The history of Moscow's library system spans over 100 years, evolving through different political regimes. It began in the late 19th century under tsarist rule with the establishment of the first public libraries. The system grew significantly under Soviet rule, when libraries became part of the social infrastructure and were spread evenly across the city. Today, Moscow's 448 municipal libraries remain as a surviving monument of Soviet urban planning, though current issues exist as the system transitions to a new context. The libraries represent both continuity as physical presences in the city and change through their evolving functions over the past century.

1. 155
0
338
230
422
1
21
228
22
46
89
145
194
104
86
356
187
359
93
481
21
483
25
16
374
476
114
254
504
200
258
1
442
376
238
372
265
49
498
82
24
100
331
41
282
175
111
18
270
436
451
435
208
520
62
357
94
136
452
350
172
198
179
243
421
427
34
144
MOSCOW’S
LIBRARIES
180
312
384
361
135
171
255
395
216
153
272
55
181
413
457
311
373
35
313
354
71
235
500
467
ATLAS
14
425
351
380
259
291
131
507
444
348
450
334
365
438
391
38
299
448 ROOMS WITH A VIEW
97
99
146
342
371
330
513
217
42
289
236
79
308
307
370
106
160
242
73
218
475
80
332
102
76
333
318
251
95
263
57
389
61
116
516
287
212
51
494
130
449
115
110
31
249
309
75
290
128
366
37
288
197
68
203
168
81
159
485
19
397
0
140
52
463
349
285
295
119
166
277
403
328
321
53
418
15
85
117
219
428
11
294
496
469
26
4
454
489
47
325
189
185
234
244
88
381
3
505
7
510
65
67
133
225
379
281
91
276
430
383
169
490
386
345
156
253
394
317
252
283
360
247
439
429
390
401
237
4
139
120
518
479
158
32
215
271
426
448
58
453
319
257
419
25
447
127
105
327
392
519

2. MOSCOW’S
LIBRARIES
ATLAS
448 ROOMS WITH A VIEW
project by:
Paolo Ruaro
Giovanni Bellotti
tutors:
Paola Viganò
Alexander Sverdlov

4. Index
• Introduction
• Chronology of Events
pg.
x
x
• History of Moscow’s Library System
xx
• The 448 Rooms of Moscow’s Library
xxx
• The Zero Degree of the Library
Scandinavian Experiences
Libraries as Places, Books as Objects
The Neutral Library
• A New Library Geography
xxx
Spatial Equality and the role of the libraries
From Free-time to Leisure
Heritage
Current Issues
Round House n°1
K7
P-44
Kvartal
Construction time-line and styles
“Gardens, parks of leisure and culture, water
basins and fountains”
Kvartals and Microrayons
Underground Rooms and Lines
• Moscow Views
• Bibliographic References
xxx
xxx
xx

5. Introduction
The library system of Moscow stands today as a piece of a wider cultural
infrastructure that no longer exists. The 448 municipal libraries within the
city’s boundaries belong to the list of soviet welfare infrastructures, along with
hospitals, schools, clubs and sport centres, a complex social machine of which
they are a fragment. Their present connotation, distribution, and function largely
depends on this past, although the history of the libraries stretches beyond and
before the 75 years of soviet regime. Its architecture can be seen as an element of
continuity in Moscow’s XX century history, having survived through the change
of three different regimes over one century. This continuity is expressed in their
physical presence of the city, in their interiors, their collections, and especially
in their direct link to political power; under each regime the libraries expressed
the political message of the time.
The present condition of the libraries, in this perspective, is that of a large system
in transition where the lack of political and economical interests have slowed the
changes that affected other institutions. The libraries constitute a huge resource
of public space -their rooms alone would cover 25 hectares, an area three times
that of the red square. This monumentality, however is expressed in a long list
of small interiors, worn out collections and minor histories. Recognizing the
library system as a whole, before considering its circumstantial situations, is a
way to understand how the network was designed and maintained.
The system embodies principles of soviet urbanism; libraries were related to
the number of inhabitants and geographical distance from other services, they
occupy the ground floors of the buildings and are evenly spread throughout the
city. This quantitative approach in the planning faces today a variety of issues;
bringing back the libraries to their present condition, studying their contexts
and seeing which of these relations still exist, which don’t and which could be
formed gives directions on how the network could be reorganized and on what
it could accomplish. Such connections are often hidden behind a curtain of low
fences, rows of garages, and blurred by the different management systems of
the city’s grounds. The Atlas proposes three ecologies and a series of public
elements to which the rooms can relate both on the scale of architecture and
of management. Establishing a common language among the diversity of
circumstances and building an atlas of relations between the libraries and their
contexts is a first step towards the new cycle of the system and in recognizing
the new geography of the libraries.

6. Chronology of events
This time line is based on Irina Kharkov’s research “Management structure of the territorial network of public libraries in super big cities. Current trends and prospects for improvement”, and on Evgeny Kuzmin’s
“From totalitarianism to democracy: Russian libraries in transition”
Timeline of the most significant events in XX cenbtury Moscow
•1862: “Regulations on public management of Moscow”, chapter on
censorship and press (186), institutes “rooms for reading” under the
control of the ministry of Interior affairs.
•1881 Alexander II assassinated
•1884: new regulations institute penalties for librarians guilty of
displaying censored books.
•1890: new regulations state that public libraries could only acquire
books approved by the Synod or the Scientific Committee of the Ministry of Education.
Library n°36 in 1910
•1896: a Catalogue with the authorized books is distributed across
the public libraries of the country
•1901: although plans were to have one library every 1000 literate
people (estimated around 200.000 in Moscow), only 41 libraries were
active in the city.
•1904: plans are made to build 161 more libraries in the city
•1910: the public Libraries in Moscow could count on ca 985.000
books in 65 libraries, 12 of which managed by the city, counting on 31
librarians1 , with a budget of 7000 roubles for the large libraries and
500 for the small ones
Library n°36 in 1910
•1911: First meeting on librarianship is held in Moscow, a call is
made for the training of professional librarians and for the dismissal
of the 1884 censorship law, problems related to the lack of a central
management are exposed.
•1912: Plans are made for the institution of 300 state owned libraries
in Moscow, including small libraries and larger libraries with reading
rooms. The investment on Moscow was however never approved, and
major investments were only made in St. Petersburg.
•1917: On the eve of the revolution, 180 libraries operate in the city,
76 of which are free public libraries and an additional 40 private
institutions which provided library service. The centralization of the
system begins under the guidance of A. Piskunov.
•1918: Issues regarding the network of Libraries are raised by N.
Krupskaya, new libraries are proposed according to location, level of
literacy and population density.
•1918: City Central Library is opened in January. In December, the
10
•1891 - 1905 Trans Siberian Railroad built
•1894 Accession of Nicholas II to the throne of Russia
• 1896 May Coronation of Nicholas as Czar of all the Russians
• 1901 Socialist Revolutionary Party founded
• 1903 Congress of Social Democrats in London splits into Bolsheviks
and Mensheviks
• 1904 February 8 Russo-Japanese War begins with the Japanese
attack on the Russian fleet at Port Arthur
• 1905 January 22 “Bloody Sunday.” Lenin returns from Switzerland
to St. Petersburg. Marchers fired on by Imperial Troops. After internal
riots and unrest Nicholas re-establishes his power
September 5 Russia defeated. Treaty of Portsmouth marks the end of
the Russo-Japanese War.
•1906 DUMA - Russia’s first elected parliament
• 1914 August 1 Germany declares war on Russia
•1917 March 16 Abdication of Nicholas II and formation of the Provisional Government
• November 6-7 Bolsheviks seize key points including the Winter
Palace. Provisional Government is overthrown and Bolshevik government is formed
• 1918 March 3 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Bolsheviks negotiate a separate peace with Germany
March 12 Capital is transferred from Petrograd to Moscow
May Civil War begins, Red armies vs White armies
July 16 Czar Nicholas and his family executed at Ekaterinburg
November 11 World War I ends
• 1919 Founding of the Communist International.
•1921 March Lenin announces the New Economic Policy {NEP)—
temporary postponement of socialist measures in agriculture and
commerce. War gradually comes to an end with victories of Red Army.
Uprising at Kronstadt naval base brutally suppressed.
Ban on factions within the Communist Party.
11

7. centralization of the libraries becomes effective. St. Petersburg and
Moscow work as independent branches of the same organism. The
system is supervised by Lenin’s wife, Nedezhda Krupskaia
• 1919: The principle of centralization proves to be unrealistic during
the years of the NEP. The central system continues to operate 88
libraries, reduced to 80 by 1924, while 448 total libraries operate in
the city.
• 1921: Dewey classification system is introduced in all Russian
libraries
Library n°8 built in 1931
• 1930: major reforms are introduced, restructuring the library system (diagram 3)
• 1935: over 220 libraries operate in Moscow, all under strict control
of the Party.
• 1941-1945: The number of operating libraries is drastically reduced
during the “ Great Patriotic War”, many being bombed or converted to
hospitals.
Lenin’s Library in 1936
• 1953: a Minister for the Libraries is pointed, under direct supervision of the Ministry of Culture. The number of Libraries grows rapidly
to 300, although most institutions are depending directly on the
ministry of Culture and not on the municipality.
• 1955: As the city grows in low density prefabricated housing,
the ground floor of Moscow becomes more and more public: every
micro-rayon hosts a library, the number of cbs and branches rises
rapidly to 400.
• 1959: following radical social changes in the post-war decade,
libraries in Moscow undergo a series of reforms: Each city with more
then one library must adapt one to be the central library, efforts to
transform the independent libraries in a single network are made,
a library code is issued and delivered to all central libraries in the
country.
• 1967: centralization is carried out on rural, urban and regional level.
A solution for the library branches (sometimes up to 80) is still not
found, although three solutions are proposed: total centralization
in one system; a double network, for children and adults; various
centralized system for the different districts. The third solution will
be adopted for Moscow and Leningrad.
• 1975: The city operates 437 free public libraries, united in 33 CBG
(Central Library Systems)
• 1985: during perestroika, the libraries struggle to define their role
in the Russian changing society. Documentation on the period is
inconsistent and gives a multifaceted picture, where single branches
open to new contents while others remain tied to party values. The
strong ideological character of the libraries still remains, proving
the limits of the centralized system incapable of adapting rapidly to
12
•1922 March Stalin is named General Secretary of the Communist
party at the eleventh Party Congress
•Formation of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
• 1923 Communists convert Cathedral of Saint Basil the Blessed (at
Kremlin) into an anti-religious museum
• 1924 January 21 Lenin dies
• 1925 Work begins on Lenin’s red granite mausoleum
Struggle for leadership of Communist Party gradually won by Stalin
and his supporters.
•1927 End of NEP. Beginning of first 5-year plan and campaign for the
collectivization of agriculture.
• 1935 First stage of Moscow metro opened.
• 1938 Show trials. Tens of thousands of ordinary people, as well as
three fifths of all army officers and many famous wrilters and artists
sent to prison camps in Siberia, where most of them die.
• 1939 Pact between Nazi Germany and Soviet Union - Poland divided
between the two.
• 1942 Germans in occupation of most of western Russia.
Battle of Stalingrad: Germans eventually thrown back.
• 1953 Death of Stalin, leadership taken over by Malenkov, Molotov
and Khrushchev.
• 1955 Khrushchev emerges as new dominant figure.
Signing of military pact by communist countries of eastern Europe
(the Warsaw Pact). Kremlin opened to the public
• 1956 Khrushchev denounces Stalin in “secret speech” to 20th Party
Congress. Demotion of some of Stalin’s close associates, rehabilitation
of some of his victims.
• 1964 Khrushchev voted out of office by his colleagues. Replaced by
Joint leadership consisting of Brezhnev, Kosygin and Podgorny.
• 1980 Olympic Games held in Moscow, boycotted by USA and some
other countries
• 1982 Brezhnev dies and is replaced by Andropov
• 1984 Andropov dies and is replaced by the elderly Konstantin
Chernenko
• 1985 Chernenko dies and Gorbachev replaces him
• 1986 Gorbachev begins policies of perestroika and glasnost
13

8. changing conditions, although there is a greater availability of foreign
newspapers within the libraries.
Library n°75 in 1959
• 1988: A new re-organization is implemented, trying to introduce
specialization in the library system (leisure, literary history, news,
video, computers, local history etc.) and an aim for each library (development of creative abilities, assistance to the elderly et cetera)
• 1991: As the Soviet Union falls, the three principles that restrained
the 453 libraries existing at the time (partiinost, spetskhran and censorship) fall with it.
• 1994: Bill on libraries is approved, tying all city libraries to the
DUMA authority, meanwhile a process of de-centralization is started.
Library n°79 in 1979
Right: diagrams of the management of the city’s libraries
1871- 2013
• 2010: 448 Public Libraries operate in Moscow, 168 of which are
children Libraries, under 36 centralized library systems. 4500 librarians are employed in the city serving 2.5 million users, lending around
50 million books per year.
14
• 1989 Yeltsin elected leader of Russia
• 1992 A Federation Treaty is signed by 15 Russian republics
The Supreme Soviet confirmed the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
• 1993 Russian constitutional crisis
• 1999 The State Duma confirmed the appointment of Vladimir Putin
as Prime Minister of Russia.
Second Chechen War: Russian ground troops invaded Chechnya.
The treaty of creation of the Union of Russia and Belarus was signed.
Boris Yeltsin resigned as President of the Russian Federation. Prime
minister Vladimir Putin became acting president.
• 2004 Putin won re-election to a second term, earning 71 percent of
the vote.
• 2008 Russian presidential election, 2008: Dmitry Medvedev won,
earning 70.5 percent of the vote.
• 2012 Russian presidential election, Vladimir Putin wins, earning
63.6 percent of the vote.
15

9. 15
10
5

10. History OF MOSCOW’S LIBRARY SYSTEM
The History of Moscow’s libraries over the last 100 years is as complex and rich as
that of the city itself. The core of the system stands today as a monument of soviet
network planning, being the only surviving cultural infrastructure of the communist
city spared from the privatizations that have reshaped most of the nation’s welfare
networks1.
As a heritage of the tsarist period - pre-revolutionary Moscow could already count
on 180 collections of books2 - the changes within the libraries management and their
spaces reflect the evolving tendencies of Russian politics under the soviet regime,
just as their difficulty to adapt to contemporary Russian society. The soviet library
system was instituted in 1922 by Lenin and his wife, Nedezhda Krupskaia, librarian
by profession3: “[Libraries] were to serve as instruments for eradicating illiteracy and
for educating the population; an important element was moral education, one which
would make for good Marxist/Leninist citizens. Thus, the role of the librarian was not
to facilitate access to material which the reader demanded, but rather to guide the
reader to material that was considered appropriate and to keep away from the reader
material which was considered inappropriate or harmful.” Since then, partiinost,
spetskhran4 and censorship informed soviet librarianship for almost 75 years.
1. Privatization in Moscow,James H. Bater, Geographical Review, Vol. 84, No. 2 (April, 1994), pp. 201-215
2.Those Libraries were not accessible, however, by the entire population, but reserved to specific classes of workers belonging to trade unions or reserved
to clergy or nobility.
2. From totalitarianism to democracy: Russian libraries in transition. Kuzmin, E. (1993). American Libraries, 24, 568-570.
3. Raymond, B. (1979). Krupskaia and Soviet Russian librarianship, 1917-1939. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press.
4. Under “Спецхран”, abbreviation for “special storage sections”, were listed all the books that were not accessible to the public without authorization.
Those prohibited archives, opened only for researches of undoubted comunist beliefs became at one point so vast that became a storage problem for the
libraries. Over 60% of the books in the libraries were censored in the year 1930 alone, when their stock had already being purged at least three times. By
1935 only few copies of the censored books were to be kept in a special section of the Lenin library, while the rest was to be destroyed. (Rogers, 1973)

11. 4. N. K. Krupskaya, Part two : Krupskaia
on libraries, ed Sylva Simsova (Hamden :
Archon Books, 1968) 45–51.
5. Thomas, C. (1999). Changes in Russian
libraries in the 1990s. Focus on International and Comparative Librarianship,
30(3), 112-12.
6. Greening, J. M. (1995). Ten years in the
life of Russian libraries. International Information & Library Review, 27, 113-127
Krupskaia started her activity directing underground
libraries in pre-revolutionary Moscow, when libraries
were either reserved for specific trade unions or exclusively for higher classes. After the revolution, Krupskaia
initiated a census of the libraries, revealing the inadequacy of the system4: “We have a laughable number of
libraries, and their book stocks are even more inadequate.
Their quality is terrible, the majority of the population
does not know how to use them and does not even know
what a library is.” In the 1920s the education of a class
of professional librarians was being formed for the first
time in Russia. E.I. Samurin, one of the chief ideologists
of soviet librarianship described in the 1940s the duties
of the Russian librarian:
(1) Indicate for each subject its ‘politically acceptable’
place in the classification scheme;
(2) Grant first place in every division and subdivision to
the opinions of the ‘classics of Marxism-Leninism’, as well
as to party directives;
(3) Grant priority to materials relating the Soviet Union as
the country of ‘victorious socialism’, with the provision that
these materials must be clearly separated from those of
foreign (‘capitalist’) countries;
(4) Grant fist place to ‘advanced’ (communist) theories
and practices and literature about them;
(5) Provide class, division, and subdivision names in ‘politically acute and distinct terms”
above: Municipal Library n°16 in 1934, below: Lenin’s Library in 1936
In 1990, 115.000 libraries were active in the Soviet
Union, all under the tight central planning authority and
financial control of the government5.
The following year, the ideological function of the libraries and their precise social objective - no person was to
live more then 15 minutes from a library6 - became outdated overnight. Much has changed on the shelves of the
libraries and in their management, however the spaces
of the libraries- niches of public space spread homogeneously throughout the city- appear, in most cases, to have
been frozen for over twenty years.
1. Spatial equality and the role of libraries
Most historians recognize two principles shared within
the communist party in the 1920s : a radical view of the
basic structure of society, shifting from family to com20
21

12. 1. Planning the City of Socialist Man, Jack
C. Fisher, Journal of the American Institute
of Planners, Vol. 28, Iss. 4, 1962
2. The first edition of Tomorrow: a
peaceful path to real reform (1898) was
translated into Russian in 1901. In 1913
St. Petersburg already hosted a branch of
the International Garden City Society.
3. Governing the Socialist Metropolis,
Timothy Colton, 1995
3. “leisure” is taken here to define the part
of the day not spent working, sleeping or
travelling, although in communist Russia
- “the nation of workers”- leisure was ill
regarded as a concept, and free time had a
more active connotation.
4. Idee per la città comunista, A. Baburov,
1966, pg 94
munity, and the abolition of “bourgeois” distinctions
between city and countryside1. Both points are rooted
in Marxist theory, and the latter, under the influence of
Howard’s garden cities2, was to become a major theme
of discussion among soviet urbanists from the 1920s.
Although the academic positions that lead the urban discourse - Leonid Sabsovich’s City Urbanists and Mikhail
Okitovic’s Disurbanists - were not taken into account in
the 1935 plan, those Marxist principles influenced greatly the ideas for the communist capital.
As early as 1918 the 17 tchasti of Moscow, the tsarist
shell-like division of the city, were replaced by 11 rayoni, a radial system that was to ensure the inhabitant of
the periphery, at least by definition, the same district of
those living in the centre3. Parks, museums, playgrounds
and libraries, as well as most of the cities free-time facilities revolved along the same principles of spatial equality, contributing to the image of a society where everyone
had access to the same knowledge, therefore to the same
possibilities. Cultural institutions were to build a bridge
between cities and villages, the distance of which constituted a source of social inequality.
As communism eroded more and more every aspect of
private life - “Communism destroyed private life”, Benjamin wrote in the 20s - and as the working hours were
progressively reduced, the problem of infrastructure for
“leisure3” became more and more pressing.
The issue of free time was addressed as an aspect of the
communist lifestyle, “ in the interest of everyone and
each one”, and as such required “a well defined place in
space and time, equally accessible to everyone”4. Free
time thus became an extension of communal living,
where each individual could invest his energies on himself in order to better accomplish his individual aspirations. Facilities were heavily subsidized, and ideologically marked; “cultured” use of free time was seen as a
mean for the transition from the “realm of necessities” to
“the realm of freedom”:“ For a further, greater, growth of
material culture, the following will be guaranteed: Increment of the network of Libraries, reading rooms, clubs and
culture houses, cinemas (...) The Party retains necessary to
distribute homogeneously throughout the nation cultural
institutions to elevate gradually the cultural level of the
22
5. Program of the Communist Party of The
Soviet Union, 1960
6. Time budget studies were conducted in
Russia already between 1922 and 1923,
however, for political reasons, no further
research was conducted again until the
early 60s. Free time and Leisure Participations: International Perspectives, chapter
14, Moscow. I. A. Butenko, 2006
7. Moscou: Portrait de Ville, E. Essaian,
2007, pg. 43
village to that of the city.5” Libraries and cultural institutions played a major role in fulfilling this purpose, and
their history is a reflection of wider phenomena within
the Soviet Union.
2. From free-time to leisure
There are little information on time-use patterns before
the early sixties6, when reading was reported to be the
most common free time activity, averaging almost 6
hours per person each week in 1961 (Murray, 1967). In
the eighties, during perestroika, libraries enjoyed their
peak of success, mainly for the availability of international news. Books were at the time widely considered to
be a good investment and a privileged free-time activity - 19% of Russians read “ regularly”, 25% read 2-3
books per month, 21% read 2-3 books per year (Butenko, 1997). Political changes in the 1990s, when cultural
activities were no longer tied to ideological constraints,
brought government subsidies to be drastically reduced,
and many facilities were forced to close. At the same
time private enterprise was on the rise, and many of the
services became available only to the affluent few, a process accelerated by the 1998 financial crisis that has not
reverted since. The artificial homogeneity of the communist city then became evident; within a few years, a new
class of wealthy Muscovites re-occupied the most central
parts of the city, and a handful of agencies bought, parcel
by parcel, the city’s center7, while most of the cities welfare networks were privatized (Bater, 1994). The Libraries are an exception within this panorama; being a hardly
economically exploitable resource they have remained
public and represent the last social “machine” still active
in the city (Zaitsev, 2001).
3. Physical Heritage
As a heritage of the old regime, libraries still carry spatial
principles of the time, being part of a diversified infrastructure of “use” built of canteens, club rooms, music
halls, sport centres and other facilities, for a society
where possession was reduced to a minimum and
private space eroded, sometimes to the size of a small
bedroom.
23

13. In a lounge of a house-hold cooperative (Admiralteyskaya embankment), 1927-28
24
In a lounge of a students’ commune of the Water Transport Institute. The 1920s
25

14. 26
27

15. 28
29

16. 9. The Theology Of Tabula Rasa: Walter
Benjamin And Architecture in The Age
of Precarity, Pier Vittorio Aureli, Log 27,
2013
10. OMA / Rem Koolhaas, El Croquis,
Issues 53 + 79, 2006
“Use” was rapidly substituted by ownership and as
investment was diverted from communal facilities
free time activities became more private, fragmented
and wealth-related. The dispersion of leisure, its “liquid” condition is in this regard not dissimilar to that of
labor9, a dispersion which is not only in space, but in
time as well. The “well defined place in space and time”
(Baburov, 1968) for free-time marks today the change
that took place; leisure can now be everywhere, at any
time. Already in 1989 Rem Koohlaas, when describing
the project for the “Trés Grande Biblioteque” was stressing the irony of designing a temple for books and other
media in a moment when culture was becoming less and
less tied to material boundaries10, addressing the issue
of the role of public cultural spaces in the age of digital
information. Being designed as a machine engineered to
serve a known amount of people in a very controlled environment, Moscow’s libraries face today a double issue:
the problem of defining their role within a society very
different from that which originated them, and a global
change of the role of public libraries. As a stratified system that grew for over a century libraries occupy today
places so diverse that each requires to be recognized as
a specific element, the most evident feature that unites
them being precisely their appearing “out of context” and
“frozen”; elements of a former continuity in a fragmented
city.
4. Current Issues
Moscow’s library network compares very poorly with
most library systems in the world. A comparison between the networks is possible with systems that share
a similar condition - geographical or historical. Considering the Swedish , or Norwegian network, similar for
historical reasons, shows the potential of a dispersed library network, while considering a quantitatively similar
network - like the library system of Los Angeles - shows
how a different management of the network could bring
large improvements without substantial changes to the
funding.
Currently, the city budget for the library network is of
87.5 million Euro per year, 65% of which is spent on
30
personnel and only 2.2% is spent on the collections. The
average of funding for collections in Europe is 15%,;
considering that 10 to 15% of the collection should be
replaced each year and that new acquisitions are vital for
the success of a library, the situation of Moscow’s libraries media collections, although official data are unavailable, is very likely to be bad.
11. SVESMI research on Public Libraries,
2012
Paradoxically, the expenses per library in Moscow are
in average with those of most European cities, but the
results achieved are very poor; Amsterdam, for example
invests on each user 4,5€, in Moscow, proportionally,
each visitor costs to the city 43€. A research conducted
in 201311 on a sample of 133 libraries reveals that at
least one title among the top thirty best sellers of 2011
and 2013 was available in only half of the libraries and
70% of the libraries shares three distributors for the
books paying the books at the shelf price. Problems
extend to the accessibility of the network; not only it is
not possible to borrow books and register at the library
without a residence permit, but using the reading rooms
is also forbidden for non residents in the city. Building a
digital catalogue of the libraries media has been on the
agenda for years, but since four different coding systems
are in use, this operation involves the complete remaking
of each library’s catalogue.
The “local” dimension of the libraries, their small size,
their even distribution in the city and their resistance
to change - largely due to insufficient funding - constitutes a unique feature of Moscow’s library network,
and a chance to address issues raised by two decades
of development that have revolved almost entirely on
housing and office space. Hosted in the ground floor of
almost every architectural type the city has to offer, from
beaux art complexes to early prefabricated structures,
Stalinist kvartaly, 1950s kruschevky, and 1970’s towers, the 448 public “rooms” of the libraries are niches
of heated public space waiting to be recognized, the
strength of which lies beyond the circumstantial facts
that make each library different, but in the repetition
and equal distribution of functions throughout the city’s
boundaries. This continuity, however, has evolved over
the years in the sterile repetition of interiors, of activities
31

17. 7. Specialization in Moscow’s libraries
began in the late 1980s, in the meantime
the most advanced library systems in the
world were abandoning them in favour
of a “generalist” approach to the library
program
dictated with an agenda far from that of the population
and with an anachronistic specialization that was out
of date long before its application7. The lack of interest
in the libraries since the fall of the Soviet Union, both of
the municipality and of the market, where it has preserved for future use their physical space, has marked a
distance between the citizens and one of the traditional
public spaces of the metropolis. The suspension of the
library system between its abstract monumentality and
its decaying elements is a challenge that involves a vision
for the services offered to the citizens and a perspective
on the city’s public dimension.
32

18. the 448 rooms of Moscow’s library
The municipal libraries of the city are hosted in a variety of types, spread throughout
the boundaries of the municipality. The construction of the network lasted over one
century and grew - or shrank - according to political agendas, economical contingencies or exceptional events. This process crystallized a variety of moments of the city’s
history; the interior architecture of the libraries and of their buildings is a manifestation of these events.
Being a “top-down” institution, there have been few filters between the role of the
libraries in the city and the political agenda behind it; this “stratification”, therefore, is
not simply one of architectural styles or management, but one of contradictory roles
that were assigned to the institution. Most historical narratives on the city develop
around a pivotal year which determines a “before” and an “after” in the city in the XX
century. This definition, although easily readable in the libraries management, does
not apply when it comes to the physical presence of the library in the city; they have
not disappeared nor been radically reformed, but rather faded, once their social role
was no longer felt as a necessity in Russian society. This continuity of the system, not
only historical, but geographical, is today the greatest strength of the network and
makes it one of the few public elements of continuity besides the infrastructural networks.
The classifications proposed and the architectural types shown describe the variety of
structures hosting the libraries as they are visible today.
34
35

19. 36
37

20. 38
39

21. 40
41

22. 42
43

23. 44
45

24. 46
47

25. 48
49

26. 50
51

27. Round House n°1
The library is hosted in one of the two “round
houses” existing in the city. Built in 1979 as part
of a grand design envisioned for the 1980 Moscow
Olympics, the round houses were to be part of a
gigantic five ring logo of the olympics, to be seen
from the airplanes landing in Moscow. The library
is located on the ground floor of the building, on the
south east side of the ring. Due to the terrain slope,
the interior facade of the library is half submerged
and only low windows appear in the courtyard. The
ground floor of the building used to host services
and public facilities for the inhabitants of the 936
flats of the building. Most of those places have now
become shops, workshops or small offices while
the library, although underused, maintains its collection accessible to the public. The libraries here
- n°139 and children library n°29 - hold a collection of 116.000 items. Renovated in 2009, it hosts
a variety of events, from fairy tales nights to music
contexts open to users and neighbours.
53

28. The round house soon after construction in 1972
54
55

29. K7
K7s were the first generation of industrial housing,
designed by the engineer Vitaliy Lagutenko. The
first protoype was built in 1958 by DSK, a special
purpose company built for the production of K7s.
By the early 1960s a kruschevka could be built in
10-12 days, and inhabited within a month. Assembled like lego bricks - although some exceptions
were made, and some were built in bricks - those
buildings owed their success to their cheapness;
interior partitions were 4cm thick, partitions between apartments were 8cm, elevators were discarded, and their low height is due to medical
considerations, 5 stories being considered the
maximum height allowable to walk. By the end of
the 1960s K7s hosted 54% of the Russian population, and still house today 10% of the population of
Moscow. Most K7s are now being demolished due
to their fast deterioration, replaced by higher buildings. The living condition in the Khrushovka were
terrible, and the project has been openly criticized,
even by Lagutenko himself, although the comfortable neighbourhood dimension is often missed by
the inhabitants of newer houses complexes. The
process of demolition of the K7s involves the libraries directly since over 60 in the city are still hosted
on the ground floor of K7s.
K7
K7s were the �irst gene
ing, designed by the en
The �irst protoype was
special purpose compa
tion of K7s. By the ea
could be built in 10within a month. Asse
although some exceptio
were built in bricks - th
success to their cheap
were 4cm thick, partiti
were 8cm, elevators w
low height is due to m
stories being consider
allowable to walk. By t
hosted 54% of the rus
house today 10% of th
Most K7s are now bein
fast deterioration, repl
The living condition i
terrible, and the pr
criticized, even by Lag
the comfortable neig
often missed by the inh
complexes. The proces
involves the libraries
the city are still hoste
K7s.
57

30. P-44
A series P-44 (П-44) is the longest lasting housing
product of Soviet Union and one of the most multiplied ones. Developed by DSK-1 in Moscow, buildings of the type had been built from 1979 up until
the year 2000 and became an omni-present symbol
of capital districts built in the 1980s and 90s. North
and South Butovo, Kon’kovo, Krylatskoye, Mitino,
Yasenevo and Zhulebino have been built almost
solely with structures of that one type. P-44 was
replaced by P-44T, P-44-K and P-44TM and those
incarnations of the type remain the most popular
building models in Moscow. The structure of the
P44s allowed for a variety of services to be placed
along its perimeter, the “variable profile” of the
building was to assure a moderate densification of
the services within the micro-rayon.
P-44
A series P-44 (П-44) is
ing product of Soviet U
multiplied ones. De
Moscow, buildings of
from 1979 up until th
an omni-present symb
in the 1980s and 90s.
Kon'kovo, Krylatskoye
Zhulebino have been
structures of that one
by P-44T, P-44-K and Ptions of the type remai
ing models in Moscow.
allowed for a variety
along its perimeter, th
building was to assure
of the services within t
59

31. 60
61

32. Kvartal
Kvartals are the clearest manifestation on an architectural scale of the city envisioned and built with
the “Stalinist” plan of 1935. Those blocks, usually
styled in a classicist fashion, were to give the new
image of the comunist metropolis; large roads up to
thirty meters wide surrounded by a coherent motive of the façades. Kvartals replaced the old blocks
of the city, three to four times smaller, and provided
an image of order. Due to the housing emergency,
however, those blocks often concealed portions of
the older city within; being too expensive to be entirely replaced, portions of the old city fabric still
exist behind those curtains, like corings from another epoch.
Kvartals are the clearest manifestation on an
architectural scale of the city envisioned and
built with the “stalinist” plan of 1935. Those
blocks, usually styled in a classicist fashion,
were to give the new image of the comunist
metropolis; large roads up to thirty meters wide
surrounded by a coherent motive of the facades.
Kvartals replaced the old blocks of the city, three
to four times smaller, and provided an image of
order. Due to the housing emergency, however,
those blocks often conceiled portions of the
older city within; being too expensive to be
entirely replaced, portions of the old city fabric
still exhist behind those curtains, like corings
from another epoch.
63

33. 64
65

34. lation as well as that of the boundaries of the city. Their
role as propaganda machines is, at this point, very clear:
library purges had taken place at least four times, and
over 60% of the collections were not accessible to the
public.
Quantitative History of the Libraries 1890-2013
The construction of the library in Moscow took place
almost entirely in the XX century. Pre-revolutionary Moscow could count on collections accessible to the public,
however the low degree of alphabetization and the central location of those libraries made them approachable
only to a wealthy minority. Since 1918, the number of
libraries in the city grows while their role is redefined
and bounded to other cultural networks - schools, clubs,
universities.
tsar Nicholas II
V. Lenin
A. Rykov
J. Stalin
G. Malenkov
N. Kruschev
Andropov and
Kernenko Gorbachev
L. Brezhnev
• 1999 The State
Duma confirmed
the appointment
of Vladimir Putin
as Prime Minister
of Russia.
• 2012 Russian
presidential
election, Vladimir
Putin wins,
earning 63.6
percent of the
vote.
• 1992 A
Federation Treaty
is signed by 15
Russian republics
The Supreme
Soviet confirmed
the dissolution of
the Soviet Union
• 1972 Brezhnev
and U.S.
President Nixon
sign an arms
control agreement
• 1968 Armed
action taken by
Soviet Union and
allies to keep
Czechoslovakia
firmly in Soviet
bloc and to
reverse
liberalization
measures.
• 1956
Khrushchev
denounces Stalin
in “secret
speech” to 20th
Party Congress.
• 1953 Death of
Stalin. Leadership
taken over by
Malenkov, Molotov
and Khrushchev.
• 1946 - 1950
Kremlin walls and
battlements
restored
• 1941 June:
Germany invades
Soviet Union.
• 1935 First
stage of Moscow
metro opened.
• 1927 End of
NEP and approval
of first
quinquennial plan
• 1923
Communists
demolish
Cathedral of
Saint Basil the
Blessed
• 1917 March 16
Abdication of
Nicholas II and
formation of the
Provisional
Government
• Capital is
moved from St.
Petersburg to
Moscow
• 1901 Socialist
Revolutionary
Party founded
• 1906 Duma Russia’s first
elected
parliament is
founded
8
•1921 March
Lenin announces
the New
Economic Policy .
Following Krupskaia’s reform of 1922 the growth in
number of the libraries follows steadily that of the popu-
9
7
If the years of war see most libraries converted to hospitals, the post war period, under the leadership of Nikita
Kruschev, becomes the moment of maximum expansion
of the network. The library system will enjoy in those
years, between 1960 and 1970, its golden age; many
libraries are opened in the ground floors of prefabricated
housing blocks and their role becomes that to serve a
second generation of comunist citizens. For those born
• 1982 Brezhnev
dies and is
replaced by
Andropov
10
• 1980 Olympic
Games held in
Moscow
11
Y. Luzhkov
S. Sobyanin
6
250
5
200
4
150
3
100
2mil
50 libs
1890
1918
1924
66
1935
1950
1960
1972
1980
67
1990
2000
2013

35. 11
square meters/inhabitant
number of libraries
inhabitants
1980
11,0
1960: As the city
grows in low density
prefabricated housing, the
ground floor of Moscow
becomes more and more
public: every microrayon hosts
a library, the number of cbs
and branches rises to 400
within 1960.
1920
9,5
9
1953: a Minister
for the Libraries is
pointed, under direct
supervision of the
Ministry of Culture. The
number of Libraries
grows rapidly to
300.
8
1912
7,4
1935: over 220
libraries operate in
Moscow, all under
strict control of the
Ministry of Culture.
1922
7,4
square meter
per capita
3
100
2mil
50 libs
1961
6,4
1925
5,9
1926
5,8 1930
5,5
1931
5,2
1939
1934 4.137.000
4,2
1940
4,1
principle of
centralization proves to be
unrealistic during the years
of the NEP. The central system
continues to operate 88
libraries, but many more
are open in the city.
1910: the public
Libraries in Moscow
could count on ca 985.000
books in 65 libraries, 12 of
which managed by the city,
counting on 31 librarians , with
a budget of 7000 rubles for
the large libraries and 500
for the small ones
1941-1945: The
number of operating
libraries is drastically
reduced during the “
Great Patriotic War”,
many being bombed
or converted to
hospitals.
1959
5.032.000
1950
4,2
1924: Public
libraries are
reduced to 80
1901: although
plans were to have
one library every 1000
literate
people (estimated around
200.000 in Moscow), only
41 libraries were active
in the city.
1926
2.019.500
1897
1.038.625
1890
1918
1924
68
1935
1950
2010: 426 Public
Libraries operate in
Moscow, 168 of which are
children Libraries, under 36
centralized library systems.
4500 librarians are employed in
the city, serving 2.5 million
users, lending around 50
million books per
year.
1989
8.967.332
1970
6.941.961
1917: On the eve of
the revolution, 180
libraries operate in the city,
76 of which are free public
libraries and an additional 40
private institutions which
provided library service. The
centralization of the system
begins under the
guidance of A.
Piskunov.
1919: The
4
150
1971
9,3
2002
10.382.754
1979
7.850.509
1924
6,2
6
250
1975: The city
operates 437 free
public libraries,
united in 33 CBG
(Central Library
Systems)
1966
8,2
1923
6,8
5
200
1991: As the
Soviet Union falls, the
three principles that
restrained the 453 libraries
existing at the time
(partiinost, spetskhran
and censorship) fall
with it.
1976
10,3
10
7
2013
11.794.000
1985
11,4
1960
1972
under the regime, the priority is no longer mere alphabetization, but the formation of convinced marxist-leninst citizens. The libraries nature adapts to that of their
new environment, stretching from the wide halls of the
Stalinist blocks to the more modest rooms of the standardized houses. As the government compensates the
chronicle lack of private space with a more developed
welfare system, the libraries become extensions of the
houses, covering the need for activities that the tiny K7
apartments could not allow.
During Perestroika, although the libraries collections
had been purged numberless times, the libraries granted
access to some international publications and enjoyed a
period of active participation to the city’s life.
Since 1991, although the number of libraries has not
being reduced, its growth ceased to follow that of the
population, while no strategy to reform the system has
been proposed since recently. The changes in the libraries over the last years appear to be related to the ability
or interest of the librarians while no clear plan is readable though the various reforms that have involved them
in the past twenty years; as the libraries become more
and more the “houses” of the librarians, the population
diverts its attention from them.
1980
69
1990
2000
2013

36. THE ZERO DEGREE OF THE LIBRARY
The role of the libraries as “places” has been in the past ten years a topic of studies
mainly in Scandinavian countries, where advanced welfare systems are facing questions common to all cultural institutions in times of digitalization. The Swedish and
Norwegian library systems share the spatial principles of the Muscovite network: a
large amount of medium to small libraries, evenly spread in the major cities12.
Sweden and Norway enjoy today two of the world’s most advanced library systems,
with over 60% of the population using the libraries regularly. Scandinavian and soviet network shared from the 1930s a similar history; where social-democratic positions in Sweden paved the way for a strong welfare state, Russian communism was
building a lifestyle that did not revolve around private properties - and relationsbut on collective rituals and places. Reforms allowed libraries in Sweden to develop
an identity as an institution less bound to ideological constraints, while Moscow’s
libraries once missing all the range of services that completed them - sport centres,
clubs, study circles, canteens et cetera - struggle to define their role.
Revealing the “grade 0” of Moscow’s libraries is an operation of clearance of the
historical stratification and of the ideological positions that the libraries have been
carrying, reading them as a diversity of spaces with a flexible program, united by
their neutrality and ability to interact with over services and places within their
reach. The operation allows to develop a unity of the system and show what it can
accomplish as a whole. Neutrality, therefore, is not intended here as the absence of a
program or role, but as a condition where all the possible developments are implicit
within their physical space, a first step in order to bind the libraries to their physical
context.
12. In 2012 Sweden ran 289 Library networks and over 2000 libraries in the country with an overall collection of 44 milion books. 60% of the population
uses the library regularly, a number growing to 95% for children aged 5 to 13. (Thomas, 2004)
70
71

37. 1. Scandinavian Experiences
13. Global Librarianship. Public Libraries
in Developed countries: a success story
from Scandinavia, by Barbro Thomas,
2004
15. PLACE - Public Libraries Arenas for
Citizenship studies the libraries role in
promoting community and building social
capital.
The origin of the library network lay, in Sweden, in the
parish libraries,t born as an enforcement of the church
law of 1686, according to which the clergy was responsible to teach reading “so that the children may with
their own eyes see God’s holy laws and commands”. By
the end of the XIX century parish libraries, incapable or
unwilling to cope with the challenges of a new time, were
being gradually substituted. The new actors in the development of the library network became then popular
movements -labour and peasentry organizations- often
animated by a left-wing agenda, which introduced new
contents in their “study circle libraries”. These groups
established and for a long time ran a nationwide network
that played an important role in the democratic process.
The study circle library movement promoted contents
beyond the religious restrains of their parish predecessors; by the 1930s 3000 libraries proposed to their
public philosophy, literature, politics, fiction and poetry,
ranging from Marx to Jack London. In the 1950s these
libraries were gradually absorbed by local authorities,
paving the way for the present public library landscape13.
Between the 1950s and the 1970s the growth of the
libraries was huge; the overall media collection passed
from 1.5 milion to 24 millions and circulation almost
doubled. In the meantime, the architecture of the libraries was undergoing structural changings; the number of
libraries was reduced from the over 3000 study circle
libraries to around 1000, until a new left reformist wave
in the 1970s, lead by young librarians, inverted, once
again, the trend; libraries were to be the medium of a
culture for all, and education was regarded as the mean
for the lower classes to raise their social condition. The
number of libraries in Sweden is today above 2500 for a
population of less the 10 milion. The country is considered to have one of the most advanced library systems,
which, although touched by cuts in the early nineties, still
functions as a fundamental social tool for its citizens.
In Norway the role of libraries as public spaces is currently being developed through a series of projects
related to the PLACE15 program. The program studies
the role of libraries in building community values by
providing free public space, services, and a sense of
72
16. How do public libraries function as
meeting places? Svanhild Aabo, Ragnar
Audunson, Andreas Varheim, 2009
17. Use of Library space and the Library
as space, Svanhild Aabo, Ragnar Audunson, 2012
ownership from the community. Statistics show that
the libraries in Norway are used as public spaces to a
great extent and that around 60% of the users do not
visit the library to borrow books, films or other library
material during their visits, but use it as a meeting space
(ABM-utvikling, 2008). Ragnar Adunson, founder of the
place project, identifies six categories of meetings that
are held in Libraries: libraries as community squares,
where acquaintances happen randomly; libraries as places
where people are exposed to diversity; libraries as a public
sphere; libraries as places for joint activities with friends
and families; libraries as meta meeting places and libraries as virtual meeting places16. The public role of the
libraries became evident during the research as patterns
of behaviour were revealed; users would frequently bend
the rules, personalizing their space, consuming food and
frequently interacting within the premises of the libraries (McKechnie et al. 2012). The design of the libraries
physical spaces played a major role in these behaviours.
A similar study conducted in a British University (Bryant
et al., 2009) revealed that the free plan area was the most
widely used in the premise, and that diverse activities
co-existed within it.
2. Libraries as places, books as objects
19. It has been announced that funds for
public libraries will be raised by 50%
from 2014, and that digital cataloguing
of all the collections will be completed
within 2015.
http://www.mn.ru/moscow_people/20130830/355164966.html
History of librarianship shows how the focus of libraries
has been in the past mainly oriented towards the number
of media in the collections. Most of the libraries in the
world still publicize their institution with a quantitative
statement of kind; the more books, the more comprehensive the coverage. Development in information technology is influencing this standard heavily; the British
Library, in its 2020 statement reckons that within 7 years
75% of new books will be published in digital versions,
Amazon sold in the last years more kindles then Harry
Potter books.
The Scandinavian stories illustrate how book collections
and their renewal19 have been an important tool, although not the only one, in granting the libraries success.
Equal attention has been placed in studying the libraries as ecologies, their user’s habits and the patterns of
behaviour. Although most libraries in Moscow still offer
incomplete collections - authors such as Tolstoy, Kant or
73

38. 20. Lenin’s wife, Krupskia, when asked
for reasons why Kant should be censored,
replied: ”The Masses do not read Kant”.
Robert Rogers, Censorship and Libraries
in the soviet Union A Journal of Library
History, Philosophy, and Comparative
Librarianship Vol. 8, n°1, 1973
19. Each library in Sweden receives
special funds for the government besides
ordinary grants to renew their collection.
On average each library receives 700 free
books a year to add to their collection.
(Thomas, 2009)
James still miss from some library shelves, a reminder
of censorship laws from over 70 years ago20 - Moscow’s
network is currently undergoing changes reforming their
databases, digitalizing their contents and upgrading their
collections, which have been degrading since the early
1990s19. These reforms are inevitable and open chances to work on the public functions of those spaces and
on the historical significance of their current archives.
David Pearson, director of Culture, Heritage and Libraries for the City of London foresees a future where public
libraries will share more traits in common with museums - libraries as museums of marginalia - the value of
books shifting from their pure content to their totality
as objects, where collections will not be valued solely by
their numbers but by the history of their items. Pearson
reminds how, although most librarians shudder at the
thought of libraries transformed into museums, many
museums have renewed their civic role by proposing
different ways of exploring their archives and using their
spaces. At the same time, with more and more content
being available online, the choice of users tends to be
more oriented towards the closest library rather then to
a content specific one. This choice is influencing the development of libraries in Scandinavian countries (Thomas, 2012), where specialized public libraries have now
disappeared after reforms undertaken in the 1980s, and
efforts go in the direction of unifying research libraries
with general public ones- as in the case of the towns of
Harnosand and Visby, where under the same roof municipal and University libraries coexist (Thomas 2004).
the temporary institution of “private” domains, together
with the small size of Moscow’s libraries makes them the
ideal continuation of the private space of the homes and
a service to larger and less specialized public areas.
74
75
3. The Neutral Library
Lofland (1998), studying cities and urban life, classifies
spaces in three categories; a public realm, where interaction is between strangers; a parochial realm, where the
main form of relation is communal, and private realm,
where interactions happen between people who know
each other. When observing the use of public libraries,
those three categories seem to exist within the same
building; private activities are carried out within micro
private spaces defined by the users, often personalized,
yet the institution is accessible to all, and interactions
happen as soon as people divert their attention from
their private activity. The appropriation of space and

39. Libraries n°139-29
Libraries n°139-29
356 square meters available,
165 accessible to the public
356 square meters available,
315 accessible to the public
The library is hosted in one of the two “round houses” existing in the city. Built
in 1979 as part of a grand design envisioned for the 1980 Moscow Olympics, the
round houses were to be part of a gigantic five ring logo of the Olympics, to be
seen from the airplanes landing in Moscow. The library is located on the ground
floor of the building, on the south east side of the ring. Due to the terrain slope,
the interior facade of the library is half submerged and only low windows appear
in the courtyard. The ground floor of the building used to host services and public
facilities for the inhabitants of the 936 flats of the building. Most of those places
have now become shops, workshops or small offices while the library, although
underused, maintains its collection accessible to the public. The libraries here n°139 and children library n°29 - hold a collection of 116.000 items. Renovated
in 2009, it hosts a variety of events, from fairy tales nights to music contexts open
to users and neighbours.
The Round House Library is located in a micro-rayon that has maintained its original characteristics almost unchanged since its construction. The round houses
offer to their inhabitants a closed garden, easily controlled by the tenants, where
children can play freely without supervision as the local community assures constant control over the courtyard. The round garden contained within hosts playgrounds, car parks and greenery accessible directly by the inhabitants but open
to the rest of the micro-rayon community by four large gates distributed along
the perimeter. The domain of the library can stretch easily to the garden, engaging the surrounding spaces with open air activities; the library can be seen as a
large open courtyard and a covered niche, where the inner ecology of the Round
House enriches the public space of the local community.
oid: 494-499

40. Library n°35
257 square meters available,
142 accessible to the public
oid: 488
Library n°36 - Tolstoy Library - in the Domodilovo district was opened in 1931
and named after J. Stalin. It was one of the few libraries active during the war,
and became one of the largest in Moscow in the early 1960, when, after being
renamed Tolstoy library, was holding a collection of over 150.000 books. Hosted
in a Stalinist kvartal, the library offers to the public generous rooms, with ceilings up to five meters in height. The large courtyards of the block, accessible yet
hidden from the street, hold within fragments of the pre-soviet city, in this case
dense XIX century fabric. Today, the library holds a collection of 53.000 items
available for its 8000 users.
Library n°35
257 square meters available,
225 accessible to the public

41. Library n°175
323 square meters available,
156 accessible to the public
oid:464
Library n°175 is located in the Cheryomuski district of Moscow. The library was
opened in 1958, soon after the construction of its building. Hosted in one of the
first generation K7s, this space shares with all other first generation Krushevky
buildings an uncertain future; scheduled to be demolished by 2012, thousands
still survive in the city. The replacement of prefabricated structures from the
1950s and 1960s is among the most controversial issues the city is facing today,
where the need for replacement of those structures is evident, the new generation of buildings raises many concerns, their height been often tripled while the
services provided to the neighbourhood is progressively eroded. The library provides 65.000 items between books and magazines to its users.
Library n°175
323 square meters available,
240 accessible to the public

42. 802 square meters available,
346 accessible to the public
Library n°151
oid : 280
Library n°151 was instituted in 1980 and moved to the current building in 1984.
It holds a collection of 43.000 books and has subscriptions to around 50 periodicals. Located in the remote Kapotnya rayon in the south east of Moscow, the
library is built as a single story prefabricated building, an extension to the profile
of a P44 tower from the late 1970s. The variable profiles of the buildings allowed
for a great versatility of the ground floor spaces, and used to host a variety of
public services.
Library n°151
802 meters available,
695 accessible to the public

43. Library n°95
502 square meters available,
290 accessible to the public
oid: 426
The library was built between 1955 and 1959, it is one of the last buildings designed by the soviet architect Ivan Zholtovsky. Zholtovsky’s work spans from the
early days of the soviet Moscow when he was, together with Schushev, assigned
by Lenin the task to prepare the urban plan for Moscow - a plan to be dismissed
by Stalin in 1932 - till his experiences with prefabricated structures in the 1960s.
This classicist structure maintains in the library most of the original furniture,
although the interiors have undergone many transformations over the years. Due
to the very small number of visitors - not more then two or three people a day the library is facing eviction.
Library n°95
502 square meters available,
420 accessible to the public

44. Library n°128
1205 square meters available,
550 accessible to the public
oid: 85
The original collection of Library n° 128 was instituted in 1953 and moved to the
current structure in 1973. Located in the north-east of the city, it is part of an almost unaltered micro-rayon built following the 1972 plan, offering freely accessible recreation grounds, courts and playgrounds in the inside. Located on the edge
of the micro-rayon the library is an elegant single story structure, where the flexible structural plan has allowed for a series of subdivisions over the years. The library has access and view to the large green “mat” of the micro-rayon, where the
low maintenance has allowed greenery to develop freely among niches of sport
facilities and open air services. No data are available regarding the collection or
the number of users.
Library n°128
1205 square meters available,
1000 accessible to the public

45. Library n°22
136 square meters available,
81 accessible to the public
oid 424
Library Ivan Zabelina hosts a collection of around 40.000 books acquired both
through the cbs and through independent agreement with publishers. It is located in the south western Obrushevky area of the city.
Library n°22
136 square meters available,
109 accessible to the public

46. Library n°48
278 square meters available,
146 accessible to the public
oid: 004
Named after H. C. Andersen for the 200th anniversary of the authors death, Library number 48 was established in the early thirties, probably in 1932. The library specializes in children literature with a collection of 30.000 books.
Library n°48
278 square meters available,
226 accessible to the public

47. A NEW Library geography
The libraries seen as a single entity build a continuity that enables to read specific
aspects of the growth of the city - the shift from the dense wooden city of the early
XX century to the monumental interventions of the Stalinist era, the development of
prefabricated structures in the late 1950s or the most recent Euro-remont fashion while disregarding another - the specific value of each piece in its context and its role
in the public realm. This role is one to be re-found, since the libraries have developed
into a closed and self referential system, that not only doesn’t interact with its context, but struggles to work coherently.
The street life described by Benjamin, Bulgakov or Rodchenko in the 1930s embodies this idea of a local community sharing routines and places in the open. This
reality changed when streets and squares became “decorations” to the strictly functional purpose of the streets envisioned in the 1935 plan. The public spaces were
then identified with the large forest-parks, surrounded by public services for culture
and leisure- Gorky park with its air balloon, the library and other amenities. The
development of the post-war period brought life to the court yards of kvartals and to
the wide green surfaces of the microrayons, as the functional elements of the houses
were spread not in the apartments, but in the block as a whole.
The issue of contemporary public spaces is pressing since the changes in the management of the districts and the arrival of new Muscovites in areas that had over
time developed as micro-villages is changing the geography of those areas.
92
93

48. 1. “Gardens, parks of leisure and culture, water basins
and fountains”
1. The text is held at the manuscript
section of the Museum of the History of
Moscow n the Barsov fund
2. In “Mosca, 1900-1950: Nascita di una
capitale”, De Magistris, 1994, extract from
a speach by J. Stalin in 1935
XVI century Moscow covered barely two thirds of the
surface available, the remaining land was a rural landscape, intervaled by few unpaved roads. The “List of
gardens and palaces in Moscow and in the villages of
Moscow’s districts” of 17051 lists the various gardens
and parks that enchanted the villagers of the region.
From the Kremlin gardens to the Vasil’evskij in the white
city, Dutch baroque style inspired the most celebrate
designs of the time. The XVIII century left Moscow with
new parks and gardens, the bul’var ring and a variety
of aristocratic gardens, creating a collection of closed
microcosms in the city. The following centuries saw
this landscape develop into an extremely rich system of
parks, forests and gardens within the city’s boundaries.
(to the right, a plan of Moscow in 1700 from the David
Rumsay map collection)
“In Future Moscow, in the city of happy people, once imaginable only in utopic stories, vast areas will be occupied
by gardens, parks of leisure and culture, water basins
and fountains”. Today 2.345 hectares of large parks, 748
of neighbourhood parks, 126 of gardens and 1.080 of
bul’var form the “green sea” that covers 4,3% of the
municipality’s surface (Frattini, 2007). The 1935 plan
introduced in the city vast green areas, enhancing its
radial structure in an attempt to control the development
of industrial areas. Those large green areas often coupled
“parks of leisure and culture” with vast unmaintained
forests, stretching into the city from the forest surrounding it. The double nature - urban and wild - of these
parks is of great importance for the ecology of Moscow.
The densification of the city in the past years has left
many neighbourhoods facing the paradox of large green
areas that are virtually inaccessible due to their lack of
services; understanding the role of those ecologies as
public spaces means giving value, thus protecting, one
of the most visible heritages of the soviet era. The proximity of the libraries with forests, large parks and water
courses is one to be explored; while those areas are vital
as low maintenance reserves, the libraries can adapt in
order to become their portals.
94
95

49. 2. Moscow’s metro
The connection of the libraries with the metro lines is
one that works on a temporal basis. The social geography
of the city with its artificially maintained diversity was
dismantled very rapidly in the early 1990s; this meant
a change not only in the social panorama, but in the use
that the public transport was to bear. The hours spent in
the metro lines have almost doubled only in the past five
years, as workers cover more and more miles on a daily
basis. Libraries can offer a service for this time, if the
different branches of the network were to be understood
on the basis of transport; a cbs based on abstract municipality boundaries can hardly embrace a community that
is built not only on residents, but changes throughout
the day. The liveliness of the libraries, depends largely on
their ability to serve this wider public. The recognizability of the libraries as systems such as this, in terms both
of architecture and service is necessary if the libraries
are to be truly open.
3. Blocks and super blocks
Microrayons and kvartals were built as a system where
each part was necessary for the functioning of the whole;
canteens and laundries, club rooms and sport facilities,
libraries and museums, cinemas and theatres were
highly specialized public rooms built for a purpose and
functioning as one entity. As those connections fade, new
can be found. The maps proposed are a draft for a series
of local systems that can bring together the existing
facilities.
4. New Geographies
Large scale networks, such as the metro lines, local
services- police stations, hospitals, schools - and vast
natural ecologies were discovered through the mapping of the libraries surroundings. Forty-eight 500m by
500m corings were used as a sample unit to measure the
potential connections between those three ecologies,
revealing a hidden web of opportunities.
96

50. 98
99

51. 100
101

52. cinem
sp
school
075
ol
8’
co
lle
ge
8’
nsko
opre
snen
skay
aaa
Za
m
os
kv
or
ets
ka
ya
theatre
ege
coll
156/234
school
met
ro 1
3’
Mo
sco
wr
ive
r
zevs
irya
-Tim
102
103
museum
y
lle
ni
ns
zhsk
o-R
izh
ska
ya
Ka
lu
ka
ya
ko
-R
izh
s
zh
s
Ka
lu
ya
8’
ya
6-4Л
13-3
co
lle
ge
vska
school
eska
lnich
8’
yaze
ukho
vsko
-Tim
ir
school 10’
280
Youza riv
er
Soko
Library n°59 and n°101
museum
Cherkizovskiy pond
058
Le
sev
aya
Ko
lt
9-A
3-3
-Kra
sn
ol
ya
6-4Л
13-3
Library H.C. Andersen
004
Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya
ho
Taga
metro
museum
061/062
metro
ho
eska
lnich
Soko
Library Jurgenson
ool
8’
sc
college
ko
-T
cinema
sc
Youza riv
er
Serp
zhsk
o-Ri
zhsk
aya
Library A. N. Tolstoy
school 8’
6-2
zhsk
o-R
izh
ska
ya
Ka
lu
274
r
va
ul'
b
oy
stn
a
Str
ma 3’
kaya
8’
ki
ya
ive
8k
ter
cen
ort
Kalu
sev
aya
Ko
lt
9-A
3-3
school
080
ukho
vsko
metro
Serp
zhsk
o-Ri
zhsk
aya
theatre 7’
museum
5’
cine
er
riv
Library n°34
488
w
sco
school
Kalu
school
Mo
497
Library n°219
039
cinema 10’
theatre
Mo
school 8’
6-2
8-2
8k
S2
353
Library n°151
ma 3’
cine
8’
Cherkizovskiy pond
156/234
school
Library n°80 and n°149
Library A. Chekhov
cinema
274
oskv
oret
ska
Library A. N. Tolstoy
ya
075
er
riv
school
school
school
5’
090
Zam
058
cinema
488
museum
college
school
423/424
Library n°11 and n°22
cinema
’
w
sco
school
’
r8
te
cen
ort
sp
Samad Vurgun pond
096
10
a1
em
cin
5’
403/418
school
ev
N
oy
lsh
Bo
school
ro
r
ve
ri
e
rv
se
re
080
metro
school
nd
museum
po
iy
ich
od
ov
theatre 7’
039
er
riv
et
n
tu
Se
403/418
Library n°219
school
Library n°8
026
cinema 10’
497
school
Mo
m
a
Koltsevay
6
3-4
-4
32
w
sco
’
school
14
r
ive
Moscow river
school
ya
vska
File
school
school
015
school
school
390
school
metro
Library n°161
489
w
co
9
school
-3
metro
Library n°34 and n°68
5
a1
em ’
cin y 10
it
ers
univ
er
riv
os
M
Library n°34
Library n°41
Library n°8
metro
school
wr
sco
metro
kaya
-Pokrovs
Arbatsko
007/025
ve
ri
school
397
er
riv
261
ve
er
es
rr
n
390
a
Koltsevay
Library n°27
tu
Se
Library n°171
Library n°41
college
w
sco
Ly
metro
school
Library A. T. Twardowski
er
riv
a
ay
nsk
metro
metro
Library n°36
school
school
school
vs
school
school
school
Library n°127
217
353
w
sco
Mo
�ield
theatre 8’
362
college
cinema
li
ub
444
Izmaylovo Park
Library n°12
Izmaylovo Park
aya
insk
Library n°87, n°122 and n°124
Library n°30
school
school
158
school
kaya
File
489
Mo
471
007/025
metro
vs
okro
Academician Korolyov Street
o-P
tsk
Library n°161
Library n°47
252
Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya
Serebryano-Vinogradnyy pond
Arbatsko
Kalin
metro
metro
kaya
-Pokrovs
8-2
6
244/253
Dmitrovskiy park
159
S2
cinema
0’
museum
4
a
Arb
school
Library n°97
Mo
y1
Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya
ya
Mo
sco
wr
ive
r
en
gard
drov
skiy
Soko
lnich
eska
Aleks
an
ya
aya
Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevsk
32-4
sit
Library A. T. Twardowski
11-3
museum
ive
r
museum
261
kaya
sport center
-A
college
Library n°101
Library n°36
Moscow river
school
museum
metro
school
sport center
�ield
school
012/013
museum
479
035
Koltse
vaya
3-9
202
bli
u
Ly
Library n°98
un
r
va
a
ay
nsk
Library n°64
078
cinema
metro
Library n°121
metro
metro
ul'
�ield
theatre
0’
y1
sit
r
ive
un
er
riv
464
Library n°128
cinema
Library n°30
school
school
Library n°81 and n°112
Udaltsouskiye pond
Library n°14
Library n°175
093
Library n°28
d
w
sco
metro
494/499
Berezovaya Roshcha park
school
051
school
Mo
metro
metro
447
kiy
ep
’
school
085
metro
es
ka
ya
metro
re
et
10
metro
Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya
ich
st
ver
w ri
sco
a
Filevskay
us
031
ko
ln
Mo
2’
ool
school
museum
metro
on
Library n°77, n°160 and n°184
school
Russian State Library
cinema
So
129/134/141/142
sch
Library n°23 and n°33
so
a 3’
cinem
Library n°29 and n°43
Nezhinskiy park
ko
va
021/089
museum
school
Library n°120
Library n°29
Ko
ny
on
school
alt
b
yy
dn
cinema
187/228
391
school
Ud
ru
op
ist
Berezovaya Roshcha park
metro
024
Ch
school
un
Set
Library n°99
school
Library n°87
344
sch
Library n°74 and n°214
theatre
060
11-34
rve
ese
rr
e
riv
059
ich
es
ka
college
a 10’
school
school
173/174
r
9
-3
14
Teplyy Stan reserve
metro
sk
ay
a
t
172
bul'var
ko
ln
408
426
re
e
171
Sreten
skiy
school
iry
az
ev
st
school
theatre
im
ov
a
Library n°248
nskaya
Lyubli
rp
uk
ho
vs
Ul
ya
n
Library Turgenev
Sirenevyy bul'var
Se
iy
a
339
’
a8
em
cin
metro
Ka
luz
hsk
o-R
izh
ska
ya
itr
metro
Library n°28
So
113
school
Dm
school
Library n°12
za
r
Library n°59
Ya
u
Library n°95

53. Veteranov park
140
081
131
Dzhamgarovskiy park
078
105
471
Izhorskiy park
082
220/222
208
Chermyanka river
Dmitrovskiy park
121
Yeniseyskaya street
Natural ecologies - parks, gardens rivers ponds and streams
118
116
Severnoye Tushino Park
Chicherina street
210
518
519
223
Geroyev Pan�ilovtsev street
Druzhby Park
213
206
Likhoborka river
Likhoborka ecologic park
520
Turistskaya street
102
103
514
430/505
Novogorskiy forestpark
517
Novoposelkovaya park
508
509
Penyaginskiy pond
Losinyy Ostrov forestpark
Rechnogo Vokzala Park
Yana Raynisa bul'var
515
Botanical Garden of Science’s Academy
Bolshoy Golovinskiy pond
098
Reservoir Khimki basin
Malyy Golovinskiy pond
Verkhniy Golovinskiy pond
Skhodnya river
Bolshoy Sadovyy pond
427
165
516
Penyaginskaya park
507
Moskva river
510
146
151
Ostankino Park
125
VDNKh
Ostankinskiy pond
Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo park
511
Nemanskiy park
217
Dubki Park
120
157
Kibalchicha street
214
Putyayevskieye pond
232
388
Khabarovsk street
Zvezdnyy bul'var
069/072
073
377
235
Golyanovskiy pond
Kazenyy pond
Gorenskiy forestpark
Putyayevskieye pond
Marshala Katukova street
233
443
Stroginskiy bul'var
170
231
Raketnyy bul'var
219
143
Novopodmoskovny lane
152
128
Academician Korolyov Street
Dubovaya forest
Moskovskoy Forestpark
474
436
433
434
096
Shchukino park
Samad Vurgun pond
090
155/230
154
092
162
Sirenevyy bul'var
114
Shchukino district
Cherkizovskiy pond
Leningrad Avenue
124
091
Marshala Biryuzova street
Zhivopisnaya bay
Kosmonavta Kamanova square
076
127
113
130/468
Savelovskogo Vokzala square
378
174
173
171/172
159
158
064
070
021/089
442
Yamskogo street
093
435
452
M. S. University botanical garden
Miuss Square
016
Generala Karbysheva bul'var
002
020
065
Graden ring
Karetnyy park
028/033
Tishinskaya Square
Strastnoy bul'var
061/062
346/347/369
Rozhdestvenskiy bul'var
Sretenskiy bul'var
Lefortovskiy park
059/060
Reserve Krylatskiye Hills
475
Chistoprudnyy bul'var
053
012/013
Tverskoy bul'var
1905 park
Kvasnogvardeyskiye pond
365
184
246
018
447
Taynitskiy garden
Novyy Arbat street
Aleksandrovskiy garden
Stalevarov street
489
491
252
244/253
448
492
Krasnokursantskiy avenue
Terletskiy Forestpark
010
Krasnaya Presnya park
Fileviskiy park
1st May park
Izmaylovo Park
250
Pokrovskiy bul'var
048
035
255
036
030
031
058
Aviamotornaya street
Gogolevskiy bul'var
039
488
Perovskiy Park
057
147
150
051
Rogozhskoye pond
364
188
Pryamikova park
Voroshilovskiy park
416/490
Mazilovshiy pond
Romashkovskiy park
229
180
202
Serebryano-Vinogradnyy pond
Novoslobodskaya street
Berezovaya Roshcha park
Berzarina street
201
176
453
Yegerskiy pond
003
Festivalnyy Park
440 444
Rublevskiy park
Sokolniki Park
Izmaylovskiy bul'var
156/234
226
438
367
161
175
179
Pan�ilov street
Troitse-Lykovskaya �loodplan
256
Rogozhskiy Val street
368
149
Pobedy park
Kremenchugskaya street
Verkhnyaya Khokhlovka street
454
Bolshoy Novodevichiy pond
160/242
497
Komsomolskiy alley
389
370
334
033
Gorky park
349
Kuskovskiy Forestpark
245
Zhitnaya street
026
Setun river
182
191
Bolshoy Grafskiy pond
023
Dovzhenko pond
371
396
Setun river reserve
276
Serpukhovskaya square
197
Serpukhovskiy Val street
Nezhinskiy park
402
Moscow University botanical garden
494/499
238
336
Sadki pond
251
Ramenka river
259
196
Gagarinskiy park
Kuzminkiy forestpark
338
356/422
502
50th Anniversary of October park
Ramenka river
Dmitriya Ulyanova street
Krupskoy street
326/393
357
Leninskiy alley
Garibaldi street
198/263
354
Armavirskiy square
330
399
479
Bolshoy Ochakovkiy pond
409
504
275/279
Cheremushkinskiy pond
340
Udaltsouskiye pond
MKAD
284
391
353
500
498
501
Ochakovka river
Kuzminskiy forestpark
463
424
423
Samorodinka river
296
Korobkovo garden
Vorontsovskiy park
Sadovniki park
Troparevskiy forestpark
503
Borovika park
Pechatnikiy pond
Dyusseldors�kiy park
277
374
261
358
Chobotovskaya forest
264
Bratislavskiy park
Ruzskaya street
272
268
262
Donetskaya street
271
Borovskoye highway
199
Troparevskiy reserve
406/407
Kakhovskiye pond
362
Myachkovskiy bul'var
Novocherkasskiy bul'var
283
Chernomorskiy bul'var
361
Moscow's 850th anniversary park
281
Chertanovkiye pond
269
315
Chertanovka river
462
307
412
Klyuchevaya basin
Brateyevskiy park
375
419
305
304
Teplyy Stan reserve
403/418
291
Zhulebinskiy forestpark
328
339
Ochakovka river
Navershka river
333
Topolevaya park
Lyublinskiy park
426
Vernadskogo alley
332
60th years of October avenue
Ramenki pond
496
Yeseninskiy bul'var
Volzhskiy bul'var
282
kapotniskiy forest

54. The main lane of the Kirov Park, August 1937
106
Swimmers on the Moscow rivers, 1920s
107

55. Parks and forests
Kuzminkiy forestpark
Losinyy Ostrov forestpark
Topolevaya park
Lyublinskiy park
284
151
152
406/407
231
Kazenyy pond
Yauza river
375
Zhulebinskiy forestpark
332
333
328
Ulyanovskie forestpark
Butovskiy forestpark
330
481
421
311
Kuzminskiy forestpark
108
500m
109
500m

56. 399
161
175
Rublevskiy park
367
296
Moscow river
Moscow river
159
158
Sadovniki park
Bolshoy Sadovyy pond
Bittseviskiy forestpark
403/418
Moskovskoy Forestpark
475
Terletskiy Forestpark
Izmaylovo Park
069/072
073
Ochakovka river
Raketnyy bul'var
092
Kibalchicha street
503
Putyayevskieye pond
233
154
226
Sokolniki Park
362
Yauza river
Yegerskiy pond
160/242
110
500m
334
Kuskovskiy Forestpark
Troparevskiy reserve
111
500m

57. Reserve Krylatskiye Hills
Penyaginskaya park
416/490
346/347/369
Troitskiy forestpark
Pobedy park
Ochakovka river
482
510
503
365
Berezovaya Roshcha park
113
Izhorskiy park
501
Fileviskiy park
Samorodinka river
362
021/089
Moscow river
Troparevskiy forestpark
492
093
105
358
364
Voroshilovskiy park
Troparevskiy reserve
121
Shmelevkiy forest
50th Anniversary of October park
Gagarinskiy park
Dzhamgarovskiy park
338
MKAD
292
461
500
Korobkovo garden
208
Leninskiy forest
479
463
Chobotovskaya forest
Perovskiy Park
494/499
188
269
Novogorskiy forestpark
Veteranov park
Nezhinskiy park
Vorontsovskiy park
078
471
409
082
M. S. University botanical garden
452
424
423
508
Dmitrovskiy park
147
150
125
Dubki Park
Pryamikova park
500m
517
Novoposelkovaya park
113
500m

58. Streets and boulevards
Borovika park
Dyusseldors�kiy park
Strastnoy bul'var
261
061/062
Rozhdestvenskiy bul'var
Sretenskiy bul'var
059/060
262
Chistoprudnyy bul'var
Donetskaya street
264
Bratislavskiy park
053
012/013
Tverskoy bul'var
199
Myachkovskiy bul'var
Novocherkasskiy bul'var
283
Pokrovskiy bul'var
048
Moscow's 850th anniversary park
018
281
Gogolevskiy bul'var
Moscow river
462
Brateyevskiy park
114
Pan�ilov street
Altufeuskiy pond
Novoyasenevsky avenue
124
404/405
Marshala Biryuzova street
Lianozovskiy forestpark
167
438
Lianozovskiy park
132
Yasnogorskaya street
440 444
410
420
378
Berzarina street
166/168
Altufyevskoye highway
Yasenevskiye forestpark
129/134/141/142
081
Zhitnaya street
436
454
Navershka river
276
Shchukino park
Shchukino district
Gorky park
197
434
336
Sadki pond
MKAD
VDNKh
196
Academician Korolyov Street
504
Kosmonavta Kamanova square
Leningrad Avenue
Dubovaya forest
Volzhskiy bul'var
114
091
474
217
500m
219
Zvezdnyy bul'var
115
500m

59. 374
076
271
Moscow University botanical garden
127
Savelovskogo Vokzala square
Borovskoye highway
128
272
065
Graden ring
Karetnyy park
Novoslobodskaya street
268
064
070
Raketnyy bul'var
Yamskogo street
Vernadskogo alley
518
519
356/422
120
Ramenka river
Novopodmoskovny lane
Turistskaya street
Krupskoy street
Chicherina street
Miuss Square
210
206/213
002
514
430/505
Yana Raynisa bul'var
357
Leninskiy alley
340
238
Garibaldi street
Yeseninskiy bul'var
Nemanskiy park
Khvoynaya park
130/468
388
003
Festivalnyy Park
377
Marshala Katukova street
60th years of October avenue
443
Stroginskiy bul'var
433
244/253
Generala Karbysheva bul'var
245
252
Aviamotornaya street
442
435
Verkhnyaya Khokhlovka street
426
Dmitriya Ulyanova street
447
339
Taynitskiy garden
Aleksandrovskiy garden
396
Serpukhovskaya square
Serpukhovskiy Val street
322
402
30th anniversary of Victory park
028/033
Tishinskaya Square
162
030
Sirenevyy bul'var
1905 park
Kvasnogvardeyskiye pond
179
036
010
Izmaylovskiy bul'var
Krasnaya Presnya park
201
176
184
229
180
116
174
173
171/172
500m
Chernomorskiy bul'var
361
Novyy Arbat street
Stalevarov street
117
500m

60. 10km
039
326/393
026
488
Komsomolskiy alley
023
491
Zhivopisnaya bay
391
251
402
031
035
TroitseLykovskaya �loodplan
051
489
Bolshoy Novodevichiy pond
275/279
Moscow River
259
1km
154
016
020
Youza river
118
Setun river
Dovzhenko pond
497
494/499
Setun river reserve
371
389
165
223
448
058
131
246
233
462
Brateyevskiy park
119

61. Verkhniy Golovinskiy pond
Bolshoy Golovinskiy pond
103
137
102
140
368
202
182
191
Likhoborka ecologic park
Chermyanka river
Serebryano-Vinogradnyy pond
Likhoborka river
Bolshoy Grafskiy pond
353
Mazilovshiy pond
287
303
143
354
118
116
Cheremushkinskiy pond
324
Severnoye Tushino Park
520
515
Komeyevskiye pond
313
256
314
098
090
319
Rogozhskoye pond
Kirovogradskiye pond
507
096
Samad Vurgun pond
500m
511
Reservoir Khimki basin
297
291
Tsaritsynskiye pond
509
Borisovskiy pond
307
Skhodnya river
315
304
427
Gorodnya river
516
Chertanovka river
120
121
Putyayevskieye pond

62. Altu�ievskoe highway
131
Dmitrovskiy district
Bibirevo district
ghway
way
high
rov
Dmit
78
Severnoye Medvedkovo district
Ostas
hkov
skoe
hi
471
D
A
MK
Districts analyzed
080
075
Timiryazevskiy district
Ostankinskiy district
y
hwa
v hig
itro
Dm
ety
evo
s
tre
et
217
rem
Aeroport district
She
096
Len
ing
rad
090
Preobrazhenskoye district
ave
nu
e
156/234
Vostochnoye Izmaylovo district
hway
e hig
Izmaylovskiy bul'var
vsko
elko
171/172/173/174
Sch
Shchukino district
113
202
a
kay
ays
Khoroshevskiy district
vom
Per
021/089
et
en
m
nk
ba
m
Basmanny district
ay
ae
stre
t
s
ra
St
yb
no
061/062
Krasnoselskiy district
Sre
ten
skiy
059/060
187/228
var
Basmanny district
ru
op
ist
Zele
t
Val street
ree
Zemlyanoy
Mok
Garden Ring
244/253
252
y
hwa
v hig
asto
058
Perovo district
zi
Entu
085
t
en
m
024
nk
Balchug
ba
m
ae
ay
448
Lefortovo district
Tagansky district
e
sk
051
sh
t
Ku
274
Arbat district
u
Ra
ue
ven
vA
uzo
488
hov
aya
st
447
007/025
489
ar
l'v
035
Sh
u
aven
nyy
bu
031
ey
Ivanovskoye district
012/013
yy
dn
Presnenskiy district
all
ay
ighw
ov h
ziast
Entu
bul'
Ch
Tverskoy district
015
Se
r
'va
ul
m
en
Narod
na
t
skiy distric
ine
ov
sk
nogo
Kuu
s
Meshchan
Opolc
093
ky
ovs
mit
158
159
Izmaylovo district
t
heni
ya st
reet
444
eet
str
Dorogomilovo district
m
nk
ba
m
ye
ch
t
en
vi
de
ya
ka
497
Khamonviki district
s
ov
m
�il
os
M
o
ov 026
eN
Th
t
e
re
st
Troparevo-Nikulino district
397
494/499
Donskoy district
r aven
ue
Aminevskoe highway
464
339
po
l av
enu
y
le
al
Seb
asto
ky
ns
ni
Le
60 ye
Leninsky avenue
426
e
ars of
Octobe
Gagarinskiy district
Nagatinskiy district
Lomonosovskiy district
353
s
ya
ska
n
me
et
Lublin stre
lo
Ko
423/424
et
tre
Akademicheskiy district
457
261
Maryino district
Pr
ofs
oy
u
zn
ay
as
tre
et
Obruchevskiy district
362
D
KA
M
Passage number 5467
Obruchevskiy district
Kapotnya district
280
403/418

63. Microdistrict life in 1972
124
Winter jim class in the micro-district, 2007
125

64. 1st RING
way
igh
252
Presnenskiy district
vh
sto
ia
tuz
En
244/253
e
km
an
Troparevo-Nikulino district
497
Kuus
in
t
treet
Arbat district
Krasnoselskiy district
096
Le
lle
y
113
ky
a
Troparevo-Nikulino district
an
km
397
en
t
3rd RING
t
mb
035
090
tr
ee
hy
e
026
494/499
en
Am
Khamonviki district
Tagansky district
ue
ns
evi
c
da
ven
iy
as
058
ovo
d
gra
ni
eN
y
alle
Le
Th
ky
ovs
mit
Sh
nin
oy Val s
treet
st
re
e
ena s
Arbat district
Zemlyan
ay
a
�il
m
os
M
024
051
ng
Garden Ring
059/060
Meshchanskiy district
004
en Ri
Gard
Sretenskiy bul'var
007/025
Mira avenue
093
ov
sk
Mok
021/089
nt
hova
ya s
tree
t
mb
Tverskoy district
031
Khoroshevskiy district
e
ya
ska
1929
012/013
ar
ul'v
yb
S
u sh
061/062
Lefortovo district
Ra
yb
no
st
tra
dny
Arbat district
039
pr u
r
'va
ul
sto
Ch i
447
Basmanny district
Op
ol
Na
ro
d
no
go
444
Shchukino district
ay
ighw
2nd RING
eh
sko
inev
ch
Donskoy district
489
rs
ye
a
126
60
Basmanny district
Dorogomilovo district
sto
ba
Se
353
464
Akademicheskiy district
la
ve
nu
e
er
tob
Oc
of
rs
ye
a
of
015
274
339
60
Se
488
Oc
tob
m
er
en
ov
sk
ave
nu
e
ay
ae
t
Ku
po
m
av
en
e
nu
Ave
ov
uz
ue
ba
nk
m
en
t
1972
Akademicheskiy district
127
Akademicheskiy district

65. av
en
ue
lle
y
Le
ni
ns
ky
ky
a
Le
ni
ns
423/424
426
Gagarinskiy district
Schelkovskoe highway
Lomonosovskiy district
156/234
Vostochnoye Izmaylovo district
158
Preobrazhenskoye district
479
Obruchevskiy district
Vostochnoye Izmaylovo district
Zelenyy avenue
Vostochnoye Izmaylovo district
171/172/173/174
Pro
261
fsoy
uzn
Izmaylovskiy bul'var
aya
st
085
159
et
403/418
n stre
Perovo district
ree
t
Obruchevskiy district
Ivanovskoye district
Lubli
Konkovo district
way
igh
ov h
iast
uz
Ent
Maryino district
408
187/228
Nagatinskiy district
y
Teply
391
aya
nsk
075
362
y
lle
a
ky
n
Le
Izmaylovo district
s
in
202
eet
str
Timiryazevskiy district
128
m
rvo
Pe
Obruchevskiy district
129
et
tre
s
ya
ka
ays
me
lo
Ko
Dmitrov highway
080
Stan
t
stree

66. Passage number 5467
Dmitrov highway
Dmitrovskiy district
78
280
471
Kapotnya district
Bibirevo district
Altu�ievskoe highway
141
130
131

67. dwellings
Evolution of neighbourhood services
dwellings
Dwelling and services
garages
garages
church
dwellings
hospital
kiosks
Volumes pro�ile
Freely accessible and gated areas
post of�ice
bar
school
museum
bank
pharmacy
library
PRESENT
SITUATION
bar
bank
post of�ice
shops
shops
kindergarten
post of�ice
loundry
school
museum
canteen
pharmacy
library
library
services:
bank
of�ices
shops
restaurant
pharmacy
kindergarten
132
PLANNED
SITUATION
100m
club
canteen
pharmacy
bar
library
shop
laundry
post of�ice
Ground �loors
133
50m

68. dwellings
Evolution of neighbourhood services
dwellings
dwellings
garages
garages
shop
Dwelling and services
dwellings
shop
dwellings
dwellings
dwellings
school
bar
school
Volumes pro�ile
Freely accessible and gated areas
supermarket
shops
supermarket
shops
library
bar
bank
post of�ice
of�ices
PRESENT
SITUATION
school
bank
restaurant
pharmacy
laundry
bank
post of�ice
bar
library
library
club
shop
shop
shop
canteen
134
laundry
canteen
library
club
post of�ice
garage works
PLANNED
SITUATION
shop
club
post of�ice
bar
100m
supermarket
Ground �loors
135
100m

69. Library 105
x:-257.14626904
y: 23980.465364
Library 121
x:-283.41085
y: 23109.6045518
Library 118
x:-2212.70143705
y: 22336.7820118
Library 116
x:-2148.42092286
y: 22170.2140125
Library 513
x:-4054.97362425
y: 21860.8025169
Library 519
x:-4927.39013342
y: 21190.9582459
Library 430
x:-3967.8227
Library 505
y: 20344.5346478
x:-3967.8227
y: 20344.5346478
Library 514
x:-4073.0583
y: 20477.6475782
Library 506
429
x:-9087.461125
y: 20227.2433902
Library 508
x:-9470.653225
y: 19790.2916538
Library 517
x:-3216.43267031
y: 19964.3243868
Library 509
x:-6989.6984
y: 19646.6097724
Library 515
x:-2810.75395
y: 19899.6468148
Library 104
x:9.54761275
y: 19937.5741426
Library 98
x:-1016.343625
y: 19743.1211115
Library 511
x:-2445.5811000000003
y: 16577.6153596
Library 377
x:-5853.755775
y: 16054.9144608
Library 433
x:-6412.418725
y: 15524.1794541
Library 443
x:-5545.522075
y: 15677.9083197
Library 120
x:446.039975
y: 16563.6799457
Library 436
Library 434
x:-2274.6867
y:x:-2231.71062821
15612.0992707
y: 15563.9590135
Library 114
x:-31.01355
y: 15221.2098469
Library 112
x:347.5117
y: 14404.7901615
Library 438
x:-854.97611048
y: 14301.9812576
Library 440
x:-952.73758712
y: 13844.0770576
Library 439
x:-2665.63275
y: 13561.6291035
Library 444
x:-644.09845
y: 13768.9231611
Library 378
x:-317.7629106
y: 13505.5717243
Library 442
x:-1500.00115
y: 13075.7896
Library 75
x:4462.93167255
y: 18305.997365
Library 96
x:1606.03615
y: 15566.5537369
Library 72
x:4306.514675
y: 16173.9830587
Library 92
x:3221.7661000000003
y: 15387.604785
Library 90
x:1720.764975
y: 15391.1639923
441
Library 432
x:-598.3454185
y: 12213.2204291
Library 89
x:846.94255794
y: 13209.5779541
Library 95
x:2076.890525
y: 12129.19631
Library 431
x:-228.28395
y: 11834.3355306
Library 346
347
369
x:-5477.53865
y: 10913.3637399
Library 32
x:2407.6939
y: 10168.1393695
Library 31
x:1366.05419666
y: 9920.39591598
Library 365
x:-5391.20715
y: 9524.41622354
Library 35
x:1529.18124916
y: 9642.4699623
Library 492
x:-123.27810000000001
y: 8940.76249917
Library 364
x:-1520.832975
y: 8219.09197855
Library 414
x:-148.632925
y: 7970.42106546
Library 368
x:-1789.57108267
y: 7523.08606175
Library 390
x:-5691.2089000000005
y: 7324.91921375
Library 389
x:-3803.93481667
y: 5839.09802551
Library 349
x:-2386.69664082
y: 6328.47929631
Library 371
x:-2846.05508285
y: 5454.28984545
Library 415
x:3704.9
y: 8803.05288001
Library 274
x:2962.96845591
y: 8413.54327427
Library 490
416
x:1144.71675
y: 7840.39391622
Library 422
x:2325.3625
y: 2540.82326463
Library 376
x:-7416.593800000001
y: -3341.39691434
Library 448
x:9433.0376
y: 9081.85942808
Library 38
x:8457.375475
y: 7941.66193196
Library 500
x:-158.69400000000002
y: 1568.70874304
493
Library 446
x:-904.876325
y: -619.23142722
Library 503
x:-1950.93475
y: -652.30666905
Library 360
x:2833.83367889
y: 1617.40912949
Library 357
x:1709.71697438
y: 1227.2527118
Library 424
x:1567.69764332
y: 60.11529959
Library 423
x:1567.69764332
y: 60.11529959
Library 340
x:2670.1995
y: 1075.17644796
Library 150
x:10429.6942013
y: 8367.4881383
Library 149
x:9806.70545
y: 7446.83537067
Library 413
x:3842.71485
y: -1740.47905
Library 327
x:8323.912775
y: 5715.81494944
Library 257
x:10657.03595
y: 4926.32203226
Library 402
x:9037.0124
y: 4674.99899029
Library 247
x:10711.00775
y: 4508.34989677
Library 407
x:4984.464
y: -1942.17210879
Library 406
x:4984.464
y: -1942.17210879
Library 351
x:6372.711425
y: -2023.23083111
Library 412
x:793.64475249
y: -3165.74685428
Library 419
x:-1162.452
y: -3773.36240035
Library 418
x:1331.15333358
y: -4031.77336971
Library 403
Library 185
x:22350.512875
y: 7959.20632709
Library 197
x:15297.575
y: 5317.15077877
Library 276
x:14603.581075
y: 5219.97336459
Library 336
x:15790.1895189
y: 4612.39679415
Library 237
x:16422.41855
y: 4976.73274288
Library 334
x:17355.5130215
y: 6690.27920698
Library 160
x:17346.7796173
y: 6738.83173367
Library 239
x:18150.75
y: 6238.5815573
Library 243
x:19608.995471
y: 5415.74323779
Library 238
x:17930.325100000002
y: 4653.86434152
Library 337
x:19762.275
y: 3948.95647089
Library 193
x:15503.65115
y: 3393.51409513
Library 391
x:13207.176975
y: 1846.25273659
Library 326
x:12947.834675
y: 1474.23377808
Library 393
x:12947.834675
y: 1474.23377808
Library 279
x:14067.362381
y: 1399.0571558
Library 275
x:14067.362381
y: 1399.0571558
Library 328
x:20155.0811097
y: 2954.01320603
Library 278
x:17354.075
y: 1192.96543043
Library 198
x:15882.49015
y: 1165.58773698
Library 195
x:15733.2397096
y: 851.20121824
Library 330
x:19331.5613185
y: 954.36050316
Library 296
x:9787.600125
y: 114.24953826
Library 277
x:13070.69145
y: -812.62855003
Library 285
x:8269.272275
y: -529.15471197
Library 306
x:7257.16981977
y: -1425.47426868
Library 192
x:12887.4523181
y: -1414.18952378
Library 310
x:7283.62925
y: -1780.76329189
Library 283
x:13663.8931809
y: -2109.81247827
Library 199
x:14665.8055616
y: -1667.06333172
Library 261
x:15723.07405
y: -976.11544925
Library 262
x:16567.951
y: -993.79887313
Library 264
x:16703.8290359
y: -1403.47605618
Library 281
x:13427.65755
y: -2475.04589954
Library 315
x:6891.10323081
y: -2814.62551666
Library 462
x:37.694271
y: 55.6398
Library 291
x:11315.745977
Library 304
x:15304.4793326
y: -3692.29294454
Library 241
x:19762.275
y: 3948.95647089
Library 333
x:20614.6158599
y: 3281.4963865
Library 284
x:15455.6767
y: 1895.36658211
Library 263
x:15882.49015
y: 1165.58773698
Library 182
x:20356.0728169
y: 6391.06401564
Library 186
x:20066.2038299
y: 5982.10185701
Library 329
x:18341.155178
y: 5229.65569791
Library 196
x:15621.1583
y: 3897.4809321
Library 194
x:15651.225775
y: 3266.10798847
Library 191
x:20321.3024501
y: 6337.81788384
Library 335
x:17955.4579588
y: 6255.16058334
Library 395
x:11809.720575
y: 2201.65814191
Library 295
x:8269.272275
y: -529.15471197
Library 320
x:7068.223225
Library 188
x:16945.1195977
y: 8214.47263664
Library 331
x:16253.7148086
y: 7244.34207014
Library 258
x:11472.5943698
y: 4606.44236133
Library 394
x:10612.2363
y: 1685.21017438
Library 183
x:23545.975175
y: 8796.75363021
Library 236
x:15904.125100000001
y: 7670.59335168
Library 242
x:17346.7796173
y: 6738.83173367
Library 259
x:11510.395825
y: 4004.62796464
Library 184
x:21400.8599918
y: 10112.2932544
Library 88
x:20438.3506795
y: 9434.03473685
Library 86
x:19921.9841841
y: 9267.93460842
Library 85
x:18936.25795
y: 9081.81089186
Library 245
x:14030.625
y: 7404.47847917
Library 248
x:13209.437525
y: 7441.40998591
Library 361
x:6639.749900000001
y: -2354.09177513
Library 307
x:6474.07453862
y: -3083.02276272
Library 252
x:13817.85005
y: 9379.90943433
Library 47
x:11780.400275
y: 4896.4747979
Library 399
x:10291.656125
y: 877.23006711
Library 316
x:7257.16981977
y: -1425.47426868
Library 189
x:20438.3506795
y: 9434.03473685
Library 458
x:37.779016
y: 55.757148
Library 260
x:15503.65115
y: 3393.51409513
Library 401
x:9900.1375
y: 1639.49891371
Library 352
x:5532.17575
y: -459.41116274
Library 190
x:17480.5251
y: 10193.2249
Library 253
x:13606.76565
y: 9344.90236313
Library 256
x:12779.5751
y: 7857.71586202
Library 56
x:11671.27495
y: 7381.04925564
Library 187
x:20944.6452276
y: 11306.5831229
Library 475
x:18155.360725
y: 10899.2125436
Library 84
x:16148.288175
y: 8505.7631004
Library 55
x:11122.8501
y: 6922.49041498
Library 400
x:8864.679
y: 1458.82166823
Library 463
x:37.608034
y: 55.669493
Library 362
x:-1326.9601
y: -2335.19861249
Library 265
x:-5992.182875
y: -2861.87087763
Library 66
x:10866.4001
y: 7591.108866
Library 158
x:19661.3616109
y: 13640.2054153
Library 159
x:19018.899400000002
y: 13616.4697165
Library 228
x:20944.6452276
y: 11306.5831229
Library 57
x:11393.812525
y: 8462.96221208
Library 148
x:10866.4001
y: 7591.108866
Library 173
x:19684.9610653
y: 14263.2758432
Library 172
x:19738.3097863
y: 14212.0434253
Library 180
x:19253.0101513
y: 14174.5222802
Library 163
x:21289.400849999998
y: 12552.9213459
Library 181
x:15012.9751
y: 10835.1136149
Library 392
x:8323.912775
y: 5715.81494944
Library 425
x:6421.86775
y: 1045.65880985
Library 354
x:5947.058
y: 879.16345787
Library 417
x:4199.96126341
y: -655.35762284
Library 411
x:1927.5065000000002
y: -2015.92095706
Library 147
x:10393.5862973
y: 8432.82766843
Library 44
x:8685.1662
y: 6573.04066753
Library 353
x:5966.1756000000005
y: 1623.51458089
Library 355
x:4677.08452834
y: 1498.43357257
Library 456
x:4206.57977738
y: 910.04863828
Library 409
x:2383.25795
y: 327.56545
Library 358
x:1276.100475
y: -1066.14739913
Library 267
x:-5535.965875
y: -2029.29380691
Library 339
x:4740.3905
y: 2246.18418721
Library 457
x:4125.1065
y: 1035.51102367
Library 250
x:12559.8939
y: 10063.7033078
Library 244
x:13606.76565
y: 9344.90236313
Library 309
x:6862.8485
Library
y: 2881.95619277 317
x:7179.90998075
y: 2750.2272832
Library 464
x:37.585977
y: 55.690373
Library 249
x:13364.5126
y: 10994.5666401
Library 58
x:10213.5001
y: 9217.82655771
Library 251
x:11000.38125
y: 4036.80501347
Library 426
x:3952.0696000000003
y: 2926.14469563
Library 356
x:2325.3625
y: 2540.82326463
Library 501
x:-217.99165
y: 43.79907771
Library 504
x:-4496.05760915
y: -87.49896937
Library 375
x:-9458.9403
y: -3417.01158923
Library 396
x:7017.432875
y: 5119.05525038
Library 254
x:13658.112675
y: 11182.7894356
Library 246
x:11362.8880646
y: 9907.99840217
Library 18
x:9600.4844995
y: 9783.51373676
Library 171
x:19738.3097863
y: 14212.0434253
Library 204
x:14925.2317688
y: 11834.7210596
Library 15
x:13226.3991
y: 11862.2665129
Library 17
x:11164.875075
y: 11260.0704469
Library 11
x:9727.42609252
y: 10008.5838952
Library 338
x:3247.080075
y: 3424.71369643
Library 479
x:1216.983628
y: 658.37661747
Library 270
x:-8142.670725
y: -2964.89061593
Library 398
x:6899.66361129
y: 5630.68962822
Library 16
x:12216.0766
y: 12142.6992225
Library 255
x:12833.9001
y: 10462.9099596
Library 42
x:8457.375475
y: 7941.66193196
Library 454
x:7190.57485
y: 6842.14003992
Library 20
x:12035.0876
y: 11968.6584333
Library 177
x:18067.3020723
y: 13840.5835174
Library 175
x:20771.0375297
y: 15144.7720988
Library 174
x:19662.9425
y: 14327.8892323
Library 229
x:19250.7080491
y: 14248.6462262
Library 176
x:17866.04485
y: 14386.9091277
Library 200
x:15068.611725
y: 12802.2253635
Library 12
x:9324.5368068
y: 10397.7735442
Library 39
x:8829.69327368
y: 8701.23652288
Library 40
x:8528.35731969
y: 7739.47260663
Library 19
x:10925.450075
y: 11711.3988945
Library 46
x:11333.4376
y: 11160.2218473
Library 14
x:9340.043275
y: 10384.3748712
Library 449
x:8901.675000000001
y: 9941.28786431
Library 447
x:6921.712600000001
y: 9213.8376229
Library 8
x:5687.28885015
y: 8114.96564012
Library 51
x:4791.050025
y: 8357.79777814
Library 53
x:9274.7126
y: 10479.839921
Library 52
x:10925.450075
y: 11711.3988945
Library 359
x:3586.51675
y: 3319.93444472
Library 498
x:-2505.420725
y: 1426.12150368
Library 372
x:-5992.182875
y: -2861.87087763
Library 67
x:5910.57561058
y: 9190.33747246
Library 59
x:8537.5751
y: 10928.8270687
Library 13
x:9332.21578907
y: 10372.5956957
Library 48
x:6366.212600000001
y: 9704.38320219
Library 397
x:5556.0001
y: 4634.96296864
Library 502
x:-1015.95975
y: 1992.18054006
Library 495
x:-2771.4010000000003
y: 1853.90503649
Library 269
x:-8631.1132
y: -2797.95822618
Library 27
x:6139.12505
y: 9182.02997803
Library 43
x:9159.3582
y: 12194.7127078
Library 201
x:17776.4477226
y: 14468.8930205
Library 388
x:37.867162
y: 55.817049
Library 161
x:20655.138625
y: 15261.9149842
Library 179
x:18478.5197
y: 15107.6394347
Library 178
x:14805.9499
y: 13308.045646
Library 224
x:11880.0751
y: 13301.7986298
Library 45
x:10981.000075
y: 12765.6121166
Library 203
x:17030.9430563
y: 14634.5219993
Library 156
x:14557.0914904
y: 14598.4212848
Library 202
x:17071.7236
y: 13829.3365302
Library 227
x:11880.0751
y: 13301.7986298
Library 473
x:10857.49515
y: 13509.1801014
Library 41
x:10433.0376
y: 12822.4748448
Library 452
x:8777.97525457
y: 12651.3643506
Library 60
x:8522.8501
y: 10892.6536584
Library 455
x:7724.24901085
y: 10509.8732741
Library 9
x:5620.49005
y: 8597.44497833
Library 499
x:-1761.198475
y: 4402.25295971
Library 374
x:-5703.95555
y: -1054.57555159
Library 61
x:6971.40485348
y: 10985.9968913
Library 23
x:4989.537525
y: 5795.52045274
Library 496
x:-482.29206411
y: 2992.18358545
Library 266
x:-10162.06985
y: -2689.40760186
Library 25
x:5254.6125
y: 9134.93558309
Library 24
x:5146.1251
y: 8508.09939723
Library 497
x:1008.02625
y: 6112.78639697
Library 494
x:-1761.198475
y: 4402.25295971
Library 272
x:-6394.241800000001
y: -1740.95351651
Library 489
x:4458.3251
y: 9276.88190843
Library 370
x:-2320.99122212
y: 5676.30897393
Library 366
x:-6499.0715
Library 350
y: 4872.4543725
x:-6383.49295
y: 4727.82041897
Library 268
x:-7122.113200000001
y: -1946.64966436
Library 7
x:5254.6125
y: 9134.93558309
Library 49
x:5798.14745
y: 11058.9716472
Library 450
x:7394.045300000001
y: 10465.4785877
Library 10
x:5247.7126
y: 9563.70635857
Library 4
x:8630.86673624
y: 13421.9230169
Library 65
x:6880.0470000000005
y: 11762.3351127
Library 62
x:6983.7819
y: 11034.3878542
Library 26
x:3722.73740773
y: 6998.98317546
Library 348
x:-4823.60845
y: 6801.96467442
Library 271
x:-6785.9639152
y: -1304.33617818
Library 36
x:3742.39619385
y: 10165.3482804
Library 488
x:2954.6133
y: 8632.51414398
Library 491
x:1084.8752
y: 8926.87515534
Library 50
x:5731.2286905
y: 10978.9366085
Library 225
x:11144.883928
y: 13583.6415891
Library 6
x:8905.47435191
y: 13301.3093752
Library 54
x:8905.47435191
y: 13301.3093752
Library 2
x:6014.699500000001
y: 11962.2624639
Library 28
x:5177.705025
y: 11480.5387181
Library 68
x:8412.786225
y: 13714.6486046
Library 1
x:8743.299125
y: 13222.2839308
Library 5
x:6058.61516793
y: 12930.0682931
Library 33
x:5177.705025
y: 11480.5387181
Library 29
x:4179.100100000001
y: 10283.660344
Library 30
x:2781.6103281
y: 10129.8155152
Library 64
x:5974.15877034
y: 13308.0232233
Library 234
x:14557.0914904
y: 14598.4212848
Library 453
x:13757.9956339
y: 14358.8941076
Library 157
x:20695.137600000002
y: 16817.9543133
Library 232
x:20638.2857913
y: 16540.8368955
Library 162
x:18392.4294
y: 15536.3605003
Library 155
x:14274.9154
y: 15498.8651556
Library 154
x:13117.70975
y: 15468.8719208
Library 235
x:20587.0568
y: 17244.6149946
Library 169
x:20124.1885495
y: 16750.7687026
Library 153
x:18682.2303277
y: 16427.8335553
Library 230
x:14274.9154
y: 15498.8651556
Library 233
x:13109.2484405
y: 15807.6051736
Library 226
x:11878.9510566
y: 14533.195398
Library 3
x:8126.96461555
y: 13937.8915356
Library 63
x:6526.54635
y: 12735.7034096
Library 37
x:4756.10320329
y: 11384.8341109
Library 34
x:2638.62382986
y: 10826.3320152
Library 214
x:9365.825125
y: 16505.8060245
Library 130
x:7351.95010135
y: 14239.9749763
Library 70
x:5019.7290246
y: 13239.140836
Library 22
x:3711.516125
y: 12941.4110696
Library 170
x:20127.317975
y: 17502.2780762
Library 152
x:16360.80715
y: 17511.4570572
Library 231
x:13652.0141475
y: 17010.2960935
Library 468
x:7351.95010135
y: 14239.9749763
Library 76
x:4904.85765789
y: 14164.2910622
Library 127
x:5253.81265
y: 14105.5917393
Library 437
x:-228.28395
y: 11834.3355306
Library 128
x:10224.272232
y: 17325.8952451
Library 216
x:8823.37250674
y: 15575.8591551
Library 218
x:8823.37250674
y: 15575.8591551
Library 126
x:4305.37155
y: 15035.2734991
Library 83
x:3792.8450000000003
y: 12684.8539506
Library 94
x:3792.8450000000003
y: 12684.8539506
Library 151
x:16210.0047991
y: 17924.0362243
Library 219
x:8604.13373804
y: 16803.69731
Library 217
x:7686.33183948
y: 16847.5484271
Library 143
x:5702.3339000000005
y: 16566.9900344
Library 113
x:922.39287583
y: 14020.0242336
Library 21
x:846.94255794
y: 13209.5779541
Library 221
x:10533.1671
y: 18845.3279078
Library 474
x:9297.0501
y: 17452.1339123
Library 69
x:4306.514675
y: 16173.9830587
Library 91
x:2979.745675
y: 14543.1844983
Library 93
x:1188.91910123
y: 12742.0339337
Library 435
x:-1865.23154426
y: 12617.4256203
Library 469
x:5033.79179196
y: 17949.3102673
Library 73
x:4272.775900000001
y: 16089.7865151
Library 209
x:10246.862375
y: 18974.9849262
Library 165
x:8896.1267216
y: 18798.7863187
Library 146
x:5837.922275
y: 18164.4644509
Library 125
x:4578.1516
y: 17518.0625853
Library 110
x:1166.86973611
y: 16921.8817473
Library 124
x:173.101125
y: 14681.7231895
Library 445
x:-5952.40342804
y: 14333.1454585
Library 451
x:8602.13225
y: 18821.1509838
Library 80
x:4608.8539
y: 18478.2049954
Library 107
x:1525.5418
y: 17735.6526184
Library 111
x:906.43115
y: 15612.091497
Library 207
x:11458.3635594
y: 20718.3756648
Library 74
x:4448.897425
y: 19887.3075857
Library 100
x:1556.5802
y: 18740.8526921
Library 115
x:1166.86973611
y: 16921.8817473
Library 213
x:10640.786525
y: 21337.2602553
Library 211
x:9075.09948319
y: 20512.3544157
Library 467
x:1721.8627000000001
y: 19227.8516344
Library 122
x:366.14558564
y: 18550.4567912
Library 507
x:-2555.5633000000003
y: 18242.9004876
Metro Lines, Tramways and
Libraries
Library 210
x:11126.6829
y: 21654.304915
Library 206
x:10640.786525
y: 21337.2602553
Library 223
x:8586.369175
y: 21351.8238208
Library 164
x:13423.8226
y: 22938.103401
Library 212
x:12085.9987924
y: 22636.6521082
Library 215
x:10824.7855644
y: 22554.1094319
Library 102
Library 103
x:1199.36535
x:1187.7093172
y: 20508.9220013
y: 20486.2234028
Library 106
x:1721.8627000000001
y: 19227.8516344
Library 427
x:-5002.302825
y: 18734.7494818
Library 516
x:-4756.64272605
y: 18526.1041037
Library 510
x:-9081.98735
y: 18094.1240756
Library 101
x:224.76057481
y: 20560.2126246
Library 133
x:6768.27255714
y: 23040.6370149
Library 208
x:12687.98945
y: 23598.9690945
Library 220
x:11739.799075
y: 23813.9044096
Library 136
x:5619.486725
y: 22326.7611388
Library 71
x:4533.7877
y: 21350.4265572
Library 77
x:3900.50835
y: 21263.5353962
Library 520
x:-3005.7947
y: 20775.7533058
Library 512
x:-3399.988325
y: 20606.5562674
Library 222
x:11739.799075
y: 23813.9044096
Library 470
x:8633.6443092
y: 23205.8819822
Library 79
x:4533.7877
y: 21350.4265572
Library 97
x:924.6868000000001
y: 21785.9660992
x:11258.8843942
y: 24859.016275
Library 135
x:10176.4354
y: 24638.8785863
Library 139
x:8852.93974627
y: 23869.6572042
Library 472
x:4050.37515
y: 22465.36903
Library 99
x:924.6868000000001
y: 21785.9660992
Library 117
x:191.69066091
y: 21714.3846035
y: 24913.2903359
Library 144
x:4616.85516927
y: 23432.8763358
Library 108
109
x:1173.5877617
y: 22938.5299256
Library 119
x:191.69066091
y: 21714.3846035
Library 518
x:-4244.008475
y: 21362.5625756
Library 471
x:2181.96729971
y: 24002.8150989
Library 82
x:1459.18441438
y: 23817.3714502
y: 25355.1321823
x:4049.01286779
y: 24812.9831501
Library 78
x:2179.20129526
y: 24203.8730708
Library 305
x:16299.02505
y: -3486.28530757
Library 282
x:18749.237399999998
y: -3501.02918028
Library 280
x:19173.8152973
y: -3745.11228832
Library 332
x:21755.348
y: 3512.55582476
Library 87
x:23355.7069259
y: 8397.73948602

70. Moscow Metro in 1935
138
Concert in the Myakovskaya station, 2011
139

71. 440
435
444
1305
442
580
435
580
435
435
113
580
1305
1305
437
95
290
435
290
1160
725
251
356
47
258
359
870
19
306
20
580
435
1015
16
725
435
52
435
316
435
17
259
422
431
378
1740
93
112
1015
Varshavskaya
338
870
438
Baumanskaya
295 285
89
21
124
580
Kozhukhovskaya
Universiteit
Polezhaevskaya
Oktyabrskoye Pole
310
290
435
46
1595
496
435
Slavyanskiy Bulvar
Profsoyuznaya
Avtozavodskaya
Tagansko-Krasnop
Akademicheskaya
Prospekt Vernadskogo
1740
502
426
360
257
402
349
725
580
1160
580
580
870
580
1015
580
355
725
870
1450
464
725
0
247
500
1015
1160
339
1160
1160
353
29
36
424
2030
494
499
Novye Cheremushki
Chertanovskaya
Rizhskaya
Prazhskaya
Park Pobedy
Shipilovskaya
340
435
290
492
322
361
870
409
145
315
435
1015
870
313
1015
145
290
435
435
68
1305
290
416
435
3
580
307
4
414
1305
319
314
417
497
Molodezhnaya
Ulitsa Akademika Yangelya
Konkovo
Proletarskaya
Timiryazevskaya
311
390
1160
870
148
325
580
290
435
580
318
312
1160
290
145
55
725
418
354
725
143
1015
580
435
463
73
348
140
425
580
725
66
Nagornaya
125
412
308
870
479
423
2030
370
357
725
141

72. Savelovskaya
Kolomenskaya
Shipilovskaya
Krasnogvardeyskaya
Domodedovskaya
Kuzminki
395
Kolomenskaya
237
394
401
76
580
580
290
127
1305
435
290
870
460
580
870
580
1015
196
290
580
435
300
294
435
435
288
870
399
1015
70
336
302
435
1305
1740
1740
391
1305
1305
286
296
393
Mayakovskaya
242
160
2320
335
2
1305
580
725
473
145
225
435
435
435
329
50
1595
64
870
290
580
147
5
435
150
290
153
145
63
1740
1595
1160
290
580
227
870
170
235
226
580
435
Shchelkovskaya
Belorusskaya
239
435
49
Marksistskaya
Sokolniki
Ryazanskiy Prospekt
275
1595
161
249
Aviamotornaya
255
1305
1160
145
261
580
870
Maryino
Skhodnenskaya
1450
Vystavochnaya
1160
870
520
253
244
30
32
514
262
505
290
290
512
580
264
580
Kiyevskaya
Arbatskaya
725
2175
283
281
1740
725
48
435
1450
435
24
435
145
27
435
580
197
725
53
488
Strogino
725
435
725
9
580
Pervomayskaya
Zamoskvoretskaya
179
443
725
174
580
290
159
445
142
276
435
515
433
199
Tekstilshchiki
435
377
2175
Chistye Prudy
580
870
517
277
192
232
162
254
250
157
1595
238
Bratislavskaya
169
143
111
725
725
171
180
172
870
158
114
870
290
435
96
580
90

73. 435
0
31
290
30
16
4
11
8
29
1015
870
7
28
3
30
435
870
580
28
95
290
0
12
1885
580
435
1015
435
1450
90
96
1015
29
7
11
5
0
725
29
1
2030
83
94
6
29
580
870
22
91
870
10
7
580
37
6
28
870
580
9
290
580
39
2
435
435
40
2
435
58435
0
46
5049
40
1
580
6
10
33
28
29
3
30
0
1015
725
92
0
10
28
8
46
0
870
2
4
39
435
1305
435
44
145
435
38
42
40
62
61
580
580
580
65
25
7
24
7
137
2
140
12
1885
2030
129
1305
1885
1015
1015
1015
133
1015
10
2
132
1015
1885
167
580
168
166
580
145
1740
136
146
4
2175
1015
143
870
1450
1450
469
725
63
10
1
81
725
1740
144
79
71
74
870
290
80
435
75
580
125
725
870
64
145
10
3190
3045
472
69
73
870
290
127
870
290
580
5
1305
164
77
72
126
76
580
70
98
208
13
12
392
327
435
212
14
53
447
145
870
97
5
580
449
40
870
400
11
9
7
0
2
220
203
246
435
580
290
39
580
42
290
1160
317
870
2030
0
43
396
309
463
1450
145
210
207
454
580
580
10
8
5
0
6
54
128
221
1
452
580
145
145
398
353
425
1015
351
3335
0
0
215
101
206
145
5
4
435
209
101
214
290
290
580
435
0
464
116
354
1015
290
Zamoskvoretskaya
131
145
0
474
435
580
145 8
216
68
435
725
352
1160
315
320
2610
870
290
174
870
0
435
145
219
3
145
397
339
0
355
417
407
406
145
870
870
314
319
2030
145
135
165
5
870
580
5
457
456
145
290
101
413
435
361
290
307
435
322
580
1305
325
1305
1160
5
5
5
211
580
870
451
870
101
5
426
101
0
313
580
82
130
159
101
217
5
870
101
116
324
290
308
1160
145
144
360
340
0
409
116
411
580
145
410
870
12
1
223
412
725
435
580
Sherpuskovo-Timiriazevskaya
139
5
358
130
5
145
404
421
311
8
5
470
188
5
0
312
318
6
408
159
116
580
11
419
482
420
11
Kaluzhsko_Rizhskaya

74. 145
49
6
1
29
0
0
45
45
5
72
5
294
461
725
292
580
435
302
435
0
174
0
145
304
580
145
199
290
725
725
305
145
261
0
261
5
304
580
870
262
264
282
280
2900
2900
281
5
330
188
217
0
232
2320
283
278
1305
5
725
84
580
435
217
725
145
198
263
725
86
195
284
85
580
870
725
10
15
0
87
5
43
4
15
5
5
14
5
43
0
50
14
5
7
22
3
6
23
22
5
14
44
40
17
41
3
47
8
50
14
1
0
87
5
15
15
10
95
15
60
11
15
4
22
5
72
2
23
0
0
0
29
87
29
0
87
8
45
5
14
33
3
5
72
60
11
6
35
15
10
5
72
44
6
35
4
23
9
35
1
50
5
72
5
14
7
9
47
60
11
3
42
147
15
40
5
43
45
17
5
43
5
72
3
50
146
23
26
Sokolnicheskaya
1160
725
254
275
9
5
130
193
260
194
870
192
277
391
5
130
2175
326
393
0
580
174
1740
725
435
1450
47
190
458
435
1160
259
290
145 145
55
149
148
66
290
1450
435
Lublinskaya
57
246
147
150
870
435
435
290
290
725
870
258
290
580
1160
58
435
39
1305
725
11
255
18
14
580
53
12
13
435
580
580
246
250
181
251
145
Kalinskaya
247
59
60
130
249
475
187
228
1740
1305
184
189
88
87
183
236
185
245

75. 148
149

76. 150
151

80. Main Bibliography and Filmography
Baburov, A., and A. Ė. Gutnov. The Ideal Communist City,. New York: G. Braziller, 1971.
Baker, Adele Marie. Consuming Russia: Popular Culture, Sex, and Society,
since Gorbacev. N.p.: Duke UP, 1999.
James H. Bater, Privatization in Moscow, Geographical Review, Vol. 84, No. 2
(April, 1994), pp. 201-215
Benjamin, Walter, Enrico Ganni, Claudio Magris, Peter Szondi, and Giorgio
Backhaus. Immagini Di Città. Torino: Einaudi, 2011. N. pag. Print.
Benjamin, Walter. Illuminations: Essays and Reflections, Unpacking my Library, Schoken, 1969.
Berry, Ellen E., and Anesa Miller-Pogacar. Re-Entering the Sign: Articulating
New Russian Culture. N.p.: University of Michigan, 1995.
Borges, Jorge Luis. Labyrinths: Selected Stories and Other Writings. N.p.: New
Directions, 1988.
Butenko, Irene A. “Russia.” Free Time and Leisure Participation. Ontario:
Cabi, 2004. 221-32.
Colton, Timothy J. Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis. Cambridge,
MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 1995.
De Magistris, Alessandro. Mosca, 1900-1950: Nascita Di Una Capitale. Milano:
CLUP, 1994.
Eco, Umberto. The Infinity of Lists: An Illustrated Essay. N.p.: Rizzoli, 2009.
Essaïan, Elisabeth. Moscou Portrait De Ville [numéro Spécial D’Archiscopie].
Paris: Cité De L’architecture Et Du Patrimoine, 2009.
Farinelli, Franco. Geografia: Un’introduzione Ai Modelli Del Mondo. N.p.:
Einaudi, 2003.
Farinelli, Franco. L’invenzione Della Terra. N.p.: Sellerio, 2007. Print.
Fratini, Fabiola. Arcipelago Mosca: Dal Palazzo Dei Soviet a Ikea. Firenze: Le
Lettere, 2007.
Greening, J. M. (1995). Ten years in the life of Russian libraries. International
Information & Library Review, 27, 113-127
I Step Through Moscow. Dir. Georgiy Daneliya. 1964.
Kontroll. Dir. Nimród Antal. 2003.
Kuzmin, Evgeny, From totalitarianism to democracy: Russian libraries in
transition. (1993). American Libraries, 24, 568-570.
Luna Park. Dir. Pavel Lungin. 1992.
Manguel, Alberto. A History of Reading. N.p.: Penguin, 1997.
Manguel, Alberto. The Library at Night. N.p.: Yale UP, 2008.
Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears. Dir. Vladimir Menshov. 1980.
Moscow Institute of Architecture, Yuri Grigorian, and Alexander Pavlov. “The
Inventory, Supplement to the Draft RUSSIA (№ 62, 4/2011).” N.p., n.d. Web.
O’Loughlin, John, and Vladimir Kolossov. “Moscow – Post-Soviet Developments and Challenges.” Moscow – Post-Soviet Developments and Challenges.
Web. 01 May 2013. <http://www.colorado.edu/ibs/pec/johno/pub/introduction.html>.
Raymond, B. (1979). Krupskaia and Soviet Russian librarianship, 1917-1939.
Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press.
Stalker. Dir. Andrei Tarkovsky. 1979.
Taxy Blues. Dir. Pavel Lungin. 1990.
Virilio, Paul. Open Sky. N.p.: Verso, 1997. Print.

82. 245
492
178
209
126
440
90
302
248
501
103
367
486
184
27
92
410
205
488
314
320
239
362
149
315
316
445
186
341
220
358
152
188
472
363
39
221
12
192
404
165
17
306
335
495
170
222
352
161
301
269
143
412
405
74
408
84
339
3
173
398
59
432
129
424
423
174
458
346
113
364
491
150
29
154
300
77
512
256
461
399
347
369
284
279
78
122
278
441
310
482
96
43
340
508
162
246
63
462
207
13
443
199
26
176
223
275
87
274
343
98
66
297
45
60
502
148
132
229
50
273
147
464
4
40
387
296
241
47
478
138
286
337
324
433
83
293
35
48
101
8
456
298
417
231
414
193
260
112
30
191
233
266
72
497
329
125
69
167
514
304
268
303
262
36
121
226
322
267
2
393
375
455
326
377
406
44
400
206
336
5
473
124
280
431
201
368
232
33
4
43
509
70
460
402
385
23
162
353
4
16
64
409
210
323
437
56
204
151
157
227
118
261
396
224
292
305
378
517
9
183
28
484
407
182
471
190
214
20
411
137
470
459
10
388
477
515
415
355
503
109
108
446
195
54
202
177
493
420
163
6
107
6
19