Workers Recommendation, 2011 (No. 201)
It regulates issues to guarantee social security rights
and the assignability of these rights to migrant
domestic workers and also includes additional
measures to ensure effective protection of the latter
(creation of help lines in the migrants’ language,
emergency accommodation, visiting arrangements to
inspect the employer’s home, etc.).
26

27. Nevertheless, the Tripartite Declaration contains certain
principles that could affect migrant workers:
With regard to employment promotion,
Paragraph 18 states that:
• “Multinational enterprises should give priority to
the employment, occupational development,
promotion and advancement of nationals of the
host country at all levels in cooperation, as
appropriate, with representatives of the workers
employed by them or of the organizations of
these workers and governmental authorities”
27

28. • With regard to Equality of opportunity and treatment, Paragraphs 21, 22
and 23 state that
21. All governments should pursue policies designed to promote equality of
opportunity and treatment in employment, with a view to eliminating any
discrimination based on race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion, national
extraction or social origin.
22. Multinational enterprises should be guided by this general principle
throughout their operations without prejudice to the measures envisaged in
paragraph 18 or to government policies designed to correct historical
patterns of discrimination and thereby to extend equality of opportunity and
treatment in employment.Multinational enterprises should accordingly make
qualifications, skill and experience the basis for the recruitment, placement,
training and advancement of their staff at all levels.
23. Governments should never require or encourage multinational enterprises
to discriminate on any of the grounds mentioned in paragraph 21, and
continuing guidance from governments, where appropriate, on the avoidance
of such discrimination in employment is encouraged.
28

29. OECD Guidelines for Multinational
Enterprises
Recommendations for responsible
business conduct in a global context
25 May 2011 at the OECD’s 50th Anniversary Ministerial Meeting.
29

30. Previous data: Some differences in
relation to the ILO Declaration.
• The Guidelines are recommedations addressed
by governments to multinational enterprises.
• No reference to ILO Conventions and
Recommendations.
• These Guidelines are supported or
complemented by “Commentaries” enabling their
full scope to be understood.
30

31. • The Guidelines have the following chapters
I. CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES
II. GENERAL POLICIES
III.DISCLOSURE
IV. HUMAN RIGHTS
V. EMPLOYMENT AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
VI. ENVIRONMENT
VII. COMBATING BRIBERY, SOLICITATION AND EXTORTION
VIII. CONSUMER INTERESTS
IX. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
X. COMPETITION
XI. TAXATION
31

32. • The Guidelines make no direct reference to
migrant workers.
However, some references are made in the
Commentary on the chapters dealing with
Human Rights (IV) and Employment and
Industrial Relations (V).
32

33. Something of interest: Supply Chain
in Chapter II: General Policies
“Enterprises are encouraged to engage in or
support, where appropriate, private or multi-
stakeholder initiatives and social dialogue on
responsible supply chain management while
ensuring that these initiatives take due
account of their social and economic effects
on developing countries and of existing
internationally recognised standards”
33

34. “Migrant workers and homeworkers are found in
many global supply chains and may face
various forms of discrimination and limited or
no legal protection”
Attention. It should be taken into account:
Resolution concerning decent work in global supply chains
adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organization, having
met at Geneva in its 105th Session, 2016.
34

35. • Governments should:
“Set out clearly the expectation that all
business enterprises domiciled in their
territory and/ or jurisdiction respect human
rights throughout their operations, and the
fundamental principles and rights at work for
all workers, including migrant workers,
homeworkers, workers in non-standard forms
of employment and workers in EPZs.“
35

36. IV. Human Rigths.
• Enterprises should respect the internationally
recognised human rights of those affected by
their activities (Chapter II: General Policies)
• Enterprises should: 1. Respect human rights,
which means they should avoid infringing on
the human rights of others and should
address adverse human rights impacts with
which they are involved (IV. Human Rights)
36

37. “Depending on circumstances, enterprises may
need to consider additional standards. For instance,
enterprises should respect the human rights of
individuals belonging to specific groups or
populations that require particular attention, where
they may have adverse human rights impacts on
them. In this connection, United Nations
instruments have elaborated further on the rights
of indigenous peoples; persons belonging to
national or ethnic, religious and linguistic
minorities; women; children; persons with
disabilities; and migrant workers and their
families” (Comentary of Human Rights, p. 32).
37

38. Also in Chapter V. Employment and
Industrial Relations:
• Guideline No. 5: “In their operations, to the greatest
extent practicable, employ local workers”
• Comentary: “In accordance with the ILO Human
Resources Development Recommendation 195 of
2004, enterprises are also encouraged to invest, to the
greatest extent practicable, in training and lifelong
learning while ensuring equal opportunities to training
for women and other vulnerable groups, such as youth,
low-skilled people, people with disabilities, migrants,
older workers, and indigenous peoples”
38

39. Other international laws, reports or
political initiatives of interest for
multinational enterprises in work-
related migration management
39

40. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All
Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
Adopted by General Assembly resolution 45/158 of 18 December 1990
The Convention regulates in Part III (Human Rights of All Migrant
Workers and Members of their Families) the rights granted to both
documented and undocumented workers.
Among the rights listed in Part III, those pertaining to equal
treatment in conditions of work and also in terms of employment
and social security can be mentioned, since migrant workers and
their families should enjoy treatment not less favourable than that
which applies to nationals of the State of employment insofar as
they meet the requirements laid down in the applicable legislation
of the State of employment or in the applicable bilateral and
multilateral agreements
40

41. ILO Multilateral Framework on Labour Migration
Non-binding principles and guidelines for a rights-based
approach to labour migration adopted by the Tripartite
Meeting of Experts on the ILO Multilateral Framework on
Labour Migration
(Geneva, 31 October-2 November 2005)
This non-binding ILO Multilateral Framework gives effect to
the resolution and conclusions on a fair deal for migrant
workers in a global economy, adopted by the 92nd Session of
the International Labour Conference in 2004. Paragraph 23 of
the conclusions states: In order to assist member States to
develop more effective labour migration policies, the
tripartite constituents have agreed to develop a non-binding
multilateral framework for a rights-based approach to labour
migration which takes account of national labour market
needs.
41

42. • Protection of Migrant Workers (Principle 8).
The human rights of all migrant workers,
regardless of their status, should be
promoted and protected. In particular, all
migrant workers should benefit from the
principles and rights in the 1998 ILO
Declaration on Fundamental Principles and
Rights at Work and its Follow-up, which are
reflected in the eight fundamental ILO
Conventions, and the relevant United Nations
human rights Conventions
42

43. GLOBAL COMMITMENTS TO ADDRESSING
LARGE MOVEMENTS OF REFUGEES AND
MIGRANTS
In the Report In safety and Dignity: Addressing Large
Movements of Refugees and Migrants (9 May 2016) the
Secretary-General of the United Nations urges Member
States to make full use of the opportunity offered by the 19
September High Level Plenary Meeting to adopt new:
To include the following three pillars:
43

44. PILLAR 1. UPHOLDING SAFETY AND DIGNITY
IN LARGE MOVEMENTS OF BOTH REFUGEES
AND MIGRATS
• To address the causes of large movements of
refugees and migrants
• To protect people in route and at bordes
• To prevent discrimination and promote
inclusion
44

45. Secretary-General:
“Given the importance of employment and
livelihoods in inclusion policiews, I call on
Member States to stand ready to support
Governments, employer’s and worker’s
organisations and other world-of-work actors in
adressing the significant impact of large
influxes and migrants on labour markets”
45

46. PILLAR 2. A GLOBAL COMPACT ON
RESPONSIBILITY-SHARING FOR REFUGEES
• Recognize that large movements of refugees
as a result of emerging and unresolved
conflicts that are profoundly affecting
individuals and Member States, sometimes for
protracted periods of time .
• Commit to sharing responsability for hosting
refugees more fairly.
46

47. PILLAR 3: GLOBAL COMPACT FOR SAFE,
REGULAR AND ORDERLY MIGRATION
• Undertake a state-led process to elaborate a
comprehensive international cooperativon
framework on migrations ahd human mobility
in the form of a Global Compact for Safe,
Regular and Orderly Migration
• Ensure that the Global Compact is based on
the recognition that all migrants, regardless of
their status, must receive protection.
47

48. Issues to discuss
• Integration of immigrant workers into the
labour market.
• The role of employers in immigrant
integration.
48

49. • Attittudes towards diversity: Diversity
Management?
• Delimitating the exercise of the right to
freedom of religion in the workplace:
-Prohibition-Restrictions-Approval on the
wearing of religious symbols?
-Managing working time while respecting
workers religious practices?
49

50. Thank you very much!
http://www.ferrancamas.com
fernando.camas@udg.edu
@FerranCamasRoda
50