Module 2.pdf

Names of Modern Era town Planners
• Sir Patrick Geddes
• Sir Ebenezer Howard
• Clarence Stein
• Sir Patrick Abercrombie
• Le Corbusier

SIR PATRICK GEDDES
• He gave the idea of a region to the field of architecture and planning.
• He is called the father of Modern Town Planning.
• Sir Patrick Geddes wrote the book “ Cities in Evolution”.
• Sir Patrick Geddes was influenced by social theorists such as Herbert Spencer
and French theorist Federic Le Play and it resulted to the concept of Regional
planning.
• He adopted the theory of Spencer of that of biological evolution and related it
with evolution of society.

SIR PATRICK GEDDES
• He studied Le Play’s analysis of the key units of society as constituting
“Place, Work, Family”, but he changed its last word from “family” to “folk”.
• Also studied Le Play’s circular theory of geographical locations presenting
environmental limitations and opportunities that in turn determine the nature
of work.
• His central argument was that the physical geography, market economics and
anthropology were related, yielding a single chord of social life of all three
combined”.
• Above mentioned theories influenced his idea about theories of the city.

SIR PATRICK GEDDES
• He viewed city as a series of common interlocking pattern, “an inseparably
interwoven structure”.
• Criticized the tendency of modern scientific thinking specialisation.
• Geddes had an interest in Eastern philosophy.
• According to Geddes perspective, the purpose of his theory and understanding
of relationships among the units of society was to find an equilibrium among
people and environment to improve such conditions.

Sir Ebenezer Howard
• Sir Ebenezer Howard is known for his publication “ Garden Cities of
Tomorrow (1898)”.
• Howard’s garden city principles are being used in modern town planning.
• Garden city theory was a response to the need for improvement in the quality
of urban life, which already had the problem of overcrowding and congestion
due to uncontrolled growth since the industrial revolution.
• Garden city concept was also known as the three magnet diagram.

Concept of Three magnets
• He had no training in urban planning or design but excelled in creating places
which he called “magnets” where people would want to come to reside and
work.
• His garden cities were planned, contained communities surrounded by a
green belt (parks), containing proportionate areas of residences, industry and
agriculture.
• Garden city movement aimed at addressing the urban problems due the
industrial city of that time.
• Garden city concept was an effective response for a better quality of life in
overcrowded and dirty industrial towns which had deteriorated the
environment and posed serious threat to health.

Principles of Garden City
• Co-operative holding of land to insure that the advantage of appreciation of
land values goes to the community, not the private individuals.
• Economic and social advantages of large scale planning.
• Establishment of cities of limited size, but at the same time possessing a
balanced agricultural industrial economy.
• Urban decentralization – powers to different sector instead of single.
• Use of a surrounding green belt to serve as an agricultural recreational area.

Features of Garden City
• An ideal garden city is a compact town of 6000 acres, 5000 of which is
permanently reserved for agriculture. It accommodates a maximum population of
32,000. There are parks and private lawn everywhere. Also the roads are wide,
ranging from 120 to 420 feet for the Grand Avenue, and are radial rather than
linear.
• Commercial, industrial, residential, and public uses are clearly differentiated
from each other spatially. Additional elements include unified land ownership –
co-operatives, there was no individual ownership of land. Local community also
participated in the decision making regarding development.

Features of Garden City
• As we can see in the diagram, there is a central park containing public
buildings. It is surrounded by shopping streets which are further surrounded
by dwelling units in all directions.
• The outer circle contains factories and industries.
• Rail road’s bypasses the town, meeting the town at tangent.
• After a city reaches its target population, new interconnected nodes can be
developed. A Garden city is built up and its population has reached 32,000. It
will grow by establishing another city some little distance beyond its own
zone of ‘country’, so that the new town may have a zone of country of its
own.

Clarence Stein
• Clarence Stein was an American urban planner.
• He was a major proponent of the Garden city movement in the United States.
Main components of Garden city movement:
1) Planned Dispersal:
The organized outward migration of industries and people to towns of sufficient
size to provide the services, variety of occupations and level of culture needed
by a balanced cross – section of modern society.

Clarence Stein
2) Limit of Town Size
The growth of towns to be limited, in order that their inhabitants may live near
work, shops, social centers and each other and also near open country.
3) Amenities
The internal texture of towns to be open enough to permit houses with private
gardens, adequate space for schools and other functional purposes, and
pleasant parks and parkways.
4) Town and Country Relationship
The town area to be defined and a large area around it reserved permanently
for agriculture; thus enabling the farm people to be assured of a nearby market
and cultural center, and the town people to have the benefit of a country
situation.

Neighbourhood unit concept
• The term neighbourhood unit is often used to describe the sub divisions of
urban or rural settlements.
• In its purest definition, a neighborhood is the vicinity in which people live.
• Neighbourhood unit idea was proposed by Clarence Perry in 1929.
• Neighbourhoods have some particular physical or social characteristics that
distinguish them from the rest of the settlement.

Neighborhood concept
• The clustering of these neighborhoods has formed towns, villages, and cities.
• The Neighbourhood unit plan in brief is the effort to create a residential
neighbourhood to meet the needs of family life in a unit related to the larger
whole but possessing a distinct entity.

Basic principles of good neighbourhood design
1) Size
• The town is divided into self-contained units or sectors of 10,000 populations.
• This is further divided into smaller units called neighbourhood unit with 2,000
to 5,000 population.
• The size of the unit is therefore limited to about 1 to 1.5 sq km i.e. within
walkable distance of 10 to 15 minutes.
2) Boundaries
• The unit should be bounded on all its sides by main road, wide enough for
traffic.

3) Protective Strips
• These are necessary to protect the neighbourhood from annoyance of traffic
and to provide suitable facilities for developing parks, playgrounds and road
widening scheme in future.
• These are also called Minor Green Belts.

4) Internal Streets
• The internal streets are designed to ensure safety to the people and the
school going children in particular, since the mothers are anxious every day till
the safe return of the child.
• The internal streets should circulate throughout the unit with easy access to
shops and community centres.
5) Layout of Buildings
• To encourage neighbourhood relation and secure social stability and
balance, houses to suit the different income group should be provided such as
single family houses, double family houses, cottages, flats, etc.

6) Shopping Centres
• Each shop should be located on the circumference of the unit, preferably at
traffic junctions and adjacent to the neighbourhood units.
7) Community Centres
• Each community will have its centre with social, cultural and recreational
amenities.

8) Facilities
• All public facilities required for the family for their comfort and convenience
should be within easy reach.
• These include the primary school, temple, club, retail shop, sport centre, etc.
• These should be located within 1km in the central place so as to form a
nucleus to develop social life of the unit.

SIR PATRICK ABERCROMBIE
• He was an English town planner.
• Came to prominence in 1930s and 40s for urban planning of the cities of
Plymouth, Hull, Bath, Edinburgh and Bournemouth and later for his radical
plan to rebuild the post-war city of London.
• Served as President of the Geographical Association, in 1937 and gave
presidential Address named “Geography- the basis of planning”.
• Post second world war planning of city of London was done by him.

• He proposed that the growth of London should be stopped by a green belt
and that over a million people should move out to expanded towns beyond
it.
• In 1945 with the assistance of Sir Edwin Lutyens, Sir Patrick Abercrombie
published the plan of the city of Kingston.
• With Robert Matthew he proposed in 1946 the planning of new towns of
East Kilbride and Cumbernauld.
• Along with Richard Nickson he made a plan for re-development of
Warwick.

• Post Second world war, the British government asked Sir Patrick
Abercrombie to redesign Hong Kong.
• In 1956, he was commissioned to draw plans for the capital of
Ethiopia(Addis Ababa).

Planners skills
1. A planner must have knowledge of urban spatial structure or physical
design and the way in which cities work.
2. Ability to analyze trends in population, employment and health.
3. Must possess knowledge of plan making and project evaluation.
4. Must posess mastery in involving wide range of persons in the process of
decision making.
5. Ability of understanding local, state and central government programs and
processes

Planners skills
6. Understanding of the social and environmental impact of planning decisions
in communities.
7. Ability to work with the public and must be good at expressing ideas
(articulate) and planning issues to a wide varierty of public.
8. Must be able to function as a mediator and facilitator when the community
interest conflict occur.
9. Understanding all the legalities involved in land use regulation.

Planners skills
10. Ability of understanding of the interaction among the economy,
transportation, health and human services and land use regulation.
11. Must be technically sound and competent.
12. Ability of envisioning alternatives to the physical and social environments
in which we live.
13. Must have mastery in GIS(Geographic Information System) software and
must possess good presentation skills.

GROWTH OF CHANDIGARH
• Chandigarh has become Hi-tech city by setting up of I.T. park.
• Chandigarh being the regional centre is hub of political and bureaucratic
activities of the 3 neighbouring states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal
Pradesh.
• The high profile education and health facilities are available in the
Chandigarh, like Punjab Engineering College, York, Fortis.
• The Chandigarh has its tourist potential.

CHANDIGARH
Positive highlights:
• Each sector of the city satisfies the necessities of human needs.
• Provision of separate roads for pedestrian, bicycle and heavy vehicles.
• Shops on ground floor and residence on upper floor.

DEVELOPMENT IN CHANDIGARH
City of Chandigarh was developed in 3 phases:
• Sectors 1 to 30 have been developed in Phase 1, it was completely developed
in 1975.
• Sector 31 to 47 have been developed in phase 2, for accommodating
population of 5 lakhs in combined.
• Sectors from 48 to 56 in phase 3 has been taken up.

IDEA OF LE CORBUSIER
• The city of Chandigarh is planned to human scale.
• Head-capitol (place of power).
• Heart-the city centre.
• Stomach-the commercial area.
• Arms-university and industrial zone.
• Lungs-leisure valley, open spaces.
• Arteries-network of roads.

SECTORS
• Chandigarh had 56 sectors.
• Each sector was 800m by 1200m, enclosed by roads allocated to fast-
mechanized transport and sealed to direct access from the houses.
• Population would be approximately from 5000 to 20000 inhabitants.

Roads
The roads of the city were classified into seven categories, known as the system of
7Vs.
• V-1 Fast roads connecting Chandigarh to other towns,
• V-2 Arterial roads,
• V-3 Fast vehicular roads,
• V-4 Free flowing shopping streets,
• V-5 Sector circulation roads,

Roads
• V-6 Access roads to houses,
• V-7 Footpaths and cycle tracks.

HOUSING
• The residential buildings were governed by a mechanism known as ‘frame
control’ created by the municipal administration to control their facades.
• Certain standard sizes of doors and windows are specified and all the gates
and boundary walls must conform to standard design.
• The idea was to ensure that the view from the street, which belonged to the
community, was of same visual order and discipline to maintain uniformity.

Commercial buildings
• All buildings located in the City Centre and commercial or institutional
buildings located along V-2 roads were subjected to controls.
• The system of the city centre was based on a grid of columns.
• The interior planning was left to the owners, and in the exterior, certain
variations are permitted to give variety to the architectural composition.

Commercial areas of
Chandigarh

INTEGRATED AREA PLANNING IN INDIA
• This is an important measure for reducing regional disparities in India.
A few integrated plans are as under:
1. Hill Area Development Programme:
Initiated in hilly areas of Uttarakhand, Assam, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu.
The main objects of this was:
• To exploit local resources of the hill areas.
• Starting primary activities such as horticulture, forestry, animal husbandry.

INTEGRATED AREA PLANNING IN INDIA
• To began suitable village industries.
• For imitating the conservation measures.
2. Tribal area development programme:
This programme has been taken in the areas of that of M.P., Chattisgarh, Orissa,
Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and Rajasthan.
3. Drought Prone Area Programme:
The aim was to provide employment to the rural people in drought-prone areas,
to introduce relief operations.

4. Metropolitan Regional Planning:
Urban master plans were prepared for capital and port cities to reduce the
problem of rapid urbanization and to control large scale immigration from rural
to urban. A master plan was prepared for Delhi in 1955 to develop the satellite
towns around Delhi

Distribution and Sizes of Settlements
• Lognormal distribution has been considered as the best representation of the
city size distribution.
• For studying the city size distribution of India, Pareto and q-exponential
distributions were used.
• Census of India defines urban according to several criteria:
1. All statutory towns that is all places with local governing bodies are
defined as urban.
2. A minimum population as urban.

3. At least 75% of the male working population is engaged in non-agricultural
and allied services and,
4 Some other places with distinct urban characteristics are also considered as
urban.
5 Census of India classifies urban centers into six class.
6 Urban center with population of more than one lakh is called town.
7 The places with more than five million are called Mega cities.

Size Distribution of
Cities and Towns in
India (1951-2011)

There are four types of settlements in India and they are namely as follows:
1. Compact settlement.
2. Semi-Compact settlement.
3. Hamleted settlement.
4. Dispersed settlements.

1. Compact Settlements: If the number of villages equals the number of
hamlets in an area unit, the settlement is designated as compact. Such
settlements are found in the Narmada valley, large parts of Rajasthan, paddy
lands in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Vindhyan plateau and several other cultivated
parts of India.
• In such villages all the dwellings are concentrated in one central site.
Villagers enjoy the benefits of community life.
• Their size varies from 500 to 2500 persons in sparsely populated parts like
Rajasthan to more than 10000 in the Ganga plain.

2. Semi-Compact settlements:
• If the number of villages equals more than half of the hamlets, it is semi-
compact settlement. These are found both in plains and plateaus depending
upon the environmental conditions prevailing there.
• The dwellings in such settlements are not very closely knitted and are
huddled together at one common site.
• It covers more area than the compact settlements; the hamlets occupy new
sites near the periphery of the village boundary.

3. Hamleted settlements:
• If the number of villages is equal to half of hamlet number, it is a hamlet
settlement.
• Hamlets are spread over the area with intervening fields and the main or
central settlement is either absent or has feeble influence upon others.
• Original site is not easily distinguishable and the morphological diversity is
rarely noticed.
• Such settlements are found in West Bengal, eastern Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh and coastal plains.

4. Dispersed settlements:
• If the number of villages is less than half the number of hamlets, the
settlement is regarded as dispersed.
• The inhabitants of dispersed settlements live in isolated dwellings scattered
in the cultivated fields.
• Individualism, sentiments, of living freely, custom of marriage relations are
conducive to such settlements.
• These dwellings are deprived of neighbourhood, communal,interdependence
and social interaction

4. Dispersed settlements:
• Dispersed settlements are found in tribal areas covering central part of India,
eastern and southern Rajasthan, Himalayan slopes and land with dissected
and uneven topography.
• These are found in Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh.

Present status of town planning in India
• Sir Patrick Geddes visited India in 1915 to advice the Governor of Madras,
Lord Pentland, on the replanning and redevelopment of some of the old
towns.
• Expert advice for the improvement of about 18 major towns in India. He
studied evil effects from which town suffers and then to prescribe the
remedies to improve such town.
• Various town planning acts have been passed in India to enforce town
planning actions.
• The main provision of the English town planning act of 1909 is that the
local authorities are given power to prepare and to enforce town planning
schemes on open lands in the city and on its fringe.

• In England, subsequent to Town planning Act of 1909 , Town planning act
of 1947 was passed.
• In India because of specific approach of town planning we have few cities
such as New Delhi, Chandigarh, Gandhinagar, Durgapur, Ulhasnagar,
Bangalore may be called as planned cities.
• For the purpose of looking after the planning and execution of new cities or
new parts within metro centers, various organisations such as DDA (Delhi
Development Authority), CIDCO, CMPO(Calcutta Metropolitan Planning
Organization), HUDCO are set up by the government.

• Such authorities are given the following powers:
1. To prepare development plans for the urban development area.
2. To prepare town planning schemes.
3. To guide, direct and assist the local authority or authorities and other
statutory authorities functioning in the urban development area in matters
pertaining to the planning, development and use of urban land.
4. To control the development activities in accordance with the development
plan in the urban development area.

5. To check whether the development activities are in accordance with the
development plan.
6. To acquire, hold, manage and dispose off property movable or immovable.
7. To enter into contracts, agreements, or arrangements with any local authority,
persons or organizations.
8. To carry out any development work in the urban development area as may be
assigned to it by the state government from time to time.

9. To exercise such other powers and perform such other functions as are
supplemental, incidental or consequential to any of the foregoing powers and
functions as may be directed by state government.

Efficiency measures
• In Gujarat, the Bombay Town Planning Act, 1954 has been replaced by the
Gujarat Town Planning and Urban Development Act, 1976. President gave
his assent in 1976.
• Former act was controlling town planning activities within the areas having
the jurisdiction of local authorities only.
• It was felt that if planning activities are undertaken on a more rational and
scientific basis with reference to the development of areas within the
peripheral limits of cities and towns, it was possible to create better
environmental conditions.
• The present act seeks to achieve this object in the State of Gujarat.

Efficiency measures
• In addition to local authorities, the state government is empowered to
declare urban development areas and to constitute urban development
authorities for such areas.

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