This editorial discusses how technological advances in healthcare are often unavailable to many people due to issues of affordability and inequality. While new technologies are promising, neoliberal economic policies have reduced access to healthcare for many populations by cutting funding, privatizing services, and increasing costs. International trade agreements like TRIPS and TPP extend patent protections in ways that raise drug prices and limit generic alternatives, worsening access issues. The piece argues that bioethics needs to more critically examine the social, economic and political contexts that determine whether new technologies are available and for whom.
Human rights in developing countries and its relationship with country’s econ...AI Publications
This document summarizes a research paper on the relationship between human rights and economic development in developing countries. The paper used a quantitative survey method with 149 valid responses to examine this relationship. The main finding was that there is a strong positive relationship between human rights protections and economic development in developing nations, supporting the research hypothesis. Human rights and economic development influence each other bidirectionally and there are various channels through which they may be linked, such as levels of democracy, political stability, and social policies.
Harnessing Global Health Diplomacy to Curb Corruption in HealthAmr Makady
This document summarizes a research article that examines how corruption affects access to medicines globally. It discusses how over a third of the world's population still lacks access to essential medicines, despite international agreements declaring health a human right. Corruption undermines health systems by reducing resources and access to care, with the greatest burden falling on the poor. It can have economic, health, and government trust impacts. The pharmaceutical sector is particularly vulnerable to corruption due to its profitability, regulation, and complex supply chains. The authors argue that global health diplomacy should be used to prioritize research on health corruption, facilitate dialogue on the issue, and help negotiate frameworks for good governance in health.
This document discusses challenges to accessing affordable HIV treatment in middle-income countries. It notes that middle-income countries face a "dual burden" of both infectious diseases like HIV and rising non-communicable diseases. Access to affordable medicines is important for universal healthcare but medicines consume a large portion of health spending. The document examines barriers like pricing, patents, intellectual property regimes, and lack of investment that affect access to affordable essential medicines for HIV treatment and other illnesses. It provides context on global commitments to treatment access and reviews the current and future situation for HIV treatment access in middle-income countries.
The article examines the contested history of establishing a supervised injecting facility (SIF) in Sydney, Australia known as the Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC) through the lens of legal geography. It analyzes how arguments for and against the MSIC referenced different legal jurisdictions and scales, from international treaties to municipal governance. While public health arguments supported the MSIC, opposition cited drug illegality. The outcome was shaped by diverse stakeholders and the spaces where law is enacted, not through a simple hierarchy of nested legal territories. The implications for how legal geography and health services for drug users are understood are discussed.
Look into some Highlights of the Freedom House 2021 ReportCharlie
I look over the Freedom House 2021 report and highlight some of the main points that are included, but make sure to give the full Freedom House 2021 report a read.
This document is a research proposal that will examine how the concept of national sovereignty is evolving in the face of increased globalization and multilateral cooperation. Sovereignty, which forms the basis of citizenship and identity, is being challenged by new international laws, organizations, and the ability of individuals to circumvent borders. While sovereignty is recognized as changing, there is little empirical data to show how this dynamic evolution may impact global governance structures. The proposed research aims to help understand how sovereignty is adapting without intentional guidance and what this means for international relations theory and institutions.
Human rights in developing countries and its relationship with country’s econ...AI Publications
This document summarizes a research paper on the relationship between human rights and economic development in developing countries. The paper used a quantitative survey method with 149 valid responses to examine this relationship. The main finding was that there is a strong positive relationship between human rights protections and economic development in developing nations, supporting the research hypothesis. Human rights and economic development influence each other bidirectionally and there are various channels through which they may be linked, such as levels of democracy, political stability, and social policies.
Harnessing Global Health Diplomacy to Curb Corruption in HealthAmr Makady
This document summarizes a research article that examines how corruption affects access to medicines globally. It discusses how over a third of the world's population still lacks access to essential medicines, despite international agreements declaring health a human right. Corruption undermines health systems by reducing resources and access to care, with the greatest burden falling on the poor. It can have economic, health, and government trust impacts. The pharmaceutical sector is particularly vulnerable to corruption due to its profitability, regulation, and complex supply chains. The authors argue that global health diplomacy should be used to prioritize research on health corruption, facilitate dialogue on the issue, and help negotiate frameworks for good governance in health.
This document discusses challenges to accessing affordable HIV treatment in middle-income countries. It notes that middle-income countries face a "dual burden" of both infectious diseases like HIV and rising non-communicable diseases. Access to affordable medicines is important for universal healthcare but medicines consume a large portion of health spending. The document examines barriers like pricing, patents, intellectual property regimes, and lack of investment that affect access to affordable essential medicines for HIV treatment and other illnesses. It provides context on global commitments to treatment access and reviews the current and future situation for HIV treatment access in middle-income countries.
The article examines the contested history of establishing a supervised injecting facility (SIF) in Sydney, Australia known as the Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC) through the lens of legal geography. It analyzes how arguments for and against the MSIC referenced different legal jurisdictions and scales, from international treaties to municipal governance. While public health arguments supported the MSIC, opposition cited drug illegality. The outcome was shaped by diverse stakeholders and the spaces where law is enacted, not through a simple hierarchy of nested legal territories. The implications for how legal geography and health services for drug users are understood are discussed.
Look into some Highlights of the Freedom House 2021 ReportCharlie
I look over the Freedom House 2021 report and highlight some of the main points that are included, but make sure to give the full Freedom House 2021 report a read.
This document is a research proposal that will examine how the concept of national sovereignty is evolving in the face of increased globalization and multilateral cooperation. Sovereignty, which forms the basis of citizenship and identity, is being challenged by new international laws, organizations, and the ability of individuals to circumvent borders. While sovereignty is recognized as changing, there is little empirical data to show how this dynamic evolution may impact global governance structures. The proposed research aims to help understand how sovereignty is adapting without intentional guidance and what this means for international relations theory and institutions.
This document is a resume for Michael Marcellino, a hairstylist based in Malibu, California. It lists his experience as a department head hairstylist for over 25 television shows from 2001 to the present. It also lists his experience as a key hairstylist or personal hairstylist for numerous feature films from the 1990s to the present. The resume concludes by noting he has produced instructional hair videos and is available for appointments at a hair salon in Woodland Hills, California.
The West Texas A&M Buffaloes defeated the Southwestern Christian Eagles 78-70 in a home game. Jordan Evans led the Buffs with 22 points, going 6-12 from the field and 5-10 from three-point range. The Buffs shot 41.9% from the field and 41.2% from three. They will now host Eastern New Mexico on Saturday at 4pm, where live stats, video and radio coverage will be provided. Eastern New Mexico enters with a 5-13 record and is led by John Gilliam averaging 16 points per game. The Buffs lead the all-time series against Eastern New Mexico 65-18.
The document outlines a request for proposals to develop a five-year data strategy to track agricultural environmental data and connect farm-level practices to supply chain sustainability goals. The strategy will integrate data from farm technologies to models translating that data into measurable environmental outcomes like greenhouse gas emissions, water quality, and efficiency on US corn acres. Bidders should submit a proposal by February 7th outlining their approach, timeline, experience in agriculture and supply chains, and a cost breakdown for the project.
The document discusses how the film Dream Paralysis targeted and addressed its intended audience of 15-18 year olds, mainly boys. It did this through its violent story line featuring characters in the same age range that audiences could relate to. The title highlights the themes of dreams and hallucinations, attracting more viewers. The sound design built tension differently than other thrillers. Editing techniques like transitions between reality and dreams left parts for audiences to figure out. Overall, the film followed thriller conventions and targeted a relatable age range to attract its audience.
Este documento explica cómo insertar referencias bibliográficas en normas APA en Microsoft Word 2013. Primero, se selecciona el estilo APA en la herramienta Citas y Bibliografía. Luego, al insertar una cita o agregar una nueva fuente, se elige el tipo de fuente como libro, artículo, informe, etc. Dependiendo de la fuente seleccionada, aparecen campos para llenar con datos como el título, autores, editorial. Una vez completada la ficha bibliográfica, se acepta para crear
Objetivo del taller:
Obtengas una visión amplia de como las personas engañan, suplantan y estafan a través de la suplantación de identidad. Además obtendrás herramientas para establecer controles, políticas y procedimientos en sus organizaciones para minimizar estos delitos.
¿Qué aprenderé?
Reconocer las maneras de operar de los suplantadores a través de casos del Ecuador y el mundo.
Diseñar e implementar procesos en sus organizaciones de verificación de identidad.
informes: info@polygono.com
El documento narra que antiguamente los elefantes eran solo negros o blancos y vivían separados, odiándose entre sí. Un día, los elefantes negros y blancos decidieron matarse los unos a los otros, comenzando una larga batalla que acabó con la vida de todos los elefantes. Años más tarde, los nietos de los pocos elefantes pacifistas que se habían refugiado en lo profundo de la selva salieron de la jungla, siendo de color gris, y desde entonces los elefantes han vivido en paz.
Mit der Hasena Oak-Line können Sie ganz gezielt ein mediterranes Flair in Ihrem Schlafzimmer schaffen. Die Kombination aus naturbelassener, wilder Eiche und weißem oder unbearbeitetem Stein oder Beton zaubern Räume herbei, die Sie aus Ihrem Süd-Urlaub her kennen und lieben. Die natürliche, von Bett zu Bett unterschiedliche Maserung der Wildeiche schafft ein lebendiges und einzigartiges Unikat in Ihrem Schlafzimmer, dass kein zweiter Mensch hat.
http://www.aqua-comfort.net/hersteller-hasena-oak-line.html
La disciplina se define como la coordinación de actitudes para desarrollar habilidades o seguir un código de conducta. La disciplina es un proceso que toma tiempo y requiere el esfuerzo de todos los involucrados en la educación de los niños, no solo castigos. En las instituciones educativas, la disciplina implica que los estudiantes se rijan por las leyes del respeto hacia los profesores y compañeros.
El Papa Francisco habla sobre la misericordia de Dios y las obras de misericordia durante la Cuaresma. Explica que Dios siempre ha mostrado misericordia hacia la humanidad a lo largo de la historia. Jesucristo es el máximo ejemplo de la misericordia divina. El Papa anima a los cristianos a practicar las obras de misericordia corporales y espirituales para ayudar a los necesitados y experimentar el amor misericordioso de Dios.
Este documento explica cómo insertar referencias bibliográficas siguiendo las normas APA en Microsoft Word. Describe el proceso de agregar una nueva fuente, llenar los campos requeridos y agregar la cita en el texto. También resume los formatos para citar libros, capítulos, publicaciones periódicas, material electrónico y sitios web siguiendo las normas APA.
Una bibliografía es una lista de fuentes consultadas o citadas durante la creación de los documentos que se suele incluir al final de los documentos.
Cada vez que cree una nueva fuente de información, ésta se guarda en el equipo para que pueda buscar y utilizar cualquier fuente de información que haya creado.
Wei Liao, PhD
Anaerobic Digestion Research and Education Center (ADREC)
Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Michigan State University
January 14th, 2016
1) The document discusses access to medicines for sex workers living with HIV and how trade frameworks impact availability and affordability of treatment.
2) It describes how sex workers experience difficulties accessing HIV prevention and treatment due to human rights violations, stigma, and criminalization.
3) The World Trade Organization and intellectual property rights frameworks, including patents, can create barriers to accessing affordable medicines in developing countries by protecting pharmaceutical company profits over access to essential medicines.
A critique of an argument against patent rights for essential medicines (publ...J S
This document summarizes and critiques an argument against patent rights for essential medicines. It begins by providing background on Thomas Pogge's position supporting supplementation of the existing incentivization of research and development for essential medicines under World Trade Organization rules. It then presents the "strong view" that patent rights for essential medicines are morally unjustified in themselves. The document focuses on critically analyzing one argument in favor of this strong view, referred to as the "Poggean argument." It evaluates the validity and potential soundness of this argument from the perspective of libertarian views on distributive justice.
Attacks on Science: The Risks to Evidence-Based Policyhealthactivist.ph
This was the first assignment given to us by our professor in the course, Political Dynamics of Health Policy class (HPS221). He didn't ask us to write a paper about what we think but rather read the article and we will discuss it in class. I wrote what I think about the article in my www.healthactivist.ph blog since I believe that we weren't able to discuss the assignment thoroughly and me unable to explain well why we need to settle the definition of "evidence-based" policy.
This document summarizes discussions from a series of events on technology ventures. It addresses 21st century paradigms for innovation, new innovation models, and focuses on digital technologies, biotechnology, and healthcare. Key topics discussed include using data and incentives to encourage preventative healthcare, balancing public and private use of health data, and how new firms are driving innovation in genomics and new drug discovery models through collaboration.
How Action by Civil Society Can Help Improve Access to Cancer MedicationsOncoguia
Civil society organizations in Brazil successfully advocated for improved access to oral chemotherapy medications. They launched a media campaign and petition that increased public awareness of the issue. They also lobbied politicians, resulting in new legislation requiring private health insurers to cover oral cancer drugs. This case shows how civil society can play a key role in expanding access to important cancer treatments, and provides an example for other countries. Elements of their successful advocacy included strategic communication skills, regulatory policy expertise, and utilizing democratic political processes.
This document is a resume for Michael Marcellino, a hairstylist based in Malibu, California. It lists his experience as a department head hairstylist for over 25 television shows from 2001 to the present. It also lists his experience as a key hairstylist or personal hairstylist for numerous feature films from the 1990s to the present. The resume concludes by noting he has produced instructional hair videos and is available for appointments at a hair salon in Woodland Hills, California.
The West Texas A&M Buffaloes defeated the Southwestern Christian Eagles 78-70 in a home game. Jordan Evans led the Buffs with 22 points, going 6-12 from the field and 5-10 from three-point range. The Buffs shot 41.9% from the field and 41.2% from three. They will now host Eastern New Mexico on Saturday at 4pm, where live stats, video and radio coverage will be provided. Eastern New Mexico enters with a 5-13 record and is led by John Gilliam averaging 16 points per game. The Buffs lead the all-time series against Eastern New Mexico 65-18.
The document outlines a request for proposals to develop a five-year data strategy to track agricultural environmental data and connect farm-level practices to supply chain sustainability goals. The strategy will integrate data from farm technologies to models translating that data into measurable environmental outcomes like greenhouse gas emissions, water quality, and efficiency on US corn acres. Bidders should submit a proposal by February 7th outlining their approach, timeline, experience in agriculture and supply chains, and a cost breakdown for the project.
The document discusses how the film Dream Paralysis targeted and addressed its intended audience of 15-18 year olds, mainly boys. It did this through its violent story line featuring characters in the same age range that audiences could relate to. The title highlights the themes of dreams and hallucinations, attracting more viewers. The sound design built tension differently than other thrillers. Editing techniques like transitions between reality and dreams left parts for audiences to figure out. Overall, the film followed thriller conventions and targeted a relatable age range to attract its audience.
Este documento explica cómo insertar referencias bibliográficas en normas APA en Microsoft Word 2013. Primero, se selecciona el estilo APA en la herramienta Citas y Bibliografía. Luego, al insertar una cita o agregar una nueva fuente, se elige el tipo de fuente como libro, artículo, informe, etc. Dependiendo de la fuente seleccionada, aparecen campos para llenar con datos como el título, autores, editorial. Una vez completada la ficha bibliográfica, se acepta para crear
Objetivo del taller:
Obtengas una visión amplia de como las personas engañan, suplantan y estafan a través de la suplantación de identidad. Además obtendrás herramientas para establecer controles, políticas y procedimientos en sus organizaciones para minimizar estos delitos.
¿Qué aprenderé?
Reconocer las maneras de operar de los suplantadores a través de casos del Ecuador y el mundo.
Diseñar e implementar procesos en sus organizaciones de verificación de identidad.
informes: info@polygono.com
El documento narra que antiguamente los elefantes eran solo negros o blancos y vivían separados, odiándose entre sí. Un día, los elefantes negros y blancos decidieron matarse los unos a los otros, comenzando una larga batalla que acabó con la vida de todos los elefantes. Años más tarde, los nietos de los pocos elefantes pacifistas que se habían refugiado en lo profundo de la selva salieron de la jungla, siendo de color gris, y desde entonces los elefantes han vivido en paz.
Mit der Hasena Oak-Line können Sie ganz gezielt ein mediterranes Flair in Ihrem Schlafzimmer schaffen. Die Kombination aus naturbelassener, wilder Eiche und weißem oder unbearbeitetem Stein oder Beton zaubern Räume herbei, die Sie aus Ihrem Süd-Urlaub her kennen und lieben. Die natürliche, von Bett zu Bett unterschiedliche Maserung der Wildeiche schafft ein lebendiges und einzigartiges Unikat in Ihrem Schlafzimmer, dass kein zweiter Mensch hat.
http://www.aqua-comfort.net/hersteller-hasena-oak-line.html
La disciplina se define como la coordinación de actitudes para desarrollar habilidades o seguir un código de conducta. La disciplina es un proceso que toma tiempo y requiere el esfuerzo de todos los involucrados en la educación de los niños, no solo castigos. En las instituciones educativas, la disciplina implica que los estudiantes se rijan por las leyes del respeto hacia los profesores y compañeros.
El Papa Francisco habla sobre la misericordia de Dios y las obras de misericordia durante la Cuaresma. Explica que Dios siempre ha mostrado misericordia hacia la humanidad a lo largo de la historia. Jesucristo es el máximo ejemplo de la misericordia divina. El Papa anima a los cristianos a practicar las obras de misericordia corporales y espirituales para ayudar a los necesitados y experimentar el amor misericordioso de Dios.
Este documento explica cómo insertar referencias bibliográficas siguiendo las normas APA en Microsoft Word. Describe el proceso de agregar una nueva fuente, llenar los campos requeridos y agregar la cita en el texto. También resume los formatos para citar libros, capítulos, publicaciones periódicas, material electrónico y sitios web siguiendo las normas APA.
Una bibliografía es una lista de fuentes consultadas o citadas durante la creación de los documentos que se suele incluir al final de los documentos.
Cada vez que cree una nueva fuente de información, ésta se guarda en el equipo para que pueda buscar y utilizar cualquier fuente de información que haya creado.
Wei Liao, PhD
Anaerobic Digestion Research and Education Center (ADREC)
Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Michigan State University
January 14th, 2016
1) The document discusses access to medicines for sex workers living with HIV and how trade frameworks impact availability and affordability of treatment.
2) It describes how sex workers experience difficulties accessing HIV prevention and treatment due to human rights violations, stigma, and criminalization.
3) The World Trade Organization and intellectual property rights frameworks, including patents, can create barriers to accessing affordable medicines in developing countries by protecting pharmaceutical company profits over access to essential medicines.
A critique of an argument against patent rights for essential medicines (publ...J S
This document summarizes and critiques an argument against patent rights for essential medicines. It begins by providing background on Thomas Pogge's position supporting supplementation of the existing incentivization of research and development for essential medicines under World Trade Organization rules. It then presents the "strong view" that patent rights for essential medicines are morally unjustified in themselves. The document focuses on critically analyzing one argument in favor of this strong view, referred to as the "Poggean argument." It evaluates the validity and potential soundness of this argument from the perspective of libertarian views on distributive justice.
Attacks on Science: The Risks to Evidence-Based Policyhealthactivist.ph
This was the first assignment given to us by our professor in the course, Political Dynamics of Health Policy class (HPS221). He didn't ask us to write a paper about what we think but rather read the article and we will discuss it in class. I wrote what I think about the article in my www.healthactivist.ph blog since I believe that we weren't able to discuss the assignment thoroughly and me unable to explain well why we need to settle the definition of "evidence-based" policy.
This document summarizes discussions from a series of events on technology ventures. It addresses 21st century paradigms for innovation, new innovation models, and focuses on digital technologies, biotechnology, and healthcare. Key topics discussed include using data and incentives to encourage preventative healthcare, balancing public and private use of health data, and how new firms are driving innovation in genomics and new drug discovery models through collaboration.
How Action by Civil Society Can Help Improve Access to Cancer MedicationsOncoguia
Civil society organizations in Brazil successfully advocated for improved access to oral chemotherapy medications. They launched a media campaign and petition that increased public awareness of the issue. They also lobbied politicians, resulting in new legislation requiring private health insurers to cover oral cancer drugs. This case shows how civil society can play a key role in expanding access to important cancer treatments, and provides an example for other countries. Elements of their successful advocacy included strategic communication skills, regulatory policy expertise, and utilizing democratic political processes.
The document is a report from the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) on priorities for personalized medicine. It provides background on PCAST and its role in advising the President on science and technology policy. It then outlines PCAST's study of personalized medicine, which examined 8 policy areas over 9 meetings with over 110 presenters from various organizations. The report focuses its recommendations on 3 areas: developing strategic plans and coordinating efforts to advance personalized medicine technologies and tools; utilizing transparent, systematic approaches to modernize regulation of personalized medicine; and ensuring innovative personalized medicine products can be adopted without being obstructed by cost containment objectives. It also recommends establishing an office within HHS to coordinate personalized medicine activities.
White Paper HDI_big data and prevention_EN_Nov2016Anne Gimalac
This document discusses the potential role of big data and genomics in cancer treatment and prevention. It describes how genome sequencing is becoming more routine in cancer research and treatment to better understand cancers and personalize therapies. However, true big data approaches analyzing large, diverse genomic datasets have not yet been widely applied. Major technological, organizational, and economic challenges remain to fully realize the promise of precision, personalized 6P medicine based on big data and molecular diagnostics.
GSK’S Andrew Witty: Addressing Neglected Tropical Diseases and global health ...Nejmeddine Jemaa
Every day, Non Governmental Organization NGOs is confronted with the lack of access to adequate or affordable medical tools in the field. They face two major challenges the high cost of existing medicines on the one hand, and the absence of appropriate or effective treatments for many of the diseases affecting our patients on the other, we are talking about Neglected Tropical Disease NTD in the Least developed Countries LDCs.
Andrew Witty, Chief Executive Officer of Glaxo Smith Klein (GSK) delivered a speech at the Harvard Business School in Boston on February 2009 entitled “Big pharma a catalyst for Change” focused on two issues: a) promoting innovation to prevent or treat NTDs in the world’s Least Developed Countries by creating a “pharmaceutical patent pool”; b) improving the access to medicine in the poorer countries by lowering the prices of GSK’s medicines.
In deed, we are assisting a radical change in pharma Business model, we are moving from conflict to collaboration through the Medicines Patent Pool in the hope that it speed up access to newer medicines, and boost initiatives that make use of alternative financing mechanisms in order to develop new, more appropriate treatments that respond to medical needs.
On the other hand the pricing strategy dilemma facing the generic manufacturers and the non inclusion of HIV which is a major neglected disease in LDCs in the patent pool may compromise the success of such business model.
In order to deal with that two issues, GSK should include HIV drugs in their patent pool as other manufacturers and NGO are doing, and concerning the pricing strategy they should emphasize on the high quality of the original drug mandatory to eradicate this NTDs and communicate more on the fact that GSK will invest 20% of these drugs profit to improve the infrastructure of these LDCs.
Corruption Risks in the Healthcare Marketplace: Why Transparency is the Righ...MeTApresents
Corruption undermines healthcare systems and puts lives at risk. Studies show corruption has large financial costs and reduces access to healthcare. Corruption risk comes from the complexity of healthcare systems with multiple stakeholders and decision points, as well as imbalances of information. Transparency can help address corruption by supporting accountability, reducing corruption, and promoting equitable access to medicine. Critical areas for transparency include regulatory policies, prices, quality, quantities, and procurement data. Transparency solutions include harmonized regulation, greater access to information, and public reporting on anti-bribery programs. Transparency alone is not enough and must be accompanied by measures like integrity pacts and whistleblower protections.
This document discusses debates around decriminalizing controlled substances. It notes that intoxication is a basic drive for many species and only became problematic in modern societies. While most nations signed UN drug conventions promoting criminalization, some countries have taken a more liberal approach through decriminalization or legalization. Ireland has taken an ambiguous approach, practicing harm reduction while maintaining prohibition. The document examines how legalizing cannabis in Ireland could impact drug users, their families, communities, and society, considering human rights and implications for social work.
This document contains extracts from academic writing and commercial writing. The academic extracts discuss topics like knowledge transfers, strategic alliances, and palliative care research. They use complex language and cite multiple references. The commercial extract proposes an idea to convert taxis to electric vehicles. It uses simpler language to describe business benefits and next steps. Word choice, length, specificity, and citation of references can help distinguish academic from commercial writing.
The Digital Medicine Crystal Ball: Unlocking the Future of Real-Time, Precise...Cris De Luca
The last five years have seen an unprecedented eruption in technological and health advances.
These new technologies and products—many undergoing rigorous clinical validation—will have significant direct impacts on diagnosing, preventing, monitoring or treating a disease, condition or syndrome, which in turn will transform disease management and alter business models across industries.
This whitepaper describes the current and future influence of digital medicine on the health ecosystem and highlights how various stakeholders are working to deliver clinically impactful and economically viable solutions in a saturated yet still-emerging business environment.
Topics addressed in the whitepaper include:
How various stakeholders are working to deliver clinically impactful and economically viable solutions in a saturated yet still-emerging business environment
The new roles of traditional healthcare players
How the entrance of new technologies will affect partnership models and business strategies
The future of digital medicine’s regulatory environment
Author: Nicole Fisher
The report, produced by EBD Group in collaboration with Hogan Lovells, and authored by Forbes contributor, Nicole Fisher, features insights from Christine Lemke, Evidation Health, Hogan Lovells, Cris De Luca, J&J Innovation, NIH/PMI, Rachel Sha, Sanofi, StartUp Health, and key opinion leaders such as John Nosta and Unity Stoakes.
mHealth Israel_ Digital Medicine_Whitepaper_The Digital Medicine Chrystal BallLevi Shapiro
The Digital Medicine Chrystal Ball: Unlocking the Future of Real-Time, Precise, Effective Healthcare. How will new digital technologies impact disease management and healthcare over the next decade? How will new digital technologies impact disease management and healthcare over the next decade?
Effectiveness of a chat-bot for the adult population to quit smoking: protoco...Jose Avila De Tomas
JF Avila-Tomas, E Olano-Espinosa, C Minué-Lorenzo, FJ Martinez-Suberbiola, B Matilla-Pardo, ME Serrano-Serrano, E Escortell-Mayor and Dej@loBot Team.
Effectiveness of a chat-bot for the adult population to quit smoking: protocol of a pragmatic clinical trial in primary care (Dejal@). BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making; 19(1): 1-10, 2019
CHAPTER 7The policy processEileen T. O’GradyThere are tJinElias52
CHAPTER 7
The policy process
Eileen T. O’Grady
“There are three critical ingredients to democratic renewal and progressive change in America: good public policy, grassroots organizing and electoral politics.”
Paul Wellstone
Nurses can more strategically and effectively influence policy if they have a clear understanding of the policymaking process. Conceptual models can help to organize and interpret information by depicting complex ideas in a simplified form; to this end, political scientists have developed a number of conceptual models to explain the highly dynamic process of policymaking. This chapter reviews two of these conceptual models.
Health policy and politics
Health policy encompasses the political, economic, social, cultural, and social determinants of individuals and populations and attempts to address the broader issues in health and health care (see Box 7.1 for policy definitions). A clear understanding of the points of influence to shape policy is essential and includes framing the problem itself. For example, if nurses working in a nurse-managed clinic are troubled by staff shortages or long patient waits, they may be inclined to see themselves as the solution by working longer hours and seeing more patients. Defining and framing the problem is the first step in the policy process and involves assessing its history, patterns of impact, resource allocation, and community needs. Broadening and framing the problem to influence or educate stakeholders at the local, state, or federal level could include advocating for better access or funding for nursing workforce development (see Box 7.1).
BOX 7.1
Policy Definitions
Policy is authoritative decision making related to choices about goals and priorities of the policymaking body. In general, policies are constructed as a set of regulations (public policy), practice standards (workplace), governance mandates (organizations), ethical behavior (research), and ordinances (communities) that direct individuals, groups, organizations, and systems toward the desired behaviors and goals.
Health policy is the authoritative decisions made in the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of government that are intended to direct or influence the actions, behaviors, and decisions of others (Longest, 2016).
Policy analysis is the investigation of an issue including the background, purpose, content, and effects of various options within a policy context and their relevant social, economic, and political factors (Dye, 2016).
The next step is to bring the problem to the attention of those who have the power to implement a solution. Other key factors to consider include generating public interest, the availability of viable policy solutions, the likelihood that the policy will serve most of the people at risk in a fair and equitable fashion, and consideration of the organizational, community, societal, and political viability of the policy solution.
Public interest is a fascinating dynamic ...
CHAPTER 7The policy processEileen T. O’GradyThere are t
MHEP 18(4) Rotten context
1. EDITORIAL
Rotten context: the unaffordability of technological advances
Henk ten Have1 • Bert Gordijn1
Published online: 11 September 2015
Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015
This issue illustrates that progress in healthcare depends on
advancements in science and technology, as well as on
careful and precautious clinical trials, exchange of exper-
imental data and critical examination of clinical findings.
New technological applications such as deep brain stimu-
lation, the creation of human–nonhuman chimeras, and
mitochondrial replacement techniques as analyzed in con-
tributions in this issue, raise basic ethical questions that
also need to be explored. However, this scientific and
technological optimism is only part of the story of pro-
moting and expanding healthcare. Within the present cli-
mate of pervasive social, economic, and political
inequalities, new scientific knowledge and technological
applications are often not available to everyone who needs
to them. Growing inequality is now considered as a major
risk for political stability, undermining democracy and
political institutions (Schui 2014). The social fabric
responsible for equality of opportunity, which used to be
typical for the US, is gone (Putnam 2015). The same sit-
uation occurs in Europe; solidarity, which used to be lau-
ded as a typical European principle, is dead. The damaging
effects of neoliberal economic policies are particularly
clear in the breakdown of healthcare systems in many
developing countries, and also nowadays increasingly in
developed countries such as Greece (Streeck 2014).
Reduced expenditures for health and social services, pri-
vatization of care, lower salaries for healthcare workers,
and introduction of user fees for patients have reduced
access to health services for the majority of populations.
Entire populations are deprived of necessary treatment and
medication, simply because the costs are unaffordable or
because healthcare is inaccessible (Keshavjee 2014). For
example, globally, each year, 2–3 million people die of
tuberculosis; they could be treated but 79 % of them do not
have access to appropriate medication (WHO 2015). The
context of neoliberal policies therefore determines whether,
how and for whom new medical and technological
opportunities will be available.
Bioethics discourse, however, rarely addresses this bio-
political context; it is even more uncommon that it criti-
cally scrutinizes it. Often, it is simply assumed that this
context cannot be examined because it is not within the
remit of ethical discourse. Ethics prefers to concentrate on
individual decisions on whether and how to use new clin-
ical and research opportunities without asking questions
about the social, economic and political conditions within
which such decisions are made. An exception is the con-
tribution of Tom Andreassen (Andreassen 2015) in this
issue. He analyses the ethical justifications for biotech
patents. His analysis draws attention to one of the major
changes in the background of the bioethical debate since
the 1980s: the commercialization of health and knowledge.
The globalization of the intellectual property rights regime
has imposed an unfair institutional order, as argued by
Thomas Pogge (2013). The establishment of the World
Trade Organization (WTO) and the Agreement on Trade-
related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) in
1994 and 1995 were the outcome of coordinated pressures
on developing countries of Western countries and inter-
national businesses as the owners of property rights
(Baldwin 2014). There was no fair representation of
countries involved, no sharing of full information, no
democratic bargaining but a mixture of political and eco-
nomic threats and coercion. Public involvement was also
absent; all negotiations were behind closed doors.
& Henk ten Have
tenhaveh@duq.edu
1
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
123
Med Health Care and Philos (2015) 18:459–461
DOI 10.1007/s11019-015-9664-3
2. Countries were pressured to comply through bilateral trade
agreements. The WTO has a dispute settlement system that
can apply punitive measures if countries violate the rules.
But it is not only the process that is unfair. The global-
ization of intellectual property has primarily benefitted
Western countries. Owners of intellectual property have
created the international legal context in their primary
interest (Sell and Prakash 2004). The intellectual property
rights regime is an illustration that the global context of
health and healthcare itself can be unfair. By requiring that
all fields of technology are patentable, TRIPS not only
introduced patenting of pharmaceutical products across the
world but also burdened many developing countries with
the need to establish legislation and bureaucratic systems.
Because they lack adequate infrastructure many countries
are not able to take advantage of intellectual property
protection. There is not much evidence that this protection
promotes innovation in developing countries (Lessig
2004). And if there is, the focus is on the needs of devel-
oped countries as the most attractive market. At the same
time, developing countries face disadvantages since TRIPS
makes it very difficult to use generic medication as an
alternative to pricy imported patented drugs. Due to
growing criticism, particularly relating to the lack of access
to affordable medication, the strict implementation of
property rights has been mitigated. The Doha Declaration
(adopted in 2001) is regarded as a success for developing
countries arguing that public health and the right to health
are more important than protecting patent rights. However,
in practice developing countries cannot use these flexibil-
ities to trade-off public health against commercial interests
to promote access to medicines. A major reason is that
more and more regional and bilateral free trade agreements
are signed with the European Union and the United States
including intellectual property rights provisions that are
more stringent than the requirements of the TRIPS agree-
ment. For example, they extend the duration of patents and
they introduce exclusive protection of test data for drugs.
In the last case, data obtained in clinical trials and sub-
mitted to get approval of a new drug cannot be used to get
approval for a generic drug. The result is that countries
cannot develop or buy less expensive generic medication
for their population. Bilateral agreements have thus
undermined the Doha Declaration. The Obama Adminis-
tration in particular has a consistent policy of imposing
TRIPS-plus requirements, in return for Big Pharma’s sup-
port for the Affordable Care Act (for example a 12-year
monopoly on test data for clinical trials). This will not only
prevent the development of new drugs but also raise prices.
Although WTO has never imposed such standards, they are
now included in secretly negotiated trade deals, such as the
Trans-Pacific Partnership. Leaked documents show that the
issue of intellectual property rights plays a major role
(Public Citizen 2015). The trade agreement will make the
approval process for generic medication more difficult;
patents will be longer applicable; knowledge will be
restricted (Gillmor 2013). For many countries in the Pacific
area it will lead to dramatic increases of life-saving med-
ication. The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partner-
ship between the EU and the US (TTIP), also currently
negotiated behind closed doors, has the same ingredients.
According to Oxfam, TTIP will allow companies to bypass
national courts and governments if they permit competition
with cheaper versions of medication (Oxfam 2015).
Within this prevailing context of trade and commerce,
basic goods such as health, education, and knowledge are
translated into money. New scientific and technological
advances—though they might be exciting and fascinating
in themselves—are only available to those who can afford
them, which is currently a shrinking population. Jennifer
Chan in her recent book on AIDS activism and global
health governance highlights the international trade system
and the role of WTO, as ‘‘the rot at the core of global
governance today’’ (Chan 2015, p. 177). Where is bioeth-
ical criticism in this connection? Blaming economic
injustice and structural violence as fundamental ethical
problems is unusual in bioethics. Can bioethics afford to
continue its focus on the individual interactions, the clini-
cal encounter, the applicability of new interventions in
individual patients without addressing the political, social
and commercial context of the world in which such inter-
actions are taking place?
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