This document outlines a research study that aims to investigate the effect of different music genres on power performance. The study will use a crossover design to test the effects of rock, rap, techno, country, and no music on variables like power output, work, and torque during knee extensions performed on a Kin-Com dynamometer. The hypothesis is that more aggressive genres like rock will lead to better performance outcomes than less aggressive genres like country or no music. Twenty college-aged participants will complete familiarization and testing sessions involving warm-up cycling and three maximal knee extensions under each condition. Statistical analysis will use ANOVA to identify any significant differences between conditions.

1. S
The Effect of Music
Genres on Power
Performance
Tyler W. Golden B.S.
Dr. Rodney Hansen Ph.D.

2. Introduction
S Music is a major component of American society and recently has
been used in conjunction with exercise
S Music benefits on anaerobic exercise include RPE, speed, power,
and HR (Brooks & Brooks 2010)
S Music type also has effects on grip strength (Brooks & Brooks
2010)
S Pre-game music helps create flow states that facilitate better
performance. (Pain, Harwood, & Anderson 2011)

3. Gaps in the Research
S Despite benefits for aerobic exercise the research involving anaerobic exercise
is not as well documented and has produced mixed results (Brooks & Brooks
2010)
S But studies have shown improvement in Wingate performance with
motivational music playing (Brooks & Brooks 2010)
S Most research has focused more on music tempo and intensity (Bishop 2010)
S Research has focused on mostly Self-Selected (Biagini et al. 2012) and how it
ranks on the Brunel Music Rating Inventory-2 (Pain, Harwood, Anderson
2011).
S Few studies have looked at lyrical content (Sanchez, Moss, Twist, &
Karageroghis 2014) or genre benefits (Baghurst et al. 2014)

4. Reason for my Research
S To help identify music effects on anaerobic testing
(Torque=Newton-meter, Power=Watts, Work=Joules).
S To help identify if a specific genre benefits in power
performance (regardless of: tempo, intensity, volume, lyrics)

5. Purpose
S To conduct additional investigation on the effect of music genre
style on power performance with a novel measuring tool (Kin-
Com)
S Hypothesis: We believe the more “aggressive” music genres will
lead to better performance. (Widmeyer & Birch 1984, Dane &
Sekertekin 2005) Rock>Rap>Techno>Country>No music.
S Aggressive as defined by Webster Dictionary as: using forceful
methods to succeed or to do something medical: very severe.
S Aggression: angry or violent behavior or feelings

6. Methods
S College age student 18-28
S Signed IRB consent form, with option to drop out if participant believes lyrics
are overly offensive
S Physically active individuals as defined by the ACSM. 20-60 minutes, 3-5
times a week
S Healthy (no significant musculoskeletal injuries in the past 12 months)
S Exclusion: If participating in strength experiments
S Crossover Design (Every participant gets all the conditions. Conditions will be
chosen in random order)
S 3 sessions (two interventions per sessions with the first session being a
familiarization session, 40 minute rest in between exercise) {Houglum 2010}

7. Methods continued…
S Participant will have height and weight measured
S Power analysis revealed-19 participants needed. Want 20
S Will begin listening to music 10 minutes before testing while warming up on a stationary
cycle at 50% perceived max and continue listening during the testing period on the Kin-
Com.
S 3 concentric knee extensions at 180º/sec on the Kin-Com (Isokinetic International.
Chattanooga, TN) with 90 seconds of rest between each “kick”. (Lenhart et. Al 2013 &
Houglum 2010)
S Sitting with hip for 85º of flexion and knee starting position at 90º, strapped into the chair
S Will take the best of the three “kicks” to use.
S Right leg will be used for all individuals.
S Variables: Dependent- Power Output, Work, Torque & Independent- Rock, Hip-hop/Rap,
Techno/EDM, Country, No music

8. Methods
Testing layout
S Session 1 (Familiarization, 40 minute rest, Condition 1#)
S Session 2 (Condition #2, 40 minute rest, Condition 3#)
S Session 3 (Condition #4, 40 minute rest, Condition 5#)

9. Statistical Analysis
S One-way ANOVA
S Alpha level p=.05
S Identify which condition elicited the best performance from
the variables collected.

10. Funding
S Bose SoundTrue™ in ear headphones $99.95
S Incentive $5 to Barbocoa (20x5=$100)
S Total = $200

11. Unresolved Issues
S Which specific songs will be in each condition
S Assumptions- One session of familiarization is enough,
Participants will give max effort each time
S Limitations- Participants able to recreate similar behavior
patterns 24 hours before each testing session. Controlling
against the use of performance enhancing substances

12. Audio Samples-Rock
Of Mice & Men- The Depths (BPM-100)

13. Audio Sample-Hip Hop/Rap
Eminem- Till I Collapse (86-BPM)

14. Audio Samples-Techno/EDM
David Guetta- She Wolf (Falling to Pieces) BPM-132

15. Audio Sample-Country
Johnny Cash-God’s Gonna Cut You Down (BPM-82)

16. References
S 1. Brooks K, Brooks K. Enhancing Sports Performance Through The Use
Of Music. J Exerc Physiol Online. 2010;13(2):52-57.
S 2. Pain MA, Harwood C, Anderson R. Pre-Competition Imagery and
Music: The Impact on Flow and Performance in Competitive Soccer. Sport
Psychol. 2011;25(2):212-232.
S 3. Brooks K, Brooks K. Difference In Wingate Power Output In Response
To Music As Motivation. J Exerc Physiol Online. 2010;13(6):14-20.
S 4. Bishop D. “Boom Boom How”: Optimising performance with music.
Sport Exerc Psychol Rev. 2010;6(1):35-47.
S 5. Biagini MS, Brown LE, Coburn JW, et al. Effects of Self-Selected
Music on Strength, Explosiveness, and Mood: J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(7):
1934-1938. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318237e7b3.

17. References
S . Sanchez X, Moss SL, Twist C, Karageorghis CI. On the role of lyrics in the
music–exercise performance relationship. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2014;15(1):132-138. doi:
10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.007.
S 7. Baghurst T, Tapps T, Boolani A, Jacobson BH, Gill R. The Influence of Musical
Genres on Putting Accuracy in Golf: An Exploratory Study. J Athl Enhancment.
2014;3(5):1-4.
S 8. Houglum P. Therapeutic Exercise for Musculoskeletal Injuires. 3rd ed. Human
Kinetics; 2010.
S 9. Lenhert M, Svoboda Z, Roman Cuberek. The Correlation Between Isokinetic
Strength of Knee Extensors and Vertical Jump Performance in Adolescent Soccer
Players in an Annual Training Cyle Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis Gymnica
2013; 43(1): 7-15
S 10. Widmeyer WN, Birch JS. Aggression in Professional Ice Hockey: A Strategy for
Success or a Reaction to Failure? J Psychol. 1984;117(1):77.
S 11. Dane S, Sekertekin M. Differences in Handedness and Scores of Aggressiveness
and Interpersonal Relations of Soccer Players. Percept Mot Skills. 2005;100; 743-746

18. S
Questions?